Biochemistry Notes

Water
• _________________________________ of water:
– Neutral: Pure water has a pH of 7.0
– Polar: water molecules are attracted to other
_______________________________molecules due to opposite charges
• Ex: _________________________________ droplets
– ______________________: Same substances are attracted (water is attracted to water)
– Adhesion: ______________________________substances are attracted (water is
attracted to something else)
• Ex: Water droplets on your _________________________________________
– _________________________________________________: Water is not always pure
Biochemistry
• Carbon compounds= ____________________________________________ compounds
– Large molecules (_____________) that are formed by small molecules (____________)
– Water is removed to join monomers to make polymers-__________________________
• De-without hydra=water synthesis= to make
• 4 groups of organic compounds
1. ___________________________________________________
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. ___________________________________________________
Carbohydrates
• Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a ____________________ ratio
• Main source of ____________________________________________________ in the body
• Immediate ________________________________________-breakdown sugars.
– Sugar that is stored is ________________________________ (complex carbohydrate)
• 3 types of carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharide: ___________________________ sugar
2. _________________________________________: double sugar
3. Polysaccharide: _____________________________ sugars
Monosaccharide
• ______________________________ mono=one
• Glucose= __________________________sugar
• Fructose= fruit sugar
• Galactose=dairy sugar
• All ____________________________ isomers
– __________________: Have the same empirical formula but different structural formulas
Disaccharide
• __________________________ di=double
• Sucrose =_________________________ sugar
• Lactose= milk sugar
• Maltose=(malt sugar
• All __________________________ isomers
Polysaccharides
• _____________________________ sugars poly=many
• (C6H10O5)n n=_________________________________________
• Starches: Storage products of _______________________________
 • Glycogen: Animal starch. Used for ___________________________________________
• Cellulose: In the ____________________________________________________ of plants
– Serves as roughage (fiber)
Lipids
• Contain ___________, H, O in a greater than __________________ ratio
- Lots of _____________________________________ stored here!
• Stores _______________________________ effectively (large number of C to H bonds)
• Makes up ___________________________________________________, and waterproof
coverings
- Are ______________________________________________ (scared of H 2O)
• Common lipids include- fats, ___________________________, waxes and steroids
• Building Blocks of Lipids
- __________________________________ and fatty ___________________________
- ________________________ + 3 fatty acids fat + __________________________
Proteins
• Contain __________________,H, O, __________________________________________
• Control the rate of ________________________________________, regulates
_____________ processes
• Building blocks (monomers) ____________________________
___________________________
o _____________________ different amino acids
• Bonds that hold proteins together are called __________________________________ bonds
• Two amino acids bonding- ________________________________________________
• More than two amino acids bonding-polypeptide
– poly= many
How amino acids bond: _______________+Amino acid+Amino acid  _______________+H2O
Enzymes
 Proteins that act a _____________________________________ to speed up or slow down
chemical reactions that take place in cells
 Lower _________________________________________ energy
o The amount of energy needed to start the __________________________________
 Very specific- may act on one kind of chemical reaction (Lock and _____________ hypothesis)
 Enzyme Substrate Complex= ___________________________ needed to provide a site where
_______________________________ can be brought together to react
o “___________________ and __________________” model
 Enzyme and substrate fit together until the reaction is _____________________________
 When the reaction is over, the products of the reaction is _________________________ and
the enzyme is free to start the process all over again.
Nucleic Acids
 Contain C, ____, O, ____, P
 Controls the ______________________ (creation) of proteins
 Store and transmits ___________________________________ information
 Monomers are _________________________________________________
 DNA: _______________________________________________ acid
o Controls _______________________________________ traits
 RNA: _______________________________________________acid
o Helps make ________________________________________