CNT122

Lecture 3 and 4 – Overview cont.

Network Core: Packet Switching
each end-end data stream resource contention:
divided into packets  aggregate resource
 user A, B packets share demand can exceed
amount available
network resources
 congestion: packets
 each packet uses full link
queue, wait for link use
bandwidth
 store and forward:
 resources used as needed packets move one hop at
a time
Bandwidth division into  Node receives
“pieces” complete packet
Dedicated allocation before forwarding
Resource reservation
CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 2
Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing
100 Mb/s
C
A Ethernet statistical multiplexing

1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets
waiting for output
link

D E

Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, bandwidth shared on
demand  statistical multiplexing .
TDM: each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 3

Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L
R R R

 takes L/R seconds to Example:

transmit (push out) packet  L = 7.5 Mbits
of L bits on to link at R bps
 R = 1.5 Mbps
 store and forward: entire
 transmission delay = 15 sec
packet must arrive at
router before it can be
transmitted on next link
 delay = 3L/R (assuming zero
propagation delay)

more on delay shortly …

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 4

 Packet switching versus circuit switching
Packet switching allows more users to use network!
 1 Mb/s link
 each user:
 100 kb/s when “active”
 active 10% of time

 circuit-switching:
N users
 10 users
1 Mbps link
 packet switching:
 with 35 users,
probability > 10 active
at same time is less
than .0004 Q: how did we get value 0.0004?

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 5

Packet switching versus circuit switching
Is packet switching a “sure winner?”
 great for bursty data
 resource sharing
 simpler, no call setup
 excessive congestion: packet delay and loss
 protocols needed for reliable data transfer,
congestion control
 Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
 bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
 still an unsolved problem

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 6

 Internet structure: network of networks

 roughly hierarchical
 at center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, AT&T,
Cable and Wireless), national/international coverage
 treat each other as equals

Tier-1 Tier 1 ISP

providers
interconnect
(peer)
privately
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 7

 Internet structure: network of networks
 “Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs
 Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs

Tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISP pays Tier-2 ISP also peer
Tier-2 ISP privately with
tier-1 ISP for
connectivity to Tier 1 ISP each other.
rest of Internet
 tier-2 ISP is
customer of
tier-1 provider Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 8

 Internet structure: network of networks
 “Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs
 last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)

local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
Local and tier- Tier-2 ISP ISP ISP
Tier-2 ISP
3 ISPs are
customers of Tier 1 ISP
higher tier
ISPs
connecting
them to rest Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
of Internet
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP local
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 9

 Internet structure: network of networks
 a packet passes through many networks!

local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP

local
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 10

How do loss and delay occur?
packets queue in router buffers
 packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link capacity
 packets queue, wait for turn

packet being transmitted (delay)

B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 11

Four sources of packet delay
 1. nodal processing:  2. queueing
 check bit errors  time waiting at output
 determine output link link for transmission
 depends on congestion
level of router

transmission
A
propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 12

Delay in packet-switched networks
3. Transmission delay: 4. Propagation delay:
 R=link bandwidth (bps)  d = length of physical link
 L=packet length (bits)  s = propagation speed in medium
 time to send bits into link = (~2x108 m/sec)
L/R  propagation delay = d/s

Note: s and R are very different

quantities!
transmission
A
propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 13

 Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth
 cars “propagate” at  Time to “push” entire caravan
100 km/hr through toll booth onto highway =
 toll booth takes 12 sec to service 12*10 = 120 sec
car (transmission time)  Time for last car to propagate
 car~bit; caravan ~ packet from 1st to 2nd toll both:
 Q: How long until caravan is lined
100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr
up before 2nd toll booth?  A: 62 minutes

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 14

 Caravan analogy (more)
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth
 Yes! After 7 min, 1st car at 2nd
 Cars now “propagate” at booth and 3 cars still at 1st booth.
1000 km/hr  1st bit of packet can arrive at 2nd
 Toll booth now takes 1 min to router before packet is fully
service a car transmitted at 1st router!
 Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd
booth before all cars serviced
at 1st booth?

CS122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 15

Nodal delay
d nodal =d proc +d queue +d trans +d prop

 dproc = processing delay

 typically a few microsecs or less
 dqueue = queuing delay
 depends on congestion
 dtrans = transmission delay
 = L/R, significant for low-speed links
 dprop = propagation delay
 a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 16

“Real” Internet delays and routes
 What do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?
 Traceroute program: provides delay measurement from source to
router along end-end Internet path towards destination. For all i:
 sends three packets that will reach router i on path
towards destination
 router i will return packets to sender
 sender times interval between transmission and reply.

3 probes 3 probes

3 probes

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 17

“Real” Internet delays and routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
Three delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms link
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 18

 Packet loss
 queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has
finite capacity
 packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
 lost packet may be retransmitted by previous
node, by source end system, or not at all
buffer packet being transmitted
A (waiting area)

B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 19
 Throughput
 throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which
bits transferred between sender/receiver
 instantaneous: rate at given point in time
 average: rate over longer period of time

server,
server sendswith link
bits pipe capacity
that can carry link that
pipe capacity
can carry
file of
(fluid) F bits
into pipe Rs bits/sec
fluid at rate Rfluid
c bits/sec
at rate
to send to client Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 20

Protocol “Layers”
Networks are complex!
 many “pieces”:
 hosts
 routers
Question:
Is there any hope of organizing
 links of various structure of network?
media
 applications Or at least our discussion of
 protocols networks?

 hardware,
software

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 21

Organization of air travel

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing

 a series of steps

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 22

Layering of airline functionality

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket

baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage

gates (load) gates (unload) gate

runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing

airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing

departure intermediate air-traffic arrival

airport control centers airport

Layers: each layer implements a service

 via its own internal-layer actions
 relying on services provided by layer below

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 23

Why layering?
Dealing with complex systems:
 explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex system’s pieces
 layered reference model for discussion
 modularization eases maintenance, updating of
system
 change of implementation of layer’s service
transparent to rest of system
 e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect
rest of system

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 24

Internet protocol stack
 application: supporting network
applications
 FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
 transport: process-process data transfer
 TCP, UDP transport
 network: routing of datagrams from source
to destination network
 IP, routing protocols
 link: data transfer between neighboring link
network elements
 PPP, Ethernet physical
 physical: bits “on the wire”

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 25

ISO/OSI reference model
 presentation: allow applications to
interpret meaning of data, e.g., application
encryption, compression, machine-
presentation
specific conventions
 session: synchronization, checkpointing, session
recovery of data exchange transport
 Internet stack “missing” these layers! network
 these services, if needed, must be
link
implemented in application
 needed?
physical

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 26

 Encapsulation
source
message M application
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 27
Layer Design Issues
 Reliability
 Error correction and detection
 Routing
 Addressing
 Internetworking
 Scalability
 Flow control
 Congestion control

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 28

Summary
Covered a “ton” of material! You now have:
 Internet overview  context, overview,
 what’s a protocol? “feel” of networking
 network edge, core, access  more depth, detail to
network follow!
 packet-switching versus
circuit-switching
 Internet structure
 performance: loss, delay,
throughput
 layering, service models

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 29