Example

Construct the bus impedance matrix for the network in Figure 9.15 (a).

1 2

3
(a) (b)

FIGURE9.15
Impedance diagram and a proper tree.

The elements connected to the reference node are included in the proper tree as shown in Figure 9 .15(b ). We
start with those branches of the tree connected to the reference node. Add branch 1, z10 = j0.2 between node
q = 1 and reference node 0. According to rule 1, we have

Zci ) -
bus- z11-- z 10-
- J·o.20,_

Next, add branch 2, z20 = j0.4 between node q = 2 and reference node 0

zC2) Zu
bus = [ O
o ] = [ j0.2 o ]
Z22 0 j0.4

Note that the off-diagonal elements of the bus impedance matrix are zero. This is because there is no
connection between these buses other than to the reference. In this example, there are no more branches
from a new bus to the reference. We continue with the remaining branches of the tree. Add branch 3,
z13 = j0.4 between the new node q = 3 and the existing node p = l. According to rule 2, we get

Z�s =
Zu Z12 Zu l=[ j0.2
0
0 j0.2
0
l
[ Z21 Z22 Z21 j0.4
Zu Z12 Zn + z13 j0.2 0 j0.6

All tree branches are in place. We now proceed with the links. Add link 4, z12 = j0.8 between node q = 2
and node p = l. We have

zC4) = [
bus
���
Z31 Z32
���
Z33
��!
Z21 - Zu Z22 - Z21 Z23 - Z13
 j0.2 0
= [ 0 j0.4 0
j0.2 0
C2-C1
j0.2 -j0.2
j0.4
j0.6 -j0.2
l
R2-R1 -j0.2 j0.4 -j0.2 Z44

Z44 = z12 + Zn + Z22 - 2Z12 = j0.8 + j0.2 + j0.4 - 2(j0) = jl.4

and

= . \ [ ji�:/
l
J . -j0.2
l[ -j0.2 j0.4 -j0.2]

=
j0.02857 -j0.05714 j0.02857
[ -j0.05714 j0.11428 -j0.05714
l
j0.02857 -j0.05714 "j0.02857

The new bus impedance matrix is

z�s =
j0.2 0 j0.2
[ 0 j0.4 0
l [
-
j0.02857 -j0.05714
-j0.05714
j0.02857
j0.11428 -j0.05714
l
l
j0.2 0 j0.6 j0.02857 -j0.05714 j0.02857

j0.17143 j0.05714 j0.17143

= [ j0.05714 j0.28571 j0.05714
j0.17143 j0.05714 j0.57143

l
Finally, we add link 5, z23 = j0.4 between node q = 3 and node p = 2. We have

[ Zn Z12 Z ia Zia - Z12

l
Z(5) - Z21 Z22 Z2a Z2a - Z22
bus -
Za1 Za2 Zaa Zaa - Za2
Za1 - Z21 Za2 - Z22 Zaa - Z2a Z44

j0.17143 j0.05714 j0.17143 j0.11429

j0.05714 j0.28571 j0.05714 -j0.22857
[
j0.17143 j0.05714 j0.57143 j0.51429
j0.11429 -j0.22857 j0.51429 Z44

Z44 = Z23+Z22+Z33-2Z23 = j0.4 +j0.28571+j0.57143-2(j0.05714) = jl.14

and

l j0.11429 l
l
[ -j0.22857 [ j0.11429 -j0.22857 j0.51429 )
jl.14
j0.51429
j0.01143 -j0.02286 j0.05143
= [ -j0.02286 j0.04571 -j0.10286
j0.05143 -j0.10286 j0.23143
 The new bus impedance matrix is
j0.17143 j0.05714 j0.17143 j0.01143 -j0.02286 j0.05143
Zoos = [j0.05714 j0.28571 j0.05714] - [-j0.02286 j0.04571 -j0.10286 ]
j0.17143 j0.05714 j0.57143 j0.05143 -j0.10286 j0.23143
j0.16 j0.08 j0.12
= [ j0.08 j0.24 j0.16]
j0.12 j0.16 j0.34

Example
The bus impedance matrix for the network shown in Figure 9.16 is found to be

j0.183 j0.078 j0.141

Z bus = [ j0.078 j0.148 j0.106
l
j0.141 j0.106 j0.267

FIGURE9.16: Impedance diagram

The positive-sequence voltage The negative-sequence voltage The zero-sequence voltage at

at each bus when fault occurs at each bus when fault occurs each bus when fault occurs
can be calculated by; can be computed by; can be computed by;
 V1f1   V -Z1 I1   2  2 
 V1f 2    -Z1k I fa  V1f 0    0  0 
 -Z1k I fa
 1   f 1k fa    2    0    0  0 
 V2f   Vf -Z2k1 Ifa1   2  2
 V2f   -Z 2k I fa   V2f   -Z 2k I fa 
 :     :     
  = :  : :
 =   =  
 V 1   V -Z 1 I1   V  2    -Z  2  I 2    V  0    -Z  0  I 0  
 kf   f kk fa   kf   kk fa
  kf   kk fa 
 :   :   :   :   :   : 
 1   1 1    2    2  2    0     0  0 
 Vnf   Vf -Znk Ifa   Vnf   -Z nk I fa   Vnf   -Z nk I fa 

The voltages during fault are

At bus 1 At bus 2 At bus 3
 Vf1a  1 1 1  Vf10   Vf2a  1 1 1  Vf20   Vf3a  1 1 1  Vf30 
 b   
 b  2  
a   Vf11 
 b 
 Vf2  = 1 a
2  
a   Vf21   Vf3  = 1 a
2
a   Vf31 
 Vf1  = 1 a
 Vf1  1 a a 2   Vf12   c a 2   Vf22   Vf3c  1 a a 2   Vf32 
 Vf2  1 a
c
   