Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Holy Cross Institute of Sta. Cruz, Lubao, Pampanga, Inc.
Sta. Cruz, Lubao, Pampanga
045-971-6439 | [email protected]

Science 7
Quarter 4- Module 1:
LOCATING PLACES USING
COORDINATE SYSTEM
 OBJECTIVES:
• K- Define latitude, longitude and coordinate system.
Identify the steps on how to use coordinate system to locateplaces on Earth.
• S- Locate places using coordinates of latitude and longitude.
• A- Recognize the importance of using coordinate system inlocating places
on Earth.

COMPETENCY:
Demonstrate how places on Earth can be located using acoordinate
system. S7ES-IVa-1

I. WHAT HAPPENED

It’s already summer! I’ve

heard that Philippines has
a lot of beautiful spots to
visit, that is why I will be
travelling now to this
beautiful country!
Philippines
But where is the
Philippines?
PRE-ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1
Direction: Label thefollowing.

1.
9.

12.
8.
5.

4. 2.

11. 10.
7. 6.

3.

ACTIVITY 2
Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and write
FALSE if otherwise. Write your answers in your notebook.
1. Latitude circle the Earth from North to South and dividesthe earth into East
and west sections.
2. By using the latitude and longitude, a place can be locating on the globe.
3. Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies theeast–west position
of a point on the Earth's surface, or the surface of a celestial body
4. The globe is divided into 2 hemispheres, the northern hemisphere and
southernhemisphere.
5. The equator divides the Earth into Eastern and Westernhemispheres.
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION
Scientists have established a coordinate system using circular lines to
pinpoint any place on Earth. A coordinate systemis a grid used to identify locations
on a page or screen that is equivalent to grid locations on the globe. The most
common coordinate system used is by using longitude and latitude.

Longitude
Lines of longitude or meridians circle the earthfrom north
to south. It divides the earth into east andwest sections.

The starting point for longitude is the Prime Meridian. The

Prime Meridian is at longitude 0⁰ (0 degree). To the right of the
Prime Meridian, longitudeis written this way: 15⁰E, 30⁰E, and so on.
To the left of the Prime Meridian, the longitude is written as
15⁰W,30⁰W, and soon.

Source: Earth Science-Project EASE Module

Latitude

Lines of latitude or parallels circle theearth from

east to west and divide the earth into north and south
section.
The starting point for latitude is the equator.
The equator is at latitude 0⁰ (0 degree).
At (90
the North Pole, the latitude is 90⁰N ees
degrlatitudenorth).
i At the South Pole, the s 90⁰S (90
Source: Earth Science-Project EASE
Module degrees south).

s.
Remember the followingmeasurement

Source: https://c.tadst.com/gfx/1200x630/longitude-latitude-more.png?1

Source: https://gis.depaul.edu/shwang/teaching/arcview/module6.files/image020.gif
How to locateplaces?
By combining longitude and latitude, any location can be pinpointed.

This is how you can locate places using the latitude and longitude.

1. Each latitude and longitude is 15⁰ away from each other. As

we go further away from center, thedegree increases.
2. Longitude and latitude are measured in degrees (⁰) which can
be further be divided in minutes wherethere are 60 minutes per
degrees and 60 seconds per minute.
3. When writing location’s latitude and longitude, always
write the latitude first.
Examples: 38⁰45’N, 72⁰02’W
35⁰60’S, 122⁰54’E
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/JanCrisidesCorrado/chap-3-

47°37’22”N locating-places

3. Let’s take for example, we are looking for the place which has alatitude of 21⁰58’N
and longitude of 34⁰28’W. It would tell us thatthe place is located somewhere in the
2nd quadrant or in the north-western part of the globe

Graph Format Source:

4. Plot the given latitude and longitude.

If we look at the intersecting point of the latitude and the longitude,we can see that
21⁰58’N, 34⁰28’W is located here
Take a look and analyze the following examples below.

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/JanCrisidesCorrado/chap-3-locating-places

Try this!
Direction: For #s 1-2, give the latitude and longitude of the given
points then for #s 3-4, make your own grid and plot the given latitudes andlongitudes.

Graph Format Source:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UaSAn-FHhcQ

In real life, there are several instances where you would need to knowhow to find the
longitude and latitude. For example, tracking hurricanes, coordinate system is used to track the
path of the storm and try to predict itsfuture path. Another example is in emergency situation like
plane crash orship sinking. Coordinates of longitude and latitude assist rescue teams to locate.
If you are in the middle of an ocean, there are no
landmarks to use, so you better know your latitudes andlongitudes.

Thanks to our geographic coordinates, you canpinpoint

any point on Earth.
Do you know now where the Philippines is

located?
Source: https://preview.redd.it/0jov3ztp6 7 751.png?auto=webp&s=fd9 702 02bc
b3a11209eee310bb218197bd0c1dd1
Source: https://www.slideshare.net/parkerhe/latitude-and-longitude-10407733
III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

POST-TEST/EVALUATION

Where on Earth am I?
A. Direction: Give the longitudes and latitudes of the followingplaces on themap.

10
7
8 9

Source: Earth Science-Project EASE Module

POINTS LATITUDE LONGITUDE

1. 600 N 150W
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

B. Direction: Make your own grid/s and locate the followinglongitude and
latitude.

A.30⁰ S,15⁰E C. 48⁰ N, 41⁰E

B. 55⁰ N,15⁰W D. 61⁰ S, 45⁰ W E. 39⁰ N, 89⁰ W
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Holy Cross Institute of Sta. Cruz, Lubao, Pampanga, Inc.
Sta. Cruz, Lubao, Pampanga
045-971-6439 | [email protected]

Science 7
Quarter 4- Lesson 2:
Rise Above, Sink Below
and Blow Around
 What I Need to Know

What have you learned about the earth’s atmosphere? It plays an important role
in our lives. The earth’s atmosphere is composed of different layers where significant
processes occur such as the weather systems. The different weather phenomena that
we experience on the planet are the result of the interaction of factors and processes
such as geography, location, and the sun’s radiation. This lesson will discuss the
processes and behavior of the various weather systems.

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Demonstrate an understanding on the account for the occurrence of

land and sea breezes, monsoons, and intertropical convergence zone
(ITCZ). (S7ES-IVf-7)

This module is divided into two lessons:

Lesson 1: Behavior of heated air and surrounding air
Lesson 2: Atmospheric Phenomena: Breezes, Monsoon, and
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. explain what happens when air is heated;
2. describe the direction of heated or warm air;
3. cite the effect of unequal temperature of air in the atmosphere;
4. identify common atmospheric phenomena such as breezes, monsoons, and
intertropical convergence zone;
5. compare the types of breezes and monsoons; and
6. explains the occurrences of Intertropical convergence zone, breezes, and
monsoon.

What I Know

Directions: Read and understand the questions carefully. Write your

answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Why does warm air rise in the atmosphere?

A. It is denser than cold air
B. It is less dense than cold air
C. It weighs more than cold air
D. It has higher pressure than cold air
2. Which of the following will cause wind or movement of air in our atmosphere?
A. Differences in altitude
B. Differences in pressure
C. Differences in temperature and altitude
D. Differences in temperature and pressure

3. When does air rise in the atmosphere?

A. If air particles are cold
B. When air is warm and less dense
C. When air is denser than other air particles
D. If the air pressure around the place is higher

4. What causes the differences of air pressure in the atmosphere?

A. Waves of ocean’s water
B. Rotation of earth on its axis
C. Rising and falling of water tides
D. Unequal heating of earth’s atmosphere

5. What will happen if there is a difference between air pressure and temperature in the
atmosphere?
A. Formation of wind
B. Creation of tides in ocean
C. Increase in force of gravity
D. Continuation of earth’s rotation

6. The following materials are found in our surroundings. Which one of these is the best
absorber of heat?
A. Oil
B. Juice
C. Rock
D. Water

7. Which of the following statements CORRECTLY describe about cool and warm air?

I. Cool air is denser than warm air.

II. Cool air’s density is the same with the density of warm air.
III. Cool air is denser than warm air and it sinks on the ground.
VI. Warm air is less dense than cool air and it will rise on the atmosphere.

A. I, II and III only

B. I, III, and IV only
C. II, III and IV only
D. II, III and IV only

8. When air particles in atmosphere are heated, then its temperature increases. Does
increase in its temperature cause the decrease in its density?
A. No, because only the temperature changed and not the density.
B. No, because the density of air particles is not related to its temperature.
C. Yes, because the density of air is inversely proportional to its temperature.
D. Yes, because the density and temperature of air are directly related to each other
9. What will happen to the particles of air when it is heated?
A. Expand
B. Explode
C. Float
D. Sink

10. Why do air particles rise if it is heated?

A. Because the temperature is low
B. Because its temperature increases
C. Because it is free to flow everywhere
D. Because it has very small particles and light weight

11. Which of the following statements are true?

I. All winds are caused by differences in air pressure.

II. Air over the heated surface expands and becomes denser.
III. Air is moving from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
IV. Cool dense air has high air pressure and flows underneath the warm less
dense air

A. I, II and III only

B. I, III and IV only
C. I, II, and IV only
D. II, III, and IV only

12. What happens to air particles when its temperature decreases?

A. Stays in place
B. Expand, then rise
C. Spread in all directions
D. Moves toward a low pressure area

13. Why does air sink?

A. Because it has low density
B. Because it has unstable density
C. Because its temperature is low making it denser
D. Because its temperature is high resulting it to be less dense

14. Which of the following statements are TRUE about surrounding air when warm air rises
in the atmosphere?

I. it is moving to a low pressure area

II. it moves away from the place where warm air is rising
III. it will rise and sink towards the place of rising warm air
IV. it moves towards the place where warm air is rising in the atmosphere.

A. I and II only
B. I and IV only
C. I and III only
D. I, II, III, and IV
 15. Which of the following statements correctly describes the properties of cold air?
A. denser and less pressure
B. denser and more pressure
C. less dense and less pressure
D. less dense and more pressure

Lesson
Behaviors of Heated Air
1 and Surrounding Air

What’s In

Activity 1: Which warms up faster; sand or water?

Materials
• 2 identical plastic containers/recycled bottle or jar (mayonnaise)
• 2 thermometers (optional)
• 2 improvised stands (made of stick)
• String
• Water in one jar/plastic container
• Sand in one jar/plastic container

Procedures:
1. Prepare your two empty plastic containers/jars and fill each container with sand and water
respectively.

2. Set-up your two plastic containers containing sand and water similar to figure 1 then place
the setup in a shaded area.

Figure 1: Set-up for activity

1 (Photo: Courtesy of Ma. Sheila
S. Manila)
3. If thermometer is not available, you may use your sense of touch (by touching the water
and sand) to monitor/check the temperature after 5 and 10 minutes.

Q1. Did the temperature of sand and water change after 10 minutes?
Q2. If thermometer was used, what is the initial reading temperature of
sand and water?
4. Place your set-up in an area exposed to sunlight and wait for another 10 minutes before
checking the temperature.

5. Using thermometer, determine the temperature of the two set-ups every 5 minutes. Copy
and record the temperature on the table below.

Observation time(min.) Water Sand

10

6. Without the use of thermometer, record the temperature reading qualitatively by stating as
same temperature, warmer than or colder than in every 5 minutes. Copy and record the
temperature on the table below.

Observation time(min.) Water Sand

10

7. After 25 minutes, place your two set-ups in a shaded area to identify which of the two will
easily decrease its temperature. Record the temperature readings of sand and water every 5
minutes (with or without the use of thermometer).

Q3. Which of the two set-ups easily increased its temperature after

10 minutes? Q4. Which easily decreased its temperature after 25

minutes; sand or water?

Rubric Scoring

Criteria 5 3 1 Score
Provided detailed Provided clear Provided unclear
explanation and explanation but explanation and
Knowledge complete incomplete response incomplete response
response to the to the question. to the question
question.
 Part II: Directions: Let’s try to perform the activity below!

Activity 2: Rising paper bag

Materials needed:
• two paper bags
• candle
• 1-meter stick/ long straight stick
• Match
• Masking tape/scotch tape
• Chair
• Pail with water

CAUTION: Please conduct the activity with caution. Use

the candle carefully to prevent fire-related accidents. Ask
assistance from your parents/guardians while doing the
Procedures:
activity.
1. Prepare an area outside your house where you can easily conduct an activity. See to it the
place is away from flammable materials.
2. Prepare needed materials and one pail containing water in case of unexpected fire.
3. Attach a paper bag to each end of one meter long straight stick or meter stick.
4. The open part of the paper bag must be facing downward.
5. Place and balance your one meter long straight stick on the chair similar to figure 2.

Figure 2: One-meter-long straight stick with paper bags on each side.

(Photo and illustrated by: Ma. Sheila S. Manila)

6. Light your candle and carefully place it below one of the paper bags and observe what will
happen.
Q1. What happened to the paper bag after you placed the lighted
candle below it? Q2. How will you explain the occurrence observed
on the paper bag?
 What’s New

Activity 3: Rising warm air inside the box!

Materials needed:
1 box (at least 30cm 2)
Candle
Match
Scissors
Cardboard tube/pipe (10 cm long)
Mosquito coil
Clear plastic/cover cellophane (30cm2)
Packing/scotch tape
CAUTION: Please conduct the activity with caution. Use
the candle carefully to prevent fire-related accidents. Ask
assistance from your parents/guardians while doing the
activity.
Procedures:
1. Make two holes in your prepared box, one on top portion and another on one end side of
a box. Place the cardboard tube or pipe and tape it on top hole of a box.
2. Make a window part in one side of a box. Cover whole window with a clear/cover
cellophane and tape it to make the box airtight. Leave a part on window where you can
easily open it.
3. Open the box’s window and place a lighted candle directly below the hole on top of a
box.
4. After placing your lighted candle inside, close the window of the box.
5. Light your mosquito coil until it produces a smoke and place it on the side hole of the
box as displayed in figure 3.

Figure 3: Set-up for

activity 3 (Illustrated by: Ma.
Sheila S. Manila)
6. Observe the movement of smoke outside the box.
 Q1. What will happen with the temperature of air above the lighted candle inside the box? Q2. If

the temperature of air inside the box is higher, what will happen to the air?

Q3. What have you observed on the smoke coming from mosquito coil beside the box? Q4.

How could you explain the movement of air inside and outside the box?

Rubric Scoring
Criteria 5 3 1 Score
Provided detailed Provided clear Provided unclear
explanation and explanation but explanation and
Knowledge complete incomplete response incomplete response
response to the to the question. to the question
question.

What is it

Which warms faster?

Specific heat capacity is defined by the amount of heat needed to raise

the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius (0C). Substance
with low specific heat capacity heats up faster while a substance with high
specific heat capacity heats up slowly.

In activity 1, water warms and cools down slowly because it is

colorless and has a high specific heat capacity. Water needs more amount of
energy from the sun to increase its temperature in a longer period of time.

Sand warms and cools down faster because it has dark color and has
a low specific heat capacity. Sand doesn’t need much energy from the sun
to warm in a short period of time.
What happens when air is heated?

In activity 2, you observed that one paper bag rose while the other
paper bag dropped. The paper bag moving was caused by the rising warm
air from the lighted candle below it that pushed the bag upward. The
activity shows that heated or warm air rises or tends to move upward.

Why does heated air move upward?

Have you seen floating objects on water? When oil is mixed with
water, a layer of oil appears on the surface of the water because oil is less
dense than water. Density is how tightly packed the molecules are in an
object. Oil is less dense than water because its particles are less tightly
packed than water molecules. If an object sinks, it is denser than the other
object.
 When air is heated, its molecules gain enough energy to move
around faster and spread out. When a mass of air takes up more space, it
becomes less dense than the surrounding air molecules. Hence, warm air
rises above the cold and denser air below it.

Is the surrounding air affected by the rising sir?

In activity 3, the air above the lighted candle became warm and less
dense than the rest of the air inside the box which caused it to rise. You
observed that the smoke from the mosquito coil moved inside the box
through the side hole. This is so because it came through the cool air inlet
at the side. This movement of the smoke inside the box shows that the
surrounding air is affected by the rising warm air. The rising warm air
creates a low pressure inside the box which pulls in cool air from the
outside to replace the rising air. Low air pressure is associated with rising
air as air particles leave the surface. As the cool air descends, it creates a
high pressure at the surface. Air that moves from places of high pressure
to low pressure make winds.

Q1. What happens to the

warm air? Q2. Why does
warm air rise?
Q3. Does rising air affect the movement of air from its surrounding?

What is Convection?

Convection is heat transfer by the movement of heated fluid like air.

During convection, heated particles of fluid begin to flow, transferring heat
from one part of the fluid to another. Convection is caused by differences
of temperature and density within a fluid like air. Density is a measure of
how much mass than the same volume of fluid.

What’s More

Activity 4: Warm air VS. Surrounding air

Materials needed:
Long bond paper
 Pencil/Pentel pen
Ruler
Part A.

Procedures:
1. Study and analyze the given diagram on figure 4.
2. Based on activity 3, draw arrows to correctly show the direction of warm air and
surrounding air in figure 4.
3. Answer the following guide questions based on figure 4.
 Warm air

Candle

Figure 4: Direction of warm and surrounding air

(Illustrated by: Ma. Sheila S. Manila)

Q1. Is the movement of warm air always

upward? Q2. Why is it that the warm air
rises?
Q3. How will you describe the movement of surrounding air?
Q4. Compare the direction of movements between surrounding air and warm
air.

Rubric Scoring
Criteria 5 3 1 Score
Provided detailed Provided clear Provided unclear
explanation and explanation but explanation and
Knowledge complete incomplete response incomplete response
response to the to the question. to the question
question.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Read each item below and fill in the blank to make the
sentence correct. Choose your answer inside the box. Copy and write it
on a separate sheet of paper.

warm air low rises less dense denser expands high

1. The warm air when it is heated.

2. The movement of surroundings air is affected by the rising .
3. The air when it is heated.
4. The warm air is than cold air.
5. The direction of air is from an area of pressure to pressure.
 What I Can Do

Directions: Using a separate sheet of paper, make a design on how you can
maximize natural ventilation in your house. Answer the following guide
questions.

Q1. Why do we need to maximize natural ventilation in

our house? Q2. What will happen if our house is having
poor ventilation?

Rubric Scoring

Criteria 5 3 1 Score
Design/dra Presented well Presented well Presented
wing designed and designed but incomplete
complete parts of incomplete parts of designed of
ventilated house. ventilated house. ventilated house.

Knowledge Provides detailed Provides Provides unclear

explanation explanation explanation

Assessment

Directions: Read and understand the questions carefully. Write your

answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Why does cool air sink?

A. It is denser than warm air.
B. It is less dense than warm air.
C. Its weight is equal to warm air.
D. Its weight is less than warm air.

2. Which of the following will cause wind or movement of air in our atmosphere?
A. Differences in altitude
B. Differences in pressure
C. Differences in temperature and altitude
D. Differences in temperature and pressure

3. When do air particles sink to the ground?

A. If air particles are warm
B. If the air particles are cool and denser
C. When the pressure around the place is higher
D. When the air is less dense than other air particles
4. What causes air to rise in the atmosphere?
A. Increases of air pressure
B. Increases in temperature of air
C. Decreases in temperature of air
D. Decrease of both pressure and temperature of air

5. Which of the following will occurs in the atmosphere due to temperature differences of
air?
A. Melting of cool air
B. Sinking of warm air
C. Floating of warm and cool air
D. Sinking of cool air and rising of warm air

6. The following materials are found in our surroundings. Which one of these is the best
absorber of heat?
A. Oil
B. Juice
C. Rock
D. Water

7. Which of the following statements describes CORRECTLY about cool and warm air?

I. Cool air is denser than warm air.

II. Cool air’s density is the same with the density of
warm air.
A. II Cool
I,III. air is denser than warm air thus it sinks on
and III only
B. I, III,the ground.
and IV only
C. VI. Warm
II, III and IV onlyair is less dense than cool air thus it will
D.
rise in the atmosphere.
II, III and IV only

8. When air particles in the atmosphere are heated, the temperature increases. Does
increase in its temperature cause increase in its density?
A. No, because the higher temperature of air the lesser its density.
B. No, because the density of air is not affected by its temperature at all.
C. Yes, because the density of air will increase if its temperature increases too.
D. Yes, because the density and temperature of air are directly related to each other.

9. What happens when air is heated?

A. Stays in place
B. Expands, then rise
C. Spreads in all direction
D. Moves toward a lower elevation
10. Why does air rises?
A. Because the temperature is low
B. Because its temperature increases
C. Because it is free to flow everywhere
D. Because it has very small particles and light weight

11. What happens to the surrounding air when warm air rises in the atmosphere?

I. it will sink and moves in a low pressure area.

II. it moves away from the place where warm air is
rising
III. it will rise and sink towards the place of rising
A. I and II only
warm air
B. I and III only
C. IV. it IV
I and moves
only towards the place where warm air is
rising
D. I, II, III, andinIV the atmosphere.

12. Which of the following statements correctly describes the properties of cold air?
A. denser and less pressure
B. denser and more pressure
C. less dense and less pressure
D. less dense and more pressure

For items 13-15 refer to the diagram given below.

Warm air

Surrounding air

Candle

13. From illustration, what is the direction of warm air?

A. Moving downward
B. Moving inside the box
C. Rising towards the atmosphere
D. Moving upward and downward

14. Based on the illustration, why is the surrounding air moving towards the place
where warm air is rising?
A. Because air is always available in atmosphere
B. Because air always moves into a low-pressure area
C. Because the place of rising air has high pressure area
D. Because air always attracted to the place where air is rising
15. How will you describe the direction of warm air and surrounding air?
A. Warm and surrounding air rises
B. Surrounding air rise but not warm air
C. Warm air moves toward the surrounding air
D. Warm air rises and is replaced by surrounding cool air

Additional Activities

Directions: Study and analyze the following human activities in the

given pictures. Complete the table by identifying human activities and
giving the possible effects of these activities in our atmosphere.

A B C

(Photos: Courtesy of Ma. Sheila S. Manila)

Cutting of trees for lumber Littering of waste Burning of garbage

Human activities Effect in the atmosphere

A
B
C

Q1. What are the human activities that contribute negative effects to our
atmosphere? Q2. As a student, what you can do to protect our
atmosphere?

What I Know

Directions: Read and understand the questions carefully. Write your

answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. How does air move in land breeze?

A. From sea to land
B. From land to sea
C. From east to west
D. From west to east
2. Why does land breeze occur during night time?
A. Because water cools off faster than land, air above land is warm
B. Because land cools off slower than water, air above water is cool
C. Because water cools off slower than land, air above the water is warm
D. Because land heats up faster than water, air above the land stays warm

3. When warm air rises on land or water, what happens to the air pressure at the
surface?
A. Constant
B. High
C. Low
D. Unstable

4. Which of the following statements best describe between the heating and cooling rates of
land mass and body of water?

I. Land heats up and cools down faster than water.

II. Water heats up and cools down slower than the
land.
III. Land and water heats up and cools down at the
A. I and II only
same
B. I and III onlytime.
C.IV. Water
II and III onlyheats up and cools down faster compared to
theIVland.
D. II and only

5. During day time, which of the following statements is TRUE about the air above the
land and sea?
A. Air above the land is cool and air above the sea is warm.
B. Sea air is higher in temperature than the temperature of land air.
C. Air above land is warm and it rise, then cool sea air moves towards the land.
D. Air above land and sea are in equal temperature and then both move upwards.

6. Which of the following statements account for the occurrence of land and sea
breezes?
I. Differences in air pressure and temperature between
land and water.
II. Similarities in air pressure and temperature between
land and water.
III. Movement of wind from higher pressure area towards
a lower pressure area
A.IV.I, Movement
II, III, and IV of winds from one place to another
caused
B. I, II, and IV onlyby the differences of air temperature and
C. I, III,pressure
and IV only in surroundings.
D. II, III, and IV only
7. Which of the following occurs during nighttime?
A. Sea breeze
B. Land breeze
C. Night breeze
D. Sea land breeze

8. Which of the following types of monsoon brings a heavy rain in the Philippines?
A. East west monsoon
B. Northeast monsoon
C. Northwest monsoon
D. Southwest monsoon

9. What months does hanging habagat occur in the Philippines?

A. June to October
B. January to February
C. October to December
D. December to January

10. Why do different types of monsoons occur?

A. Because of the seasons
B. Because wind blows from warm to cold regions
C. Because of seasonal shifts in wind patterns around the globe
D. Because of the movement of air from one place to another place

11. Which of the following statements correctly describes land breeze?

A. It is a local wind that blows from polar region to equator.
B. A global wind system categorized by the flow of air from water to land at night.
C. A local wind system characterized by the flow of air from land to water late at night.
D. It is any wind that blows from a large body of water toward or onto a landmass.

12. During nighttime, how will you describe movement of air on land and water?
A. Air above land will move away from sea surface
B. Air above land will rise and replaces by air from sea
C. Air above sea will rise and replaces by air from land
D. Air above land and sea will rise, and then both will sink

13. Which of the following describes the direction of winds in different parts of the world?
A. Low pressure to high pressure area
B. High pressure to low pressure area
C. Low pressure to lower pressure area
D. High pressure to higher pressure area

14. What type of breezes occurs during daytime?

A. Day breeze
B. Sea breeze
C. Land breeze
D. Sea land breeze
15. Your teacher explained that the wind direction during the day is usually the reverse of
wind direction at night. Do you agree with your teacher?
A. No, because breezes describe movement of air in one direction.
B. No, because this is only an indication of change in our weather condition.
C. Yes, because of the differences in air pressure and temperature between two different
places
D. Yes, because the air temperature remains the same all throughout the day between
two different places

Lesson Atmospheric Phenomena: Breezes,

Monsoon, and Intertropical
2 Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

What’s In

Directions: Study the table below and examine the differences in the
changes of temperature between sand and water. Do this in a
separate sheet of paper.
Table 1: Temperature reading between sand and water under the sun for 10
minutes.
Observation time Water (Degree Celsius) C0 Sand (Degree Celsius) C0
(min.)
0 36 36
5 36 37
10 37 38

Q1. Which has higher temperature after

10minutes? Q2. Which of the two get easily
warm under the sun?

Table 2: Temperature reading between sand and water after exposure to

sunlight.
Observation time (min.) Water ( Degree Celsius) C0 Sand( Degree Celsius) C0
0 39 40
5 38.5 38
10 37 36
15 37.5 35
20 36 35
 25 36 35

Rubric Scoring

Criteria 5 3 1 Score
Provided detailed Provided clear Provided unclear
explanation and explanation but explanation and
Knowledge complete incomplete response incomplete response
response to the to the question. to the question
question.

What’s New

Activity 5: Rising and sinking air

Directions: Study and analyze the differences between two pictures below.
Picture A shows the movement of air during day time.
Picture B shows the movement of air during nighttime

Figure 5: Movements of air during day and night time.

(Illustrated by: Ma. Sheila S. Manila)

Q1. Based on the two pictures, what are the directions of air movement?
Q2. Why is there a difference between the movement of air during
daytime and nighttime?
Q3. What do you call these movements of air in pictures A and B?

Rubric Scoring
Criteria 5 3 1 Score
 Provided detailed Provided clear Provided unclear
explanation and explanation but explanation and
Knowledge complete incomplete response incomplete response
response to the to the question. to the question
question.
 What is It

In the figure below (Figure 6), warm air above the land surface rises.
This is because the sun heats up land more quickly than water. When the air
above land is heated, it expands and begins to rise. The cooler air from above
the surface of the sea moves toward the land to replace the rising air. This
movement of air creates a local wind known as sea breeze. Sea breeze
Warm air rises
Air blows in from the sea to
above land
replace rising air

occurs at daytime and provides a cooling effect on those near the shore.
Figure 6: Sea Breeze
Air blows out to sea to replace rising air

Warm air rises

above sea
Figure 7: Land Breeze
(Illustrated by: Ma. Sheila S. Manila)

At night, the land cools faster than the sea. Thus, the warm air above
the sea surface pulls in the cooler air from the land surface. This local
wind is known as the land breeze. Sea and land breezes over a large region
that change direction with the seasons are called monsoons.

What are Monsoons?

The local winds created from the differential heating of land and sea
can also be felt over a much larger geographic area or region. This is a
major wind system known as monsoons. Monsoons are characterized by a
dramatic seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing winds over a
large area. This change in the direction of the prevailing winds brings about
changes in the amount of rainfall and leads to the distinct wet and dry.
 characterized by widespread cloudiness with slight to moderate rainfall
and prevailing cold winds.

The southwest monsoon or habagat affects the western part of the

country from July to September. It is characterized by heavy rainfall, humid
weather and bring the rainy season to the western parts of the country.
Habagat is brought about by the cool air from the high pressure area in the
Australian continent absorbing moisture by passing over the warm
equatorial oceans. The air, now laden with water vapor, cools as it moves
north and as it rises over land. The air can no longer hold its moisture and
falls huge volume of rainfall.

Effect of Monsoons
(Photo: Courtesy of Catalino E. Egaran)

Monsoons can bring moderate to occasional heavy rains which can cause flood
in our country like what happened in some parts of Pigcawayan, North
Cotabato brought by typhoon Bising last April 19-20, 2021.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

(PAGASA) is the agency responsible for assessing and forecasting weather, flood, and other
conditions that are essentials for the safety of the people.

What is ITCZ?
The Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) appears as a band of
clouds consisting of showers, with occasional thunderstorms, that encircles
the globe near the equator.

( https://www.slideshare.net/lhoralight/science-q3-q4)

Figure 10: ITCZ in January Figure 11: ITCZ in July

We always hear about the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in weather
reports. ITCZ is the place where winds in the tropics meet or converge. Because the
equator is warmer than the North and South poles, the cooler air is drawn towards
the equator to replace the rising warm air. Vapor pressure condenses as air rises
and cools in the ITCZ, forming clouds and rain. This is where monsoon rainfall
occurs.

What’s More
Directions:
Study and analyze the following maps in figure 10 and 11. It show
the air pressure and directions of winds in different parts of the world. The
letter L indicates the areas with low pressure, H for with high pressure areas
and arrowheads indicate for the direction of wind.

(https://www.slideshare.net/lhoralight/science-q3-
q4) Figure 10: Pressure and winds for the
month of January

Q1. Trace the directions of the arrows. In which area do the winds move?
Q2. Locate the Philippines in the map. From what direction do the wind
blow near the country in January?
Q3. What type of monsoon does the country experience in January?

(https://www.slideshare.net/lhoralight/science-q3-q4)
Figure 11: Pressure and wind during the month of July
Q4. In what direction do air of different pressures move? Why do
you think so? Q5. From what direction do the winds blow near the
Philippines in July?
Q6. What type of monsoon does the country experience in July?

Rubric Scoring
Criteria 5 3 1 Score
Provided detailed Provided clear Provided unclear
explanation and explanation but explanation and
Knowledge complete incomplete response incomplete
response to the to the question. response to the
question. question

What I Have Learned

Directions: Fill in the missing word/phrase in the following statements in

order to make it correct on a separate sheet of paper. Choose
your answer inside the box.
low pressure amihan southwest sea unequal
high pressure habagat northeast land equal

1. The wind always blows from an area with to an area with .

2. Land breeze is the movement of air from towards while sea breeze is
from towards .
3. Northeast monsoon is also known as .
4. is characterized with slight to moderate rainfall in the Philippines during the
months of December to February.
5. The movement of wind in our environment is caused by temperature of air
between land and water.

What I Can Do

Congratulations! You have shown great performance in doing

several activities that help you to understand common atmospheric
phenomena.

Directions: Write a reflection essay on how the monsoons affect the

Filipino farmers. Cite the monsoons’ advantages and disadvantages in
farming.
 Rubric Scoring
Criteria 5 3 1 Score
Composition Provided detailed Provided limited Provided very short
of ideas on the ideas on the ideas on the
advantages and advantages and advantages and
Knowledge disadvantages of disadvantages of disadvantages of
monsoons to monsoons to monsoons to Filipino
Filipino farmers. Filipino farmers farmers

Assessment

Directions: Read and understand the questions carefully. Write your

answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following statements describes the Northeast monsoon CORRECTLY?

A. It is known as hanging habagat
B. This is a season characterized by a slight to moderate rainfall and prevailing cold
winds
C. It occurs during the month of June to October and characterized by frequent
heavy rain
D. It is known as hanging amihan and characterized by frequent heavy rain and
strong winds

2. What kind of breeze occurs during daytime?

A. Day breeze
B. Sea breeze
C. Land breeze
D. Sea land breeze

3. During daytime, what happens to air above the sea?

A. It will rise and sink
B. It will flow everywhere
C. It will move towards land surface
D. it will move away from land surface

4. What is TRUE about intertropical convergence zone?

A. It occurs in polar regions
B. It occurs in a tropic region
C. It will happen once in a year
D. Its occurrences cannot be determined

5. Which of the following statements account for the occurrence of land breeze, sea
breeze, and monsoons?
I. Two different places warm up or cool down
differently.
II. Warm air always goes up and cold air replaces area
where warm air rises.
III. Winds always moves from high pressure area
towards a low pressure area.
IV. Movement of winds from one place to another
caused by the differences of temperature in
surroundings.
 A. I, II, III, and IV
B. I, II, and IV only
C. I, III, and IV only
D. II, III, and IV only

6. Which of the following statements correctly describes land breeze?

A. It is a local wind that blows from polar region to equator.
B. A global wind system categorized by the flow of air from water to land at night.
C. A local wind system characterized by the flow of air from land to water late at night.
D. It is any wind that blows from a large body of water toward or onto a landmass.

7. Your teacher explained that the wind direction during the day is usually the reverse of wind
direction at night. Which of the following statements will support your teacher?
A. There is more water in the sea than on land.
B. This is an indication of the change in our climate.
C. The water temperature’s remains the same all throughout the day.
D. The land heats up faster during day and it cools down quickly at night than water.

For items 8 to 11, refer to the following pictures below

Warm air rises Air blows in from Air blows out to sea
to replace rising air
above land the sea to replace
rising air Warm air rises
above sea

Picture 1 Picture 2
8. Based on pictures 1 and 2, what happens to the warm air?
A. rising
B. sinking
C. blowing
D. not moving

9. The two pictures show the reverse movement of air from land to sea or from sea to land.
Do you think the land and sea have the same pressure at the same time?
A. Yes, because the air blows in one direction at a time
B. Yes, because there is a reverse movement of air on land and water
C. No, because the air always moves from an area with higher pressure to lower
pressure area.
D. No, because the air always moves from an area with lower pressure to higher
pressure area
10. Which of the following statements describe the two pictures correctly?

I. Picture 1 occurs during daytime, while picture 2

occurs during nighttime
II. Pictures 1 and 2 illustrate the movement of
air due to temperature differences
III. The two pictures show the rising warm air and
cold air replaces the place of rising air
A. I, II, III, and IV
B.IV. The
I, II, aironly
and III in two places experienced the same
temperature
C. I, III, and IV only as well as their
D. II, III, and IV only

11. Based on picture 2, how will you compare the density of air above the land and sea?
A. Air above land and sea surfaces are equal in density
B. Air above sea is less dense than air above land surface
C. Air above the sea is denser than air above land surface
D. Air above the land is less dense than air above sea surface

12. What does I.T.C.Z stands for?

A. Inter-tropical Convergent Zone
B. Inter-tropical Continental Zone
C. Inter-tropical Convergence Zone
D. Intra-tropical Convergence Zone

13. From what direction does wind blows near the Philippines for the month of July?
A. Northeast towards South
B. Northwest towards North
C. Southwest towards North
D. Southwest towards South

14. What type of monsoon occurs during the month of July?

A. Northeast monsoon
B. Northwest monsoon
C. Southeast monsoon
D. Southwest monsoon

15. Which of the following describes the direction of winds in different parts of the world?
A. Low pressure to high pressure area
B. High pressure to low pressure area
C. Low pressure to lower pressure area
D. High pressure to higher pressure area
 Additional Activities

Directions: Read the paragraph inside the box. Write an essay

about the impact of global warming on the monsoons and tropical
wet season experienced in the country.

Global warming is the gradual heating of Earth’s surface, oceans, and atmosphere
caused by human activities such as cutting of trees or illegal logging, burning of plastics,
rubber, and other waste materials, burning of fuels that emits gases like carbon dioxide,
methane, and other greenhouse gases into the vast atmosphere. Human activities much
contributed to the increase in temperature of the atmosphere. Because all the global
climate system is connected, adding heat or increase of earth’s temperature causes the
global climate as a whole to change. Much of the world is covered with ocean which heats
up. When the ocean heats up, more water evaporates into clouds that cause the formation
of intense storms like typhoons. These strong typhoons will hit our country every year that
can greatly cause more damages around the country. Continuous change in temperature,
can greatly affect the patterns of wind that bring the monsoons in Asia, rain and snow
around the

Rubric Scoring
Criteria 5 3 1 Score
Provided detailed Provided limited Provided very short
ideas on the impact ideas on the impact ideas on the impact
Knowledge of global warming of global warming of global warming
on the monsoons on the monsoons on the monsoons
and tropical wet and tropical wet and tropical wet
season. season. season.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Holy Cross Institute of Sta. Cruz, Lubao, Pampanga, Inc.
Sta. Cruz, Lubao, Pampanga
045-971-6439 | [email protected]

Science 7
Quarter 4- Lesson 3:
Behind the Length of Daytime is the
Tilt of the Earth’s Axis
 What I Need to Know

Hello! How are you? Do you know why the length of daytime varies from
place to place and varies from day to day? Data show that other countries experience
longer days while some have shorter length of daytime. What might have caused
this phenomenon? What do you think determines the length of daytime? In order
to explain this phenomenon on Earth, it is important to understand the concept
about the tilt of the Earth’s axis.
Most Essential Learning Competency:
Using Models, relate the tilt of the Earth’s axis to the length of
daytime.
(S7ES-IVh-9)
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. explain how the tilt of the Earth’s axis affects the length of daytime;
2. draw a visual representation to describe the effect of tilt of the Earth’s axis
to the length of daytime; and
3. relate the importance of the tilt of the Earth’s axis to real life
situations.

What I Know

Directions: Read and understand the questions carefully. Choose and

write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The following are true about the Earth, EXCEPT
A. Its axis is tilted.
B. It rotates on its orbit.
C. It has a thriving atmosphere.
D. It is the third planet from the sun.
2. Which of the following statements correctly describes the Earth’s axis?
I. The axis is vertically oriented
II. The axis is tilted by 23.5 degrees.
III. The axis is not perpendicular.
IV. The axis is imaginary.
A. I,II,III only
B. I,III,IV only
C. II,III,IV only
D. I,II,III,IV
3. Which of these changes would likely occur if the rate of Earth's rotation on its axis
increased?
A. The length of the seasons would be shorter.
B. The length of the seasons would be longer.
C. The length of a day would be shorter.
D. The length of a day would be longer.
 4. How many degrees is the Earth’s axis tilted?
A. 0
B. 20
C. 23.5
D. 90
5. Why does length of daytime vary from place to place?
A. Because Earth rotates on its axis
B. Because Earth revolves around the sun.
C. Because Earth’s axis is perpendicular.
D. Because Earth’s axis is tilted by 23.5 degrees.

6. A student draws the model shown.

Which of these best compares the conditions at Location X and Location

Y?
Illustrated by: Lessig, L. (Source: www.creativecommons.org.com)

A. It is day at Location X and night at Location Y.

B. It is winter at Location X and summer at Location Y.
C. There are more hours of daylight at Location X than at Location Y.
D. There are more hours of daylight at Location Y than at Location X.

7. What causes nighttime and daytime on Earth?

A. Sun rotating on its axis
B. Earth rotating on its axis
C. Earth revolving around the Sun
D. Moon revolving around Earth

8. How does the tilt of the Earth ‘s axis affect the number of hours of sunlight that are
hitting the Earth?
A. Sunlight hours are not affected by the tilt of the Earth
B. Sunlight hours are greater when Earth is tilted toward the Sun.
C. Sunlight hours are greater when Earth is tilted away from the Sun.
D. Sunlight hours are greater when Earth is neither tilted away nor
toward the Sun

9. How does the tilt of the Earth look as it rotates around the Sun?

A. The tilt has always the same angle

B. The tilt is the same in spring/fall and different in summer/winter.
C. The tilt is variable and changes seasonally.
D. The tilt is always toward the Sun.

10. Which of the following is TRUE about direct rays?

A. These rays of the Sun hit the ground at 0°.
B. These rays of the Sun hit the ground at 90°.
C. These rays of the Sun hit the ground at 23.5°.
D. These rays of the Sun hit the ground indirectly.
11. When the North Pole is tilted toward the Sun, will the daytime be longer than
night time in the Northern Hemisphere?
A. Yes, because it receives direct rays.
B. Yes, because it receives diagonal rays.
C. No, because it receives heat around the sun.
D. No, because it receives oblique rays from the sun.

12. Why is it warmest at the equator?

A. It is closest to the sun.
B. It receives direct sunlight.
C. It has no cloud formations.
D. It has little precipitation and rain.

13. These are examples of sunrays, EXCEPT

A. Direct rays
B. Indirect rays
C. Oblique rays
D. Mechanical rays

14. Which of the following statements correctly describe sunrays?

I. Sunrays do not affect length of
daytime.
II. Sunrays are direct and indirect.
III. Direct rays hit Earth at a perpendicular
angle.
A. I,II,IV only
IV. Indirect
B. I,II,III only rays contribute to colder days.
C. II,III,IV only
D. I,II,III,IV

15. Axis is to rotation, as orbit is to .

A. eclipse
B. revolution
C. season
D. precession
 Lesson How the Tilt of the Earth’s
Axis Affects the Length
1 of Daytime

What’s In

There you go! In our previous lesson, we knew the common atmospheric
phenomena. These occur in the atmosphere due to the unequal heating of the sun
to the Earth. Breezes, monsoons and ITCZ are examples of these common
atmospheric phenomena. Aside from these occurrences brought about by this
unequal heating, there is another phenomenon that is due to the unequal heating
and the tilt of the Earth’s axis. This module will help in understanding how the
tilt of the earth’s axis affects occurrences on Earth like for instance the length of
daytime. Shall we now find out?

What’s New

Hello there! I need your help. I want to find out if the tilt of the Earth’s axis
and length of daytime are related. Can you help me? Let us read, understand and
perform the activity below to answer this. Are you ready? Let’s start!

Word Hunt

Directions: Find the seven (7) words that are related to the lesson that are hidden
in the grid. Give definition for each word found. The words may be
in horizontal, vertical or diagonal in direction. Copy and write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

L E N G T H F T I M E E M A
I T O A D F R N I L R C A X
P E R P E N D I C U L A R I
H D P D A S Q O I O Q A O S
E A R A R P T E L E N G T G
S Y E Y T E I S A O S T R H
P T R T H E L S Y S T E M M
E I E I C D T E E C E I S Y
E M B M O B Y R B R O T I A
D E W E V E L E G G T H N E
O A I K O O E E I O T I C R
A M P L I T D D E O R B I T
 What is It

You know that there are 24 hours in a day. You probably think that daytime
and nighttime are always equal, however that is not the case. When the North Pole
is tilted towards the Sun, the length of daytime will be longer than nighttime in the
Northern Hemisphere. When that happens, the ground gets to absorb more energy
from the sun. The Northern Hemisphere steadily warms up and the result is summer.

At the same time, the opposite is happening in the Southern Hemisphere.

The length of daytime is shorter than nighttime thus the Southern Hemisphere
experiences winter. But when the Earth has moved farther along its orbit, the North
Pole will then be tilted away from the Sun. Nighttime will then be longer than daytime
in the Northern Hemisphere. There would be a shorter time for the ground to heat
up and longer time for it to cool down. The result is winter in the Northern
Hemisphere.
Because the Sun is so big
compared to the Earth, only the rays
that come straight at Earth will hit
it. The light rays that are hitting the
earth at 90 degrees are known as direct
rays. Because the Earth is curved, not
all rays hit it directly. Light rays that hit
the earth at an angle are known
as indirect rays. Areas of the Earth
that are hit by direct rays are warmer
than areas that are hit by indirect rays.
The equator is always hit by direct
rays of the sun. This is why it is always warm there. The poles are always being
hit by indirect rays. That is why it is cold there.

Activity Does the tilt of the Earth’s axis affect the length of daytime?
Objectives
After performing this activity, you should be able to:
1. interpret data about sunrise and sunset to tell when daytime is long and when
daytime
What to do
The table shows the time of sunrise and sunset on a selected day
of each month of the year 2011. Analyze the table carefully then
answer the questions below. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper.
DA SUNRIS SUNSET LENGTH OF
Y E DAYTIME
January 22, 2011 6:25 AM 5:50 PM 11 Hr. 25 Min
February 22, 2011 6:17 AM 6:02 PM 11 Hr. 45 Min
March 22, 2011 5:59 AM 6:07 PM 12 Hr. 08 Min
April 22, 2011 5:38 AM 6:11 PM 12 Hr. 33 Min
May 22, 2011 5:27 AM 6:19 PM 12 Hr. 52 Min
June 22, 2011 5:28 AM 6:28 PM 13 Hr. 00 Min
July 22, 2011 5:36 AM 6:28 PM 12 Hr. 52 Min
August 22, 2011 5:43 AM 6:15 PM 12 Hr. 32 Min
September 22, 2011 5:45 AM 5:53 PM 12 Hr. 08 Min
October 22, 2011 5:49 AM 5:33 PM 11 Hr. 44 Min
November 22, 2011 6:00 AM 5:24 PM 11 Hr. 24 Min
December 22, 2011 6:16 AM 5:32 PM 11 Hr. 16 Min
Table 1: Sunrise and Sunset in Manila on Selected Days of 2011

Q1. Compare the time of all sunrise from January, 2011 to December, 2011.
What do you observe?
Q2. Compare the times of all sunsets during the same period. What do you
observe? Q3. Compare the time of sunrise on June 22, 2011 with that on
December 22, 2011.
On which day did the Sun rise earlier?
Q4. Compare the time of sunset on June 22, 2011 with that on December 22, 2011.
On which day did the Sun set later?
Q5. When was the length of daytime the longest?
Q6. When was the length of daytime the shortest?
 What I Can Do

Directions: Illustrate and explain how the tilt of the Earth’s axis
leads to varying length of day and night. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

Longer day and shorter night Shorter day and longer night

Product Rubric

Criteria 10 pts. 7 pts. 5 pts.

A. Drawing Drawing shows Drawing shows some Drawing lacks

Technique and good technique and technique and technique and
Understanding of understanding of understanding of understanding of
Concepts concept is clear. concept is not so concept is vague.
clear.

B. Craftsmanship Drawing is neat and Drawing is Drawing is messy

shows very little somewhat messy and shows marks
evidence of marks, and shows marks rips, tears, or
rips, tears, or folds. rips, tears, or folds. folds.
A few erasure lines Some erasure lines Many erasure
showing. showing. lines showing.

C. Originality Art work reflects Art work shows Art work shows
originality. some evidence of little or no
originality. evidence of
original thought.

Total Score
 Assessment

Directions: Read and understand carefully. Choose the correct

answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of these locations on Earth experiences the least change in the number of
daylight hours throughout the year?

Illustrated by: Lessig, L. (Source: www.creativecommons.org.com)

A. Equator
B. North Pole
C. Tropic of Cancer
D. Tropic of Capricorn

2. The following are true about the Earth’s axis, EXCEPT

A. Its axis is not tilted.
B. Its axis is imaginary.
C. Its axis is perpendicular.
D. Its axis is tilted by 23.5 degrees.

3. A student wants to use a spinning basketball to model the day-and-night cycle on

Earth. What should the student do in order to best model the cause of the day-
and-night cycle?

Illustrated by: Braxmeier, H. (Source: www.pixabayclipart.com)

A. Spin the ball in different directions

B. Tilt the ball while it is spinning
C. Paint one half of the ball black and the other half white
D. Shine a bright light on one side of the ball

4. What is the tilt in degrees of the Earth’s axis?

A. 12.5
B. 23.5
C. 25.3
D. 90
5. Why does length of daytime vary from month to month?
A. Earth is nearest to the sun.
B. Earth revolves around the sun.
C. Earth’s axis is very perpendicular.
D. Earth’s axis is tilted by 23.5 degrees.

6. Is the axis of the Earth NOT perpendicular to the plane of its orbit?
A. Yes, because its orbit is tilted.
B. Yes, because its axis is not tilted.
C. No, because its axis is tilted by 23.5.
D. No, because its axis and orbit are tilted.

7. What causes there to be longer number of hours of light during the summer
A. Earth is tilted away from the sun in summer
B. Earth revolves slower in summer
C. Earth is tilted toward the sun in summer
D. Earth is closer to the sunin summer

8. Which of the following best explains why City 3 experiences the smallest change
Inday length between summer and winter out of the four cities shown in the diagram
below?

Illustrated by: Vedran, B. (Source: www.free.svg.org.com)

A. City 3 is in the Southern Hemisphere.

B. City 3 is farthest from the equator.
C. City 3 is located close to the equator.
D. City 3 receives indirect rays from the sun.

9. Which of the following statements correctly describes the direct rays of the sun?
I. Direct rays hit the ground in a straight
line.
II. Direct rays hit the ground at 90°.
III. Direct rays are parallel to the ground.
IV. Direct rays hit the ground indirectly.
A. I & II only
B. I, II, III only
C. II, III, IV only
D. I, II, III, IV

10. The following are true about the rays of the sun, EXCEPT
A. Sunrays are direct and indirect.
B. Indirect rays are diagonal and oblique rays.
C. Direct rays hit the ground at 90 degrees.
D. Diagonal and oblique rays hit the ground directly.
11. Are the lengths of days and nights equal?
A. Yes, days and nights happen in one day.
B. Yes, days and nights occur in a similar way.
C. No, days and nights change from month to month.
D. No, days and nights change from day to day within a year.

12. Is it warmest at the equator?

A. Yes, because it is closest to the sun.
B. Yes, because it receives direct sunlight.
C. No, because it has no cloud formations.
D. No, because it has little precipitation and rain.

13. What is the result of the Earth’s rotation?

A. Seasons
B. Eclipses
C. Moon Phases
D. Day and Night

14. Which of the following statements correctly describes sunrays?

I. Sunrays do not affect length of

daytime.
II. Sunrays are direct and indirect.
III. Direct rays hit Earth at perpendicular
A. I,II,IIIangle.
only
B. IV. Indirect
I,II,IV only rays contribute to colder days.
C. II,III,IV only
D. I,II,III,IV
15. What causes variations in the length of daytime?
A. Tilt of the Earth’s axis
B. Tilt of the Earth’s orbit
C. Revolution around the sun
D. Rotation around the planet
 Additional Activities

Directions: The table shows the average sunrise and sunset time.
Analyze the table carefully then answer the questions below.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Table 1: Monthly Average Time of Sunrise and

Sunset

1. Compare the time of sunrise and sunset. What have you observed?
2. On which month did the sun rise earlier? Why is this so?
3. On which month did the sun set later? Why is this so?
4. When was daytime the longest?
When was daytime the shortest?
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Holy Cross Institute of Sta. Cruz, Lubao, Pampanga, Inc.
Sta. Cruz, Lubao, Pampanga
045-971-6439 | [email protected]

Science 7
Quarter 4- Lesson 4:
Seasons in the Philippines
 What I Need to Know

Hello! How are you? Have you ever wondered why Philippines have only two
seasons? Most countries of the world have only two seasons, this is because most
countries lie within the tropical zone.
This module will help you understand why seasons change, why some
countries only have two and other countries have four. There is a beauty to be found
in the changing of the earth’s seasons. There is a reason why everything’s changes.
Be a scientist yourself, let’s work hand in hand as we find out the tilt of the earth
and how it affects the changes in seasons.

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Using models, relate the tilt of the earth and the seasons (S7ES-IVh-9).
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. discuss and explain the relationship of Earth’s axis tilt and position
which determines the season;
2. identify the different seasons and their characteristics; and
3. explain why there are different seasons in the different regions of
the world.
 What I Know

Directions: Read and understand the questions carefully. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What are the four seasons of Earth?
A. Rainy, Summer, Dry and Wet
B. Autumn, Spring, Fall, Winter
C. Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter
D. Summer, Fall, Autumn, Winter

2. What causes the season?

A. The earth’s revolution
B. The earth’s tilt
C. The earth’s axis
D. The earth’s rotation

3. When will we have the shortest shadow?

A. Spring
B. Summer
C. Autumn
D. Winter

4. What is the hottest season in the year?

A. Autumn
B. Spring
C. Summer
D. Winter

5. When will we have the longest shadow?

A. Spring
B. Summer
C. Autumn
D. Winter

6. What is the coldest season?

A. Autumn
B. Spring
C. Summer
D. Winter

7. Which season has the shortest days and has longer nights?
A. Autumn
B. Spring
C. Summer
D. Winter
8. What season do animals hibernate and migrate to different areas?
A. Autumn
B. Spring
C. Summer
D. Winter

9. What is the event described as the shortest day of the year?

A. Vernal Equinox
B. Winter Solstice
C. Summer Solstice
D. Autumnal Equinox

10.Why are the seasons different in the Northern and Southern hemispheres?
A. The earth’s distance to the sun is constant
B. The earth is continuously rotating around the sun.
C. The sun is moving around the earth so one half the earth is
heated and the other half is frozen.
D. During summer or winter one part of the planet is closer or father
to the sun.

11.When it is summer in southern hemisphere, which of the following

BEST describes the tilting of the earth in the northern hemisphere?
A. The earth is tilted towards the sun.
B. The earth is tilted away from the sun.
C. The distance between southern and northern hemisphere is constant.
D. The distance between both hemispheres are not constant and
always changing.

12.Why do seasons change?

A. Seasons change because the sun is directed to the
southern hemisphere only.
B. Seasons change because the sun is tilted to both Northern
and Southern Hemisphere.
C. Seasons change because the earth is stationary directing its rays
to Northern and Southern Hemisphere.
D. Seasons change because direct rays of the sun shift from
one hemisphere to the other as the earth goes around the
sun.

13.Which part of the earth experiences summer in December and winter in June?
A. Northern hemisphere since sun is tilted towards it on June
and December.
B. Northern hemisphere because it receives direct rays from the sun
in December and lesser in June.
C. Southern hemisphere because it receives direct rays from the sun
in December and lesser energy in June.
D. Both southern and northern hemisphere because they receive
equal rays directed from the sun in December and June.
 14. Do the tilt of the earth and revolution around the sun affects the seasons?
A. No, because it only affects the Earth’s length of day
B. No, because it’s the Earth’s distance from the sun that affects
the seasons
C. Yes, because these allows different parts of the Earth to receive
the same amount of energy
D. Yes, because these allows different parts of the Earth to
receive different amounts of energy

15.Lina lives in the Japan and her friend Aly lives in Australia, during February
Lina is experiencing winter while Aly is experiencing summer, what is the
reason for this?
A. Aly lives in a high latitude place compared to Lina.
B. Lina lives in a high latitude place compared to Aly.
C. Lina and Aly’s country have same distance from the equator.
D. Lina and Aly are living in countries that are in opposite hemispheres.

What’s In

Directions: Read and understand the questions carefully. Write your

answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Test I: Fill in the missing letters to form the word(s) being describe in each number.
1. It is located at approximately 66.5 degrees north of the equator. It is
the beginning area where the sun will not rise during winter solstice
and will not set during summer solstice.

A r _ t _ _ C _ _ c l e

2. This line of 0 degrees latitude is the starting point when referring to

other points towards North or South pole of the globe.

E _ _ a t _ r
 3. It is located at approximately 23.5 degrees south of the equator. This
line marks the point farthest to the south at which the sun is hanging
directly upward at noon.

T r _ p _ c o _ C _ p r _ c _ _ n

4. It is located at approximately 23.5 degrees north of the equator. This

line marks the point farthest to the north at which the sun is hanging
directly upward at noon.

_ r o p _ _ _ f C _ _ c e _

5. It is located at approximately 66.5 degrees south of the equator. No

permanent residents are found within the boundaries of this
latitude.

A n _ _ _ c t _ c C _ _ _ l e

Test II: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong.

1. Latitudes run in an east to west direction.

2. Lines of latitude are parallel to one another and never meet.
3. The equator is at 90 degrees latitude.
4. Prime meridian is the major line of latitude.
5. Lines of latitude get shorter toward the poles, with the equator having
the longest line.
What’s New

Hello there! You are already familiar with the major lines of latitude. Let’s now
discover together the seasons of the earth. Are you ready? Let’s start!
Different places on Earth experiences different temperatures and varying
length of daytime throughout the year. These are brought about by the changing
seasons. Countries located further north or south of the equator get to experience
four different seasons however it is not the same for the countries located near or
at the equator. Listed below are the four seasons of the Earth.

Seasons

Spring starts when the day and night are the same
length on March 20. The weather gets warmer and
sunnier. Trees and plants start to grow. Many
animals have their babies in spring.
Illustrator: Jilea A.
Yson
Summer begins on the longest day of the year. In
the north this is on 21 June. Summer is usually the
warmest and the sunniest time of the year. Fruit
grows on trees and plants. Young animals grow bigger
Illustrator: Jilea A. and stronger.
Yson
Autumn starts when the day and night are the same
length again on September 21. During autumn, the
leaves change color and fall from the trees. Some
Illustrator: Jilea A. animals collect food before winter comes.
Yson
Winter begins on the shortest day of the year. In the
north this is on 21 December. The weather is colder
and, in some places, there is lots of snow. Plants and
trees stop growing. Some animals, like bats and
bears, find places to hide and sleep. This is called
Illustrator: Jilea A.
Yson hibernation.
Activity 1

Describing the Four Seasons

Directions: Complete the following sentences with the correct word. Choose the
word from the box. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

SPRING ripen SUMMER

1. All the trees and plants are in hot 1. The weather is .
. rainy 2. The are very long.
2. The start singing ice cream 3. People wear shorts and
sweet songs. umbrella .
3. The weather gets . crops 4. Children love to go to the
4. The trees bring new on snowmen to have a bath
their branches. days into the sea.
5. Swarms of rush at the sunglasses 5. Everyone loves to eat .
flowers. gloves 6. The fruits and are
6. Colorful fly up in leaves ready to be eaten.
the air. bloom
AUTUM falling WINTER
N
1. Leaves are off trees. snowflakes 1. A white layer of
2. The birds butterflies covers the ground.
southward. warmer 2. People wear thick coats,
3. The are harvested. sweep and boots.
4. The weather is cool and bees 3. The weather is very .
days are getting shorter. snow 4. Children love making
5. People has a lot of leaves to beach .
. cold 5. The get longer.
6. People wear raincoats birds 6. dance in the air.
and carry an . nights
migrate

What is It

Seasons on Earth
As earth orbits the sun, it maintains its 23.5 degrees tilt on its axis. Among
the obvious effects of this tilting is the way the sun’s rays are focused on places on
earth which brings about the changes in seasons on Earth. Countries located 23.5
degrees to 66.5 degrees north and south latitudes experience four seasons (spring,
summer, autumn and winter). The areas where the four seasons are experienced is
known as the temperate zone.
Around June 21 or 22 of each year, the Earth’s axis is tilted toward the sun.
At this time of the year, the Tropic of Cancer (located at 23.5 degrees north)
receives vertical rays from the sun. While the rest of the Earth receives slanting or
oblique rays. This is the summer solstice and this marks the beginning of the
summer season
in the northern hemisphere. At this time, the Northern Hemisphere experiences
longer days than night leading to higher surface temperatures. Also, during this
season, areas beyond the Arctic Circle (located at 66.5 degrees north) receive 24
hours of daylight and the areas beyond the Antarctic Circle (located at 66.5 degrees
south) are in complete darkness for 24 hours. This is because the southernmost limit
of the sun’s rays is at 66.5 degrees south. This means that, if it is summer in the
Northern Hemisphere, then it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere.
By the month of September, the vertical rays of the sun have moved from
the Tropic of Cancer to the equator (0 degrees latitude) and the rest of the Earth
receives slanting rays. This month marks the beginning of autumn in the Northern
Hemisphere and spring in the Southern Hemisphere. On September 22 or 23, the
length of day and night is equal everywhere on Earth. This is called autumnal
equinox.
By December, the Earth reaches half of its path around the sun. the Northern
Hemisphere is now tilted away from the sun. The vertical rays of the sun now strike
the Tropic of Capricorn (located at 23.5 degrees south). The northernmost limit of
the sun’s rays at 66.5 degrees North, so the areas beyond the Arctic Circle
experience 24 hours of darkness. December 21 or 22 is the winter solstice and it
marks the beginning of winter in the Northern Hemisphere. During this time,
countries in the Northern Hemisphere experiences longer nights than days. It is
then summer in the southern hemisphere and all the conditions are reversed.
As the Earth continues to revolve, it reaches ¾ of its path around the sun in
the month of March. As in the month of September, the vertical rays of the sun are
again directly over the equator. March 20 or 21 marks the spring equinox and this
is the beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and autumn in the Southern
Hemisphere. The length of day and night is equal at this time everywhere on Earth.
Within a year, we experience two solstices and two equinoxes. This
attributes to the tilt of the Earth’s axis that ‘changes’ the suns position relative to
the Earth’s equator, the Earth’s motion around the sun and the spherical shape of
earth.

Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted. Earth rotates on its axis as it orbits
the Sun, but the axis always points in the same direction.

Illustrator: Jilea A. Yson

Figure 2. Northern and Southern
Hemisphere
December 21/22: Winter at the north of
the equator and summer at the south of
the equator. The sun shines directly
on the Southern Hemisphere and
Illustrator: Jilea A. Yson Indirectly on the Northern Hemisphere.
 March 20/21: Spring at the north of the
equator and autumn at the south of the
equator. The sun shines equally on the
Southern and Northern Hemispheres.
Illustrator: Jilea A. Yson
June 21/22: Summer at the north of the
equator and winter at the south of the
equator. The sun shines directly on the
Northern Hemisphere and Indirectly on
the Southern Hemisphere.
Illustrator: Jilea A. Yson

September 22/23: Autumn at the north

of the equator and Spring at the south
of the equator. The sun shines equally
on the Southern and Northern
Hemispheres.
Illustrator: Jilea A. Yson

Seasons in the Philippines

The Philippines is in the tropical climate zone. Tropical climate regions

receive solar radiation at high angles all throughout the year. Consequently, people
of the Philippines do not experience the four seasons described in the previous
section. Instead, the “seasons” in the Philippines are described as the wet and dry
seasons. When it seldom rains, the season is described as dry season, when there
is much rainfall, it is described as the wet season.
 What’s More

Solstice and Equinox

Directions: Analyze the illustration below then and answer the following
questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Illustrator: Jilea A. Yson

Figure 1. Earth’s Axial tilt

For the Northern Hemisphere, which position (A, B, C, or D) of the earth

represents:
1. Summer Solstice
2. Autumnal Equinox
3. Winter Solstice
4. Spring Equinox
5. The longest day of the year in Southern Hemisphere occurs at what
position?
6. The length of daylight in the northern hemisphere at position A is
than at position B (longer, shorter, equal).
7. As the earth moves from position C to position D, does the duration of
daylight in the Northern Hemisphere get longer, shorter or remain the
same?
What I Have Learned

Directions: Read the paragraph carefully and identify the correct words that fit in
the given sentences in the box below. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

axis equator equinox hemispheres

shortest solstice summer sun winter
365.25

The Earth takes (1) days to orbit the sun.

The Earth is also spinning on an (2) , tilted at 23
degrees. This means that different parts of the Earth
receive more direct rays from the (3) at different
times of the year. The (4)
divides the Earth into
Northern and Southern (5) . When the Northern
hemisphere is tilted towards the sun it is (6)
in that hemisphere.
On two days a year both hemispheres receive equal
hours of day and night. These are called (7) . A (8)
is when the sun is at its
greatest distance from the equator. The (9) solstice is
sometimes called the (10) day.
 What I Can Do

Directions: Create a poem about “seasons” with four stanzas consisting four lines
each. The poem should include the reason why the length of daytime is not
consistent for the whole year and why there are seasons. Write your poem on a
separate sheet of paper. Please be guided with the rubric below.

Rubri
c
Category 4 3 2 1
The poem The poem uses
The poem uses
uses many The poem uses general or
several
Word precise, and general or ordinary terms to
descriptive
Choices and descriptive ordinary terms describe the
words to
Main Ideas words to to develop a object, the words
develop a main
develop a main idea or do not develop a
idea or
main idea message. main idea
or message. message. or message.
The sequencing
The sequencing
The of words and The sequencing
of words and
sequencing of phrases is very of words and
phrases is
words and confusing and phrases is
somewhat
phrases is the reader may random. The
Organizatio logical, and the
n logical and need to use hi reader can find
reader is able to
the reader is or her own no evidence of
follow the
able to follow knowledge to thoughtful
ordering of
the ordering determine the ordering of ideas.
ideas with
of ideas ordering of
minimal effort.
easily. ideas.
 Assessment

Directions: Read and understand the questions carefully. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. During which season do the leaves change color and fall off the trees?
A. Autumn
B. Spring
C. Summer
D. Winter
2. How often does the earth orbit the sun?
A. Every 7 days
B. Every 24 days
C. Every 30 days
D. Every 365 days

3. Which pole is pointed towards the sun when the northern hemisphere
is experiencing winter?
A. East Pole
B. West Pole
C. North Pole
D. South Pole

4. What is the result of earth’s tilt?

A. Seasons
B. Climate
C. Weather
D. Day and Night

5. What is the shape of the earth’s orbit around the sun?

A. Circular
B. Square to rectangle
C. Elliptical (slightly oval)
D. Variable and changes with the seasons (no particular shape)

6. The earth is a tilted planet. What is the degree of tilt?

A. 23.5 degrees
B. Exactly 25 degrees
C. Approximately 25 degrees
D. 90 degrees with respect to the sun

7. What does rotation mean?

A. An object spinning on is axis
B. The sun moving around the earth
C. An object moving around another object
D. The sun is heating up the earth while it spins
8. What are the names of the days when day and night are of equal duration?
A. Summer Solstice and Winter Solstice
B. Summer Equinox and Winter Equinox
C. Vernal Solstice and Autumnal Solstice
D. Vernal Equinox and Autumnal Equinox

9. What does revolution mean?

A. The earth wobbles on its axis
B. The Earth is moving around its axis
C. The shadows get shorter as seasons go on.
D. It means an object moving around another object.

10.It is the reason that causes the length of daylight to change.

A. It depends on the shape of the planet.
B. It is based on how far the sun rays reach.
C. It is based on the tilt of the sun beside the planet.
D. It depends on the tilt of the earth as it moves around the sun.

11.Which of the following BEST describe the tilt of the earth during the
spring and fall equinoxes?
A. The earth is tilted toward the sun.
B. The earth is tilted away from the sun.
C. The earth is not tilted during spring and fall.
D. The earth is titled neither toward or away from the sun.

12.Which of the following BEST describes the tilt of the earth when it is
summer in the southern hemisphere?
A. The Earth is not tilted.
B. The Earth is tilted toward the sun.
C. The Earth is tilted away from the sun.
D. The Earth is tilted neither away not toward the sun.

13.Which diagram shows the illumination of the earth in North Pole during
the first day of summer?

Illustrato
r:
Illustrato Illustrato A.Jilea
Yson
Illustrato r: Jilea r: Jilea
A. Yson
r:
A.Jilea
Yson A. Yson
A. B. C. D.

14.While Anna is enjoying her summer vacation, she noticed that during
summer the sunrise is earlier in the morning compared to other months
of the year. Can Anna enjoy longer day time during summer compared to
any other months of the year?
A. Yes, because during summer the sun rises and never sets.
B. Yes, because during summer the sun rises early and it sets late.
C. No, because during summer we can experience shortest day time.
D. No, because during summer the sun rises early but also sets early.
 15. Why do seasons change?
A. Seasons change because the sun is directed to the
southern hemisphere only.
B. Season change because the Earth axis is tilted and always pointed
in the same direction
C. Seasons change because the earth is stationary directing its rays
to northern hemisphere always.
D. Seasons change because of the distance of the earth to the sun

Additional Activities

Earth’s seasons change due to our planet’s angle of tilt, 23.5 degrees relative
to our orbit around the sun. This varies the energy received on the different regions
on Earth leading to seasons. What will happen if the tilt earth changes to 90 degrees
or 0? Will the energy received of the different regions of the Earth remain the same
to have seasons?
Directions: Analyze the illustrations and explain your answer. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

Earth’ Illustration Explanation

s
Tilt

90
degrees

Illustrator: Jilea A. Yson

0 degree

Illustrator: Jilea A. Yson

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Holy Cross Institute of Sta. Cruz, Lubao, Pampanga, Inc.
Sta. Cruz, Lubao, Pampanga
045-971-6439 | [email protected]

Science 7
Quarter 4- Lesson 5:
Earth around the Sun
 What I Need to Know

Hello kids! How are you doing today? You’ve probably noticed longer nights
than daytime in December or longer daylight than nights in the summer. While the
occurrence of the day and nights is due to the earth’s rotation around its axis, what do
you think causes this variation in day and night on earth?
In your previous grade, you tracked the weather for the whole school year. You
found out that there are two seasons in the Philippines: rainy and dry. You might have
noticed too that there are months of the year when it is cold and months when it is
hot. The seasons follow each other regularly and you can tell in advance when it is
going to be warm or cold and when it is going to be rainy or not.
But can you explain why there are seasons at all? Do you know why the seasons
change? In this module you will learn the position of the earth in its orbit, and its
characteristics around the sun.

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Using Models, relate the position of the Earth in its orbit to the height of the sun
in the sky. (S7ES-IVh-9)

After going through this module, you are expected to:

● Determine the characteristics of the Earth’s orbit from the sun.
● Illustrate the Earth and its orbit at different times of the year.
● Explain the relationship of the height of the sun in the sky to the seasons
 What I Know

Directions: Read and understand each item carefully. Write your answers on a separate
sheet.

1. What is the speed of the Earth’s orbit around the

sun? A. 108, 000 km/h

B. 109, 000 km/h
C. 110, 000 km/h
D. 111, 000 km/h

2. How many solar days the Earth completes one orbit?

A.364.542199 solar days

B. 365.242199 solar days
C. 365.542199 solar days
D.366 solar days

3. What do you call the point on Earth’s orbit when the Earth is closest to the sun?

A.Aphelion
B. Astronomical
C. Orbital
D.Perihelion

4. What do you call the point on Earth’s orbit when the Earth is at its farthest
distance from the sun?
A.Aphelion
B. Astronomical
C. Orbital
D.Perihelion
5. What is the average distance of the Earth from the sun?

A.145.5 million km
B. 147.6 million km
C. 148.7 million km
D.149.6 million km

6. Rather than being a perfect circle, the Earth moves around the Sun in an
extended circular or oval pattern. This is known as?
A.Astronomical orbit
B. Elliptical orbit
C. Spherical orbit
D.Circular orbit

7. What is the point in the orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the sun?

A.Aphelion
B. Equinoxes
C. Perihelion
D.Solstices

8. When the direction of the tilt and the direction to the Sun are perpendicular.
What do you call this phenomenon?
A.Vertical
B. Solstices
C. Axial tilt
D.Equinoxes

9. When the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, it experiences what
season?
A.fall
B. spring
C. summer
D.winter
10. Consider the picture below. How would you describe the position of the earth in
its orbit around the sun?
A.The earth rotates on its own axis.
B. The earth orbits the sun in an elliptical manner.
C. The earth spins in a counter clockwise direction.
D.The earth’s axis is tilted with respect to the plane of the orbit.

11. Which of the following is TRUE about the characteristics of Earth’s orbit around
the Sun?

I. The planet travels 940 million km

during a single orbit.
II. The Earth’s orbit around the Sun is
108, 000 km/h.
The earth completes 365.242199.
A.I, II, IIIIII.only
B. II, III, IV only
C. III, IV only
D.I, II, III, IV

12. The planet’s distance from the Sun also varies as it orbits. Which of the
following statement is TRUE?

I. The Earth is never the same distance from the

Sun from day to day.
II. When the Earth is closest to the Sun, it is
said to be at perihelion.
A.I, II, III only
B. III. When
I, III, the Earth is at its farthest distance it is
IV only
at IV
C. II, III, aphelion.
only
D.I, II, III, IV
13. Study the globes below. The globes represent the Earth facing from the direction of
the Sun. In the photo A, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun. In photo
B, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun.
The Philippines is inside the black square. Which photo shows the Philippines
during summer?

Source: I, SEDIP. 2004. Integrated Science. Caloocan City:

GRAND C GRAPHICS, INC
A B
A. photo A
B. photo B
C. photo A & B
D. Neither A nor B

14. Study the figure below, the drawing shows how the Earth is oriented with respect
to the Sun during the month of June.
Which hemisphere receives direct rays from the Sun in June?

Sun’s rays
 I. Northern Hemisphere
II. Southern Hemisphere
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II
D. neither I nor II

15. Study the figure below, the drawing shows how the Earth is oriented with respect
to the Sun during the month of December.
Which hemisphere receives direct rays from the Sun in December?

23.5ᵒ

Sun’s rays

Illustrated by: Leah S. Aliperio

I. Northern Hemisphere
II. Southern Hemisphere

A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II
D. neither I nor II
 Lesson How far is the Sunin the Sky?

What’s In

Hello, learners! In the previous module, you learned that the day and night are
due to the Earth’s rotation on its own axis. In other parts of the earth, there are months
when day time is longer than night time while there are also months when night time
becomes longer than day time. Amazingly, there are certain periods of the year when
the length of daytime and nighttime is roughly the same!

You probably already knew that the earth also moves around the sun as it moves
about its own axis. What do you think is the result of this earth’s motion around the
sun? What causes the variations of the length of day time and night time around the
year round in some parts of the earth? Let’s try to find out in this module.

WHAT TO DO:

Directions: Look at the pictures in column A, match it with the seasons in column B.
Write your answer in a separate sheet.
Seasons on Earth

A B

a. Summer
b. Winter
c. Fall
d. Spring

llustrated by: Leah S. Aliperio

 What’s New

Ever since the 16th century when Nicolaus Copernicus demonstrated that the
Earth revolved around the Sun, scientists have worked tirelessly to understand the
relationship in mathematical terms. If this bright celestial body – upon which depends
the seasons, the diurnal cycle, and all life on Earth – does not revolve around us, then
what exactly is the nature of the earth’s orbit around it?
Have you ever seen a top spinning around and round? The earth spins around
in much the same way as a top does. The earth spins around an imaginary line that
runs through its center. This line is called the axis. Every twenty - four hours, the
earth makes one complete spin, or a rotation. The rotation of the earth causes day and
night.
It is also important to remember that there is another imaginary line that divides
the earth around the middle into two halves- the Northern hemisphere and the Southern
hemisphere. This line is called the equator. The earth’s axis and the equator play a
huge role in understanding about the seasons of the planet.
Are you now interested in our lesson? I hope that you can apply your analytical
skills in the activities that we will discuss in this module. Let us start!

Activity 1. The Earth and its Latitude

Arctic Circle 66.5ᵒ N

Tropic of Cancer 23.5ᵒ N

Equator 0ᵒ

Tropic of Capricorn 23.5ᵒ S

Antarctic Circle 66.5ᵒ S

Illustrated by: Leah S.
Aliperio

Questions:
1. How do the sun’s rays hit the Tropic of Cancer when the Earth is tilted toward
 the sun?

2. Will the sun rise and set in the Arctic Circle when the northern hemisphere is
facing away from the sun? Why or why not?

See rubrics at the end of the module for you to be guided in answering the activity.
What is It

The earth moves around the sun in a path called an orbit. The movement of the
earth around the sun is called revolution. The Earth revolves around the sun at a speed
of 108, 000 kilometers per hour. This means that the planet travels 940 million
kilometers during a single orbit. The earth completes one orbit every 365 days, 6 hours
and 8 minutes (approximately 365 1/4) days or one year. The remaining one-fourth
day is added to the calendar after every four years. The year with 366 days is called a
leap year.

The Earth’s Axis

The Earth’s axis is tilted at 23.50 from the vertical. As viewed above the North
Pole, the Earth rotates counterclockwise which explains why the Sun appears to rise
in the East and set in the West.

23 ½ 0 Spring (Vernal) equinox

March 21

23 ½ 0
23 ½ 0

Equator
Tropic of

Cancer Vertical ray

Sun
23 ½ 0 Tropic of
Capricorn Winter solstice
Earth’s orbit
Summer solstice
December 21
June 21

(Fall)

Autumnal equinox
September 23

Illustrated by: Leah S. Aliperio

Figure 3. Earth and its Orbit at different times of the year

(“The shaded parts show the non-illuminated sides of the Earth during specific seasons.”)

The orientation of the Earth's axis remains fixed throughout the seasons. It
points directly toward Polaris, the North Star. As a result of this fixed tilt, the Northern
Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun in December and towards the Sun in June.
Meanwhile, the tilt of the Earth is neither towards nor away from the Sun during March
and September.
 Source: I, SEDIP. 2004. Integrated Science. Caloocan City:
GRAND C GRAPHICS, INC.
Figure 4: The Axis Tilt and the Sun’s Height in the Sky

The fixed tilt of the Earth as it orbits the Sun results in a change in the observed
height of the Sun above the horizon. The Sun appears to cross a higher path above the
horizon in the summer and a lower path in the winter. This means that the Sun takes longer
to cross the sky in the summer and a shorter amount of time in the winter. During
spring and fall, it traces an intermediate path.
The Sun’s height is at the maximum when it is directly overhead at solar noon.
The location on Earth where this occurs is called the subsolar point. The subsolar
point occurs on the equator during the spring and fall equinoxes. On these periods,
the subsolar point is over the equator with a sun angle of 90 degrees at solar noon. All
the latitudes (except the extreme poles) in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres
are illuminated and receive roughly the same length of daylight and darkness. At each
of these two equinoxes, the Sun rises due east and sets due west.
In Figure 5, the maximum Sun’s altitude declines with latitude as one travels
away from the Equator. For each degree of latitude traveled, the maximum Sun’s
altitude decreases by the same amount. The noon Sun angle can be measured by
subtracting the location’s latitude from 90 degrees.

0ᵒ
23.5ᵒN
66.5ᵒN

23.5ᵒN 66.5ᵒN

0ᵒ 90ᵒ

23.5ᵒS
 6 .5ᵒS
6

23.5ᵒS
66.5ᵒS
0ᵒ

illustrated by: Leah S. Aliperio

Figure 5: At equinox, the Sun is overhead at 90 degrees on the equator at solar noon
 During the summer solstice, the subsolar point moves to the Tropic of
Cancer (23.5° N) as the Northern half of the Earth is angled towards the Sun. On this
day, the position of the Sun in the sky at noon is at its highest altitude, and the position
of the Sun at sunrise and sunset is farthest north. All places above this latitude
have maximum Sun altitudes that are 23.5 degrees higher from the equinox positions.
Places above the Arctic Circle (extreme North pole) are in 24 hours of daylight. Below
the Tropic of Cancer, the noon angle of the Sun decreases a degree in height for each
degree of latitude. At the Antarctic Circle, the maximum Sun’s altitude becomes zero
degree and locations lower than this point are in 24 hours of darkness.
66.5ᵒN 0ᵒ
66.5ᵒN 23.5ᵒ
23.5ᵒN 0ᵒ
23.5ᵒ
23.5ᵒN
47ᵒ
47ᵒ
0ᵒ
0ᵒ

90ᵒ
3.5ᵒS 90ᵒ

66.5ᵒS 47ᵒ 66.5ᵒS

66.5ᵒS 0ᵒ 47ᵒ

Illustrated by: Leah S. Aliperio

0ᵒ
Figure 6: During the summer solstice, the subsolar point is at 23.5 degrees North
of the equator (Tropic of Cancer).
During the winter solstice, the subsolar point is located at the Tropic of
Capricorn (23.5° S) when the South Pole is tilted 23.5° towards the Sun. The Sun rises
and sets farthest south. No light reaches above the Arctic circle (66.5 degrees N) and all
locations below the Antarctic Circle (66.5 degrees south latitude) experience 24 hours
of sunlight.

Illustrated by: Leah S. Aliperio

Figure 7: At winter solstice, the subsolar point is located at the Tropic of
Capricorn (23.5° S) when the South Pole is angled 23.5°
toward the Sun.
The Earth’s Orbit

The shape of the Earth’s orbit also adds to the amazing characteristics of the
planet. Rather than being a perfect circle, the Earth moves around the Sun in an
extended circular or oval pattern. This is what is known as an “elliptical” orbit. This
orbital pattern was first described by Johannes Kepler, a German mathematician and
astronomer. This shape of the earth’s orbit explains why there are periods of the year
when the earth is closest to and farthest from the sun. In fact, the Earth is never the
same distance from the Sun from day to day.
When the Earth is closest to the Sun, it is said to be at perihelion. This occurs
around January 3rd each year, when the Earth is at a distance of about 147,098,
074 km. When it is at its farthest distance from the Sun, the Earth is said to be at
aphelion
– which happens around July 4th where the Earth reaches a distance of about
152,097,701 km. The average distance of the Earth from the Sun is about 149.6 million
km, which is also referred to as one astronomical unit (AU). Although it varies, there
is a little difference between the perihelion and aphelion so the Earth’s distances
between the two points differ at less than 5 million kilometers. This small difference
between the aphelion and perihelion is not enough to affect the seasons on Earth.

Illustrated by: Leah S. Aliperio

Figure 8: Aphelion and Perihelion
What’s More

Are you getting familiar with the characteristics of the Earth’s orbit around the
sun? Let us have more practice exercises. I prepared this activity for you so I hope
you will like it. Let’s start!

Illustrated by: Leah S. Aliperio

Figure 9: Angle of inclination of the sun’s rays in equatorial and polar areas.

Study the picture above and answer the following questions on a separate sheet.

Assuming that the Earth intercepts the same

amount of energy from both Rays A and B,
Please see the rubrics at the end of this
Which area
1.module would
for you to receive
be guidedmore energy per unit
area?

2. Which would you expect to be warmer?

Activity 2. How the Earth Moves Around the Sun

What to Do:
1. Look at the figure below, describe the characteristics of the Earth’s motion
around the sun.

2. Write your answers on a separate sheet.

Source: I, SEDIP. 2004. Integrated Science. Caloocan City:

GRAND C GRAPHICS, INC

Figure 2. The Earth’s Orbit around the Sun

Question #1: Is the distance of the earth around the sun the same as it orbits?

Question #2: What do you call the point when the earth is close to the sun?

Question #3: What do you call the point when the earth is far from the sun?

Question #4: What causes the earth to revolve around the sun?

See rubrics at the end of the module for you to be guided in answering the activity.
 What I Have Learned

Now that you have learned a lot from our module, let us test your familiarity with
our lesson by simply answering our activity below. Are you ready? Let us start.

Directions: Read the following questions carefully. Answer it on a separate sheet.

1. Summarize the characteristics of the earth and its motion around the sun in a table
like the one below. The first characteristic is given as your guide.

Characteristics Facts

Speed 108,000 km/h

Concept Map
Complete the concept map below. Use the words/phrases inside the box as your choices.
Answer it on a separate sheet.

are related to
SEASONS

are not directly related to

1. are caused by 2. 3.

varies due to
is lowest during
is highest during
4.

5. 6.
 What I Can Do

Congratulations! You are fantastic in doing the activities. Here is your final
challenge to prove what you got.

Challenge!

1. How are the people’s way of living influenced by

the seasonal changes of the earth?

2. How do you feel living in a place or

country that does not get to experience
the true seasons?

3. What do you think are the advantages and

Please see the rubrics at the end of this module for you to be guided in
disadvantages
answering the activity. of living near the equator?

See rubrics at the end of the module for you to be guided in answering the activity.
 Assessment

Directions: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer from the
given choices. Write your answers on a separate sheet.

1. What is the force that keeps the earth from moving straight into space?

A.axis
B. gravity
C. orbit
D.speed

2. The earth makes one every twenty – four hours.

A.orbit
B. revolution
C. rotation
D.tilt

3. The Earth makes one revolution around the sun in about how many days?
A.1 day
B. 24 days
C. 365 days
D.635 days

4. The earth takes one to move around the sun.

A.day
B. minute
C. month
D.year

5. What is an imaginary line through the center of the earth around which the
earth rotates?
A.axis
B. gravity
C. orbit
D.speed
6. What do you call the point on Earth’s orbit when the Earth is closest to the sun?

A.Aphelion
B. Astronomical
C. Orbital
D. Perihelion

7. What effect does the tilting of the earth cause?

A.When the earth is tilted away from the sun we have day.
B. When the earth is tilted away from the sun we have night.
C. It changes the angle than the sun strikes the earth in different land areas.
D.It causes the earth to be farther away from the sun at different times of the year.

8. When it is summer in southern hemisphere, which of the following best

describes the tilting of the Earth in the northern hemisphere?
A.towards the sun
B. away from the sun
C. towards or away from the sun
D.neither toward or away from the sun

9. Which motion do the arrows in the diagram represent?

A.Sun’s rotation
B. Earth’s rotation
C. Sun’s revolution
D.Earth’s revolution

Illustrated by: Leah S. Aliperio

10.The sun’s height is at the maximum when it is directly overhead at solar noon.
What do you call the location on Earth where this occurs?
A.Aphelion
B. Equinox
C. Perihelion
D.Sub solar point

11.Which of the following best describe solstices?

A.The earth is closest to the sun.

B. The Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun.
C. The direction of the tilt and the direction of the sun are perpendicular.
D.The point in the orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the sun.
12.Where would direct rays from the sun hit in June?

A.At the North and South poles

B. Mostly in the Northern Hemisphere
C. Mostly in the Southern Hemisphere
D.Both Northern and Southern hemispheres

13.Where would direct rays from the sun hit in December?

A.At the North and South poles

B. Mostly in the Northern Hemisphere
C. Mostly in the Southern Hemisphere
D.Both Northern and Southern hemispheres

14. How long does it take the Earth to complete one revolution around the sun?

I. 1 month
II. 30 days
III. 365 days
IV. 1 Year

A.I and II
B. III only
C. III and IV
D. IV only

15.What is the Earth’s orbit?

I. The path of an Earth around the Sun.

II. One full spin of an Earth around its axis
III. The movement of an Earth around the
Sun.

A.I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. Neither I, II, III
Additional Activities

Good job! You have come this far. I know that you are knowledgeable
enough with our lesson. For your additional learning, try to answer this one:

1. Write a poem or a story about the Sun’s observed height and itseffects
on the length of daylight and amount of solar energy on Earth.

Rubrics

Features 4 3 2 1
Demonstrates
Demonstrate Demonstrates little Lacks
in depth understanding understanding understanding
understanding of the of the topic. of the topic.
Ideas
of the topic. It topic. Gives some Gives no new
uses scientific Somewhat new information
reasoning to uses information and poorly
address ideas. scientific but poorly organized.
reasoning to organized
address ideas.
So many
Few spelling A number of spelling,
Grammar, No incorrect and spelling, punctuation
Usage & spelling, punctuations, punctuation or and
Mechanic punctuation or errors, minor grammatical grammatical
s grammatical grammatical errors. errors that it
errors. errors. interferes with
the meaning.

Took so It was done

much of time Slightly Put a small in a rushed
Effort effort into
and worked worked hard and did not
hard on the for the the activity work hard
activity activity
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Holy Cross Institute of Sta. Cruz, Lubao, Pampanga, Inc.
Sta. Cruz, Lubao, Pampanga
045-971-6439 | [email protected]

Science 7
Quarter 4: Lesson 6:
Solar and Lunar
 What I Need to Know

Good day, kids! How are you today? Do you know that sun is
considered as a star and one of the most important astronomical objects?
Yes, because it provides light and warmth. Its motion through our sky
causes day and night, and varied climates.
On any given day, the sun moves through our sky in the same way
as a star. It seems to rise somewhere along the eastern horizon and seems to
set somewhere in the west. But how does the height of the sun in the sky
affect the amount of energy received in a certain place?
In this module, you will understand how the places across the globe
vary in the amount of energy received from the sun. Knowing these skills
is very essential in your future use especially in the field of science. What
is the relationship of the sun’s position in the sky with the energy received
by a certain place?
Most Essential Learning Competency:
Using models, relate the height of the sun in the sky to the amount
of energy received. (S7ES-IVh-9).
This module focuses specifically on the
angle of light. After going through this
module, you are expected to:
● describe how the height of the sun affects to the amount of energy received by a
certain place on Earth; and
● how is the amount of energy received related to seasons?
 What I Know

Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct
answer for each question on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which celestial body does Earth revolve around on?
A. Mars
B. Moon
C. Star
D. Sun
2. Which part of the Earth experiences summer in December and winter in June?
A. Northern hemisphere since the sun is tilted towards it in June and
December.
B. Northern hemisphere because it receives direct rays from the sun in
December and lesser in June.
C. Southern hemisphere because it receives direct rays from the sun in
December and lesser solar energy in June.
D. Both southern and northern hemisphere because they receive equal rays
directed from the sun in December and June.

3. Where is the Philippines located?

A. Polar region
B. Arctic region
C. Tropical region
D. Temperate region

4. What causes seasons throughout the year?

A. the sun and its orbit
B. the moon and the stars
C. the tilt of the Earth’s axis
D. the distance of Earth and the moon

5. What do “direct rays” mean?

A. The rays of the Sun hit the ground at 30 degrees.
B. The rays of the Sun hit the ground at 60 degrees.
C. The rays of the Sun hit the ground at 90 degrees.
D. The rays of the Sun hit the ground at 120 degrees.

6. What is the season when Earth’s axis is tipped toward the Sun?
A. Autumn
B. Fall
C. Summer
D. Winter

7. What is the season when Earth’s axis is tipped away from the Sun?
A. Autumn
B. Fall
C. Summer
D. Winter
8. When the Sun’s light shines on the North Pole, what season is beginning in the
northern hemisphere?
A. Autumn
B. Fall
C. Summer
D. Winter

9. Earth’s seasons are caused by which of the following?

A. The varying amount of sunspot activity
B. The rotation of the Earth during a 24- hour day
C. The Earth’s orbit around the Sun as an ellipse rather than a circle.
D. The tilt of the Earth’s axis of rotation relative to the orbit of the Earth.

10.The diagram below shows the noontime shadows cast by a student and a tree.

Illustrated by: Cherry Mae B. Candelario

At noon, the student is in Manila, in what direction is the student facing?

A. East
B. North
C. South
D. West
11. The diagram below shows the apparent path of the Sun as viewed by an observer at a
certain part on the Earth on March 21.

Illustrated by: Cherry Mae B. Candelario

Which latitude is the observer located?

A. The Equator (0°)
B. 23.5° N
C. 66°N
D. 90° N

For items 12 to 14, study the diagram below, which shows the tilt of Earth on its axis in
relation to the Sun on one particular day. Points A and E are locations on Earth’s surface.
Point D is in New York State. The dashed line represents Earth’s axis.

Illustrated by: Cherry Mae B. Candelario

12. Which part of the Earth receives the direct rays of the Sun?
A. Point B
B. Point C
C. Point D
D. Point E

13. At which location has the greatest number of hours of daylight?

A. Point B
B. Point C
C. Point D
D. Point E
14. Which diagram best represents the angle of the Sun’s rays at location C at noon?

Illustrated by: Cherry Mae B. Candelario

15. Why do we experience the changing of the season on the Earth?

A. Because of the rotation of the Earth
B. Because of the tilt of the Earth’s axis
C. Because of the change in solar output
D. Because of the Earth’s distance from the Sun

Lesson
Earth’s Position and The
1 Amount of Energy Received

What’s In

Hello kids! In the previous modules, you have learned that the Earth is tilted at
23.5° on its axis.
As you can remember, the Earth is divided into two hemispheres the Northern
and Southern Hemisphere. In the Northern hemisphere, we can notice that Tropic of
Cancer lies at 23.5° North and Arctic Circle at 66.5° N and in the Southern
hemisphere, lies the Tropic of Capricorn at 23.5° South and Antarctic Circle at 66.5°
S.

You have also learned that the position of the Earth on its axis shows how much
direct rays from the sun it will receive.
Let’s try if you can locate the location of the Earth at different times of the year.
WHAT TO DO:

1. Study Figure 1 below.

2. Answer the two questions on a separate sheet of paper.
 March

June December

Figure 1.

S September

Illustrated by: Cherry Mae B. Candelario

Guide Questions:

Q1: In which month is the North Pole titled toward

the Sun? Q2: In which month is the North Pole titled
away from the Sun?

What’s New

Are you now interested with our lesson? I hope that you will find
our activities and discussions in this module more enjoyable and more
meaningful. Are you excited? Let us start!
We know that the Philippines has two seasons: rainy and dry. You
might have noticed that there are months of the year when it is cold and
months when it is hot. These seasons follow each other regularly and you
can tell in advance when it is going to be warm or cold and when it is
going to be rainy or not.
Now, let us try to have another activity.
Activity 1.1: What’s The Angle Got To Do With It?
WHAT TO DO:
1. Analyze the figure below.
2. Answer the given questions on a separate sheet of paper.

23.5° North Pole

direct
Sun’s rays
ray

South Pole JUNE

Illustrated by: Cherry Mae B. Candelario

Figure 2.

Q1: In June, which hemisphere receives more direct rays from the sun.
Why?

23.5° North Pole

Suns rays
rays

South Pole DECEMBER

Illustrated by: Cherry Mae B. Candelario

Figure 3.

Q2: In December, which hemisphere receives more direct rays from

the sun. Why?
 What is It

In our country, you may have noticed that it is usually hottest during
noon. You may also have observed that it is cooler during early hours of
the morning and the hours just before sunset. During these times, the sun’s
rays reach Earth’s surface at an angle, causing the relatively cooler
temperature. But as the weeks and months pass, you’ll notice that the
sun’s motion isn’t quite the same as that of other stars. For one thing, the
sun takes a full 24 hours to make a complete circle around the celestial
sphere based on the apparent daily motion. For obvious reasons, we
define our day based on the motion of the sun. Moreover, the location of
the sun’s path across the sky varies with the seasons. But can you explain
why there are seasons? Do you know why the seasons change?
In June, the Northern Hemisphere will receive more direct rays from
the sun (Figure 2). Therefore, it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere at
this time. While, in December, the North Pole will be pointing away from
the Sun (Figure 3), and the Southern Hemisphere will receive more direct
rays from the sun. The Northern Hemisphere will then experience a time
of cold temperature. For temperate countries in the Northern Hemisphere,
it will be winter. In tropical countries like Philippines, it is simply a cold
season.
The varying amounts of sunlight the Earth receives during different
times of the year creates the seasons. Seasons are the weather changes due
to varied amounts of sunlight caused by the tilt of the Earth’s axis. Thus,
at certain times of the year, one part of the planet is more directly
exposed to the sun’s rays than the other parts.
Temperate countries found between 23.5° North and South
latitudes, and between 66.5° North and South latitudes experience the
four seasons- spring, summer, autumn, and winter. However, the
Philippines is a tropical country having two seasons- rainy and dry that’s
why we do not experience winter season at all.
Illustrated by: Cherry Mae B. Candelario
 During different seasons, the angle at which the sun’s rays hit the Earth varies.
“Direct rays” means that the rays of the Sun hit the ground at 90°. The rays are vertical
or perpendicular to the ground. When the Sun’s rays strike the ground at a high angle,
each square meter of the ground receives a greater amount of solar energy than when
the rays are inclined. This results to more heat being absorbed by the Earth’s surface.

In the tropics, the warm season is due to the Sun’s rays hitting the ground
directly. To an observer, the position of the Sun at noon will be exactly overhead.
direct rays
On the other hand, when the Sun’s rays
come in at an angle, each square meter of the
ground will receive a lesser amount of solar energy.
˅ ˅ ˅ ˅
That’s because at lower angles, solar energy will be
distributed over wider area. The place will then
experience lower temperatures. high angle

After another six months, in June of the

following year, the Earth will have made one full
trip around the Sun. The Sun’s direct rays will
fall on the Northern Hemisphere once more. It
Illustrated by: Cherry Mae B. Candelario
will be warm in the Northern Hemisphere and
Figure 5. In the tropics, the warm
cold in the Southern Hemisphere all over again. season is due to the Sun’s rays hitting
Thus, the seasons change because the direct rays the ground directly. To an observer, the
of the Sun shift from one hemisphere to the other position of the Sun at noon will be
exactly overhead.
as the Earth goes around the Sun.

oblique rays

Figure 6. The cold season is the result

lower angle of the Sun’s rays striking the ground at
a lower angle. To an observer, the Sun
at midday will not be directly above;
it will be lower in the sky.

Illustrated by: Cherry Mae B. Candelario

If the Sun is positioned directly overhead or at 90 degrees from the horizon, the
incoming insolation strikes the surface of the Earth at right angles and is most intense.
If the Sun is at 45 degrees above the horizon, the incoming insolation strikes the
Earth’s surface at an angle. This causes the rays to be spread over a larger surface area
reducing the intensity of radiation.
 What’s More

Are you getting familiar how the height of the sun affects the amount
energy received by the Earth? Let us try another activity to deepen your
understanding. Are you ready? Let’s start!
Activity 1.2: The Angle of Light
Procedures:

1. Study the figure below.

2. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
3. Refer to the rubric below in completing this activity.

Illustrated by: Cherry Mae B. Candelario

Figure 7. The rays of the Sun in April and December

Guide Questions:

Q1: Why is it warmer in April than in December?

Q2: Does the apparent path of the Sun across the sky change during the
year? Why?
Scoring Rubric

4 3 2 1
Criteria
Outstanding Proficient Developing Beginning
• Piece was
written with
specific,
informative,
and well
organized
• Piece was • Piece had
• It presents • Piece had
written in an no style
relevance, little style
interesting • Gives no
substantial, style • Gives some
Content new
and new
• Somewhat information
illustrative information
informative and very
ideas but poorly
and poorly
developed organized
organized organized
through facts,
reasons,
and/or
explanations.

• So many
• Few spelling spelling,
• No incorrect • A number of
and punctuations, punctuation
Grammar, spelling, spelling,
errors, minor and
Usage & punctuation or punctuation or
grammatical grammatical
Mechanics grammatical grammatical
errors errors that it
errors errors
interferes with
the meaning
 What I Have Learned

Now that you have learned a lot from our module, let us test your
understanding with our lesson by answering this activity. Are you
ready? Let us start the ball rolling.
Directions: Study the illustration below. Explain how the Sun’s motion
affects solar energy received by the area. Refer to the scoring
rubric below in completing this task. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

Smaller area Larger area

Scoring Rubric

4 3 2 1
Criteria
Outstanding Proficient Developing Beginning
• Piece was
written with
specific,
informative,
and well
organized • Piece was • Piece had
• Piece had
• It presents written in an no style
little style
relevance, interesting • Gives no
substantial, style • Gives some
new
Content new
and • Somewhat information
illustrative information
informative and very
ideas but poorly
and poorly
developed organized
organized organized
through
facts,
reasons,
and/or
explanations.
 What I Can Do

Congratulations! You are fantastic and I hope you enjoyed your

exploration about the light rays from the Sun. Here is your final challenge
to prove what you got. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Directions:

1. Try to stand-up under the sun at 12 noon for a minute. What have you observedin
your shadow? How intense is the heat of the sun during this time (12 noon)?Write
your observations. (You can use your umbrella to avoid sunburn and heatstroke.)

2. Thistime, look in your surroundings at 3:00 in the

afternoon. What have you noticed with the shadows
of the plant outside? How intense is the heat of the
sun during this time?
3.Refer to the scoring rubric below in accomplishing
If sun
this task.is not present in the sky due to a bad weather, use the given
pictures below. Answer the guide questions on your activity notebook.

ray of light
shadow

12 Noon 3:00PM

Illustrated by: Cherry Mae B. Candelario

Guide Questions:

1. At what angle is the Sun located in 12 Noon? 3:00 PM? (You can use protractor for
measuring the angle in the figure above.)
2. What have you observed between the shadow at 12 Noon and at 3:00 PM?
3. At what time did the ground receive the most direct rays of the sun?
4.How does the amount of energy received by the ground at noon and at 3:00pm
compare?
Scoring Rubric

4 3 2 1
Criteria
Outstanding Proficient Developing Beginning
• Piece was
written with
specific,
informative,
and well
organized • Piece was • Piece had
• Piece had
• It presents written in an no style
little style
relevance, interesting • Gives no
• Gives some
substantial, style new
Content new
and • Somewhat information
information
illustrative informative and very
but poorly
ideas and poorly
organized
developed organized organized
through
facts,
reasons,
and/or
explanations.
• So many
• Few spelling spelling,
• No incorrect • A number of
and punctuations, punctuation
Grammar, spelling, spelling,
errors, minor and
Usage & punctuation or punctuation or
grammatical grammatical
Mechanics grammatical grammatical
errors errors that it
errors errors
interferes with
the meaning
 Assessment

Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct
answer for each question on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What are the two seasons in the Philippines?
A. Rainy and Dry
B. Rainy and Fall
C. Dry and Winter
D. Summer and Winter

2. In the month of June, which area receives more direct rays from the sun?
A. North Pole
B. South Pole
C. Temperate Zone
D. Equatorial Region

3. When it is summer in southern hemisphere, which of the following BEST describes the
tilting of the Earth in the northern hemisphere?
A. Towards the sun
B. Away from the sun
C. Towards or away from the sun
D. Toward or away from the moon

4. What happens during equinox?

A. The length of day and night is equal.
B. The length of day and night is not the same.
C. The sunlight is lesser at the other hemisphere than the other.
D. The sunlight is greater at the other hemisphere than the other.
5. What do you call the changing of weather due to varied amounts of sunlight?
A. Eclipse
B. Revolution
C. Rotation
D. Seasons

6. At which latitude can the sun be observed directly overhead during summer solstice?
A. 23.5° N
B. 33.5°
N C.42°
N D.
66.5° N
7. A person is facing his shadow at noon. What direction is he facing?
A. East
B. North
C. South
D. West
8. Seasonal changes on Earth are primarily caused by the .
A. elliptical shape of Earth’s orbit around the Sun
B. changes in distance between Earth and the Sun
C. tilt of the Earth’s axis as Earth revolves around the Sun
D. parallelism of the Sun’s axis as the Sun revolves around Earth
9. Because the Earth rotates on its axis, in what direction does the sun seems to rise?
A. East
B. North
C. South
D. West
10. Very cold climates occur at Earth’s North and South Poles because the polar regions
.
A. receive low- angle insolation
B. are usually farthest from the equator
C. receive the most hours of daylight
D. absorb the greatest amount of insolation
11. During summer, countries in the Northern Hemisphere experience warm
temperatures because sunlight then is .
A. least intense and of longest duration
B. most intense and of longest duration
C. least intense and of shortest duration
D. most intense and of shortest duration
12.What time of the day is represented by the location of the Sun
on the diagram? Refer to the diagram.
A. 6 AM
B. 9 AM
C. 6 PM
D. 12 PM
13.In the diagram, on December 21st, what North Pole (90°N)

latitude experiences direct Sun rays?

A. 0°
B. 23.5° N Arctic Circle (66.5°N)
Sun’s
C. 23. 5° S rays

D. 66.5° S Tropic of Cancer

14. Why does the area around the equator has

the same temperature throughout the Equator (0°)
year?
Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S)
A. The equator has 18-hour days.
B. The equator rotates slower than the Antarctic Circle (66.5°S)

poles. South Pole

December 21

Illustrated by: Cherry Mae B. Candelario

C. The equator always receives sunlight at high angles.
D. The equator remains the same distance from the Sun.
15. Why do seasons change?
A. The sun is directed to the southern hemisphere only.
B. The sun is somehow tilted to both Northern and Southern hemisphere.
C. Seasons change because the Earth is stationary directing its rays to Northern
hemisphere always.
D. Seasons change because direct rays of the Sun shift from one hemisphere to the
other as the Earth goes around the Sun.
 Additional Activities

Good job! You have come this far. I know that you are
knowledgeable enough with our lesson. For your additional learning, you
can use the table below as your guide to answer the given questions. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Refer to the scoring rubric
below in accomplishing this task.

Height of the Sun Height of the Sun

Day Day
(Altitude) (Altitude)
Jan. 22, 2011 55.6° Jul. 22, 2011 84.3°
Feb. 22, 2011 65.1° Aug. 22, 2011 87.3°
Mar. 22, 2011 75.9° Sept. 22, 2011 75.9°
Apr. 22, 2011 87.4° Oct. 22, 2011 64.5°
May 22, 2011 84.3° Nov. 22, 2011 55.4°
Jun. 22, 2011 81.2° Dec. 22, 2011 52.0°

Guide Questions:

1. In what month of the year can we experience cold season in our country? Why?
2. Which month is the North Pole tilted toward the Sun? How did you know?
3. What is the relationship between the height of the Sun to the energy received by the
ground?
4. Why is it hotter during certain months of the year?
Scoring Rubric

4 3 2 1
Criteria
Outstanding Proficient Developing Beginning
• Piece was
written with
specific,
informative,
and well
organized
• Piece was • Piece had
• It presents • Piece had
written in an no style
relevance, little style
interesting • Gives no
substantial, style • Gives some
Content new
and new
• Somewhat information
illustrative information
informative and very
ideas but poorly
and poorly
developed organized
organized organized
through facts,
reasons,
and/or
explanations.

• So many
• Few spelling spelling,
• No incorrect • A number of
and punctuations, punctuation
Grammar, spelling, spelling,
errors, minor and
Usage & punctuation or punctuation or
grammatical grammatical
Mechanics grammatical grammatical
errors errors that it
errors errors
interferes with
the meaning
REFERENCES
Asuncion, Alvie J., et.al. K to 12 Learner's Material Science 7. Pasig
City:Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd- BLR), 2017.

Asuncion, Alvie J., et al. Teacher's Guide Science 7. Pasig City: Department
ofEducation, 2017.

Laurente, Jomar Aries T., et.al. Science for the 21st Century Learner 7.
MakatiCity: Diwa Learning Systems, 2015.

Books

Alvie J. Asuncion et.al. 2017. K to 12 Science Grade & Leraners

Material. Pasig City: Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-
BLR).

—. 2017. K to 12 Science Grade 7 Learners Material. Pasig City: Bureau of

Learning Resources (DepEd- BLR).

Alvie J. Asuncion, et.al. 2017. Science 7 Learner's Material. Pasig City: FEP
Printing Corporation.

I, SEDIP. 2004. Integrated Science. Caloocan City: GRAND C GRAPHICS, INC.

Ferido, Marlene B., Gutierrez, Jacqueline Rose M., et.al. (2012,
). Science-Grade 7 Learner's Material: Part Two.
Retrieved from slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/lhoralight/science-q3-q4

Books

Asuncion, A (2017). K to 12 Science Grade 7 Learner's Material.

Vibal Publishing House Philippines.

Department of Education Bureau of Learning Resources (2020). Most

Essential Learning Competency. Abiva Publishing House.

Department of Education Bureau of Learning Resources (2018). K to 12

Science Curriculum Guide. DepEd Complex, Meralco Avenue,
Pasig City
Learning Resource Portal (2014) .BEAM III Unit 4 Earth and Space.
DepEd Complex, Meralco Avenue, Pasig City

Websites

Braxmeier, H (2010). The Length of Daytime on Earth. Retrieved July 7, 2020.

https://pixabayclipart.com

Lessig, L (2019). The Earth's Axis. Retrieved July 15, 2020.

https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain

Pushkin, A (2020). Direct and Indirect Rays of the Sun.Retrieved May 10, 2020.

https://publicdomainvectors.com