Law Enforcement Organization and Administration (Inter-Agency Approach)

Prepared by: Ms. Angelica L. Hernandez

COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course provides the fundamental understanding of Organization, Management and Administration, laws
governing the organization of Law Enforcement and Public Safety Agencies, their respective legal mandate, functions and
responsibilities, and its intra and inter agency relations, coordination and cooperation with other law enforcement and public safety
agencies.
COURSE OUTLINE:
 Principles of Organization, Management and Administration.
 Organization of Law Enforcement and Public Safety Agencies as provided under E.O. 292 s. 1987 and other relevant law
creating the agency.
 Law enforcement organizations include PNP, NBI, PDEA, Bureau of Immigration, Philippine Coast Guard, Office of
Transportation Security for Sea Ports and Airports Security, Bureau of Fire Protection, and Penal Laws on Agricultural
products, Wild Life, and Environmental laws and other relevant law enforcement agencies.
 History of Law Enforcement and Public Safety Agencies.
 Powers and Functions, Organizational Structure of various law enforcement and public safety agencies.
 Law enforcement and Policing system in the Philippines.
CHAPTER I
Police – the internal organization or regulations of a state, the control and regulation of a community or a state through the exercise of
the constitutional power of the government.
- Refers to a body of civil authority, which is tasked to maintain peace and order, enforce the law, protect lives and properties
and ensure the public safety.
- One of the pillars of the Criminal Justice System that has the specific responsibility of maintaining law and order, and
preventing and combating crime within the society.
Origin of the word “POLICE”
 Politia – Roman word which means condition of a state, government, and administration.
 Politeia – Greek word which means government, citizenship, or the entire activity of a “polis”, a city.
 Police – French word which was borrowed by the Americans to describe a law enforcement officer.

Organizational Concepts and Principles

I. The Organization
1. Organization
 A group of persons working together for a common goal or objectives; a form of human association for the attainment
of a goal or objective.
 The process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and
authority; and establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work effectively.
 Organizations are normally structured on a superior-subordinate relationship. Therefore, authority is a universal
element of all organizations. Leadership is a personal quality which exhorts willing collaboration towards a common
goal.
2. Police Organization. It is a group of trained personnel in the field of public safety administration engaged in the achievement of
goals and objectives that promotes the maintenance of peace and order, protection of life and property, enforcement of the
laws and the prevention of crimes.
3. Administration. It is an organizational process concerned with the implementation of objectives and plans and internal
operating efficiency that connotes bureaucratic structure and behavior, relatively routine decision-making and maintenance of
the internal order.
4. Police Administration. It is the process involved in ensuring strict compliance, proper obedience of laws and related statutes
that focuses on the policing process or how law enforcement agencies are organized and managed to achieve the goals of
law enforcement most effectively, efficiently and productively.

The Nature of Police Organization

A police organization is a complex bureaucracy. Mostly, it is multi-level organization which is organized in the form of a
pyramid like structure. At the top, we can find the administrator like the Chief, PNP while at the bottom, the patrolman or line officers.

II. Management/Administrative Functions

 Planning – the function of management that involves setting objectives and determining a course of action for achieving those
objectives. This is necessary to set goals and to develop strategies for organizing activities.
 Organizing – the function of management that involves developing an organizational structure and allocating human resources
to ensure the accomplishment of objectives. It assists in deciding the tasks to be performed, how to do them, how to organize
the tasks and where to make decisions.
 Leading – involves the social and informal sources of influence that you use to inspire action taken by others.
 Staffing – this is important for employing different types of people and performing different activities such as training, growth,
evaluation, compensation, welfare etc.

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  Directing – this requires that subordinates be given instructions and motivated to achieve their goals.
 Controlling – involves ensuring that performance does not deviate from standards. This is monitoring practices to ensure that
the workers perform the tasks as scheduled, and to correct any major deviations.

III. Functions in a Police Organization

1. Primary or Line Functions. These are functions that carry out the major purposes of the organization, deliver the services and
deal directly with the public. Examples of the line functions of the police are patrolling, traffic duties, and crime investigation.
2. Staff/Administrative Functions. These are the functions that are designed to support the line functions and assist in the
performance of the line functions. Examples of the staff functions of the police are planning, research, budgeting, and legal
advice.
3. Auxiliary Functions. These are the functions involving the logistical operations of the organization such as training,
communication, maintenance, records management, supplies and equipment management.

IV. Organic Units in a Police Organization

1. Operational Units. Those that perform primary or line functions like patrol, traffic, investigation and vice control.
2. Administrative Units. Those that perform the administrative like personnel, finance, planning and training.
3. Service Units. Those that perform auxiliary functions such as communication and records management.

V. Organizational Units in the Police Organization

A. Functional Units
1. Bureau. It is the largest organic unit within a large department. The PNP is a bureau under the Department of Interior and
Local Government Unit.
2. Division. It is the primary subdivision of bureau.
3. Section. It the functional unit within a particular division. This is necessary for specialization.
4. Unit. It is the functional group within a section where further specialization is needed or smallest functional group within an
organization.
B. Territorial Units
1. Post – a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty.
2. Route – a length of streets designated for patrol purpose, also called line beat.
3. Beat – an area designed for patrol purposes whether foot or motorized.
4. Sector – an area containing two or more beat, route or post.
5. District – a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own station.
6. Area – a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated districts.

VI. Organizational Structures. It is the systematic arrangement of the relationship of the members, positions, departments and functions
or work of the organization. It comprises the functions, relationships, responsibilities and authorities of individuals within the
organization.
Kinds of Organizational Structures
1. Line
 It is the oldest and simplest kind and is also called military.
 It is defined by its clear chain of command from the highest to the lowest and vice versa.
 It depicts the line functions of the organization.
 It involves few departments.
 Orders or commands must come from the higher level of authority before it can be carried out.
2. Functional
 It is structure according to functions and specialized units.
 It depicts staff functions of the organization.
 Responsibilities are divided among authorities who are all accountable to the authority above.
3. Line and Staff (PNP)
 It is a combination of the line and functional kind.
 It combines the flow of information from the line structure with the staff departments that service, advise and support
them.
 It is generally more formal in nature and has many departments.

VIII. The Evolution of Policing System

A. Early Policing System
1. Kin Policing – the family of the offended individual was expected to assume responsibility for justice. The family of the victim
was allowed to exact vengeance.
2. Egypt – an ancient rulers had elite unit to protect them. Created the MEDJAYS, a form of police force whose duties include
guarding of the tombs and apprehending thieves. Introduces the use of dogs as guards and protectors.
3. Rome – created the first organized police force called VIGILES OF ROME, or VIGILES URBANI (watchmen of the city), which
had the primary task of firefighting and policing.
 The vigils acted as night watch, apprehending thieves, keeping an eye out for burglars and hunting down runaway
slaves, and were on occasion used to maintain order in the streets.
 Created a special unit called as PRAETORIAN GUARDS, a special force of guards used by Roman Emperors as the
Emperors personal guards.
B. Period of Evolution of the Policing System

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 1. Anglo Saxon (Ancient England) Period of Policing System (600-1066 A.D.)
a. Tun Policing System
 This policing system required all male residents to guard the town (tun), to preserve peace and order,
protect life and property of the people and suppress other factors affecting peace and order.
 Ten families in town equaled a Tithing, each tithing elected a leader who was known as the Tithingman.
Since 10 tithing amounted to 100, the leader of 100 families was named Reeve.
 Both the Tithingman and Reeve were elected officials. They possessed judicial power as well as police
authority.
b. Hue and Cry Policing System. A village law started in Britain which provide methods of apprehending a criminal by
an act of the complainant or victim goes to the middle of the community to shout to call all male residents to
assemble and arrest the suspect.
c. Trial by Ordeal. A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting him to
an unpleasant, usually dangerous experience. The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei
Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision”.
d. Frankpledge Policing System. A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve
years of age were required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people.
2. Normal Period of Policing System (1066-1285)
a. Shire – Reeve System
 King Norman divided the kingdom into 55 military districts known as shire – reeves.
 Shire – used to refer to a district
 Reeve – used to refer to the ruler of the district who made laws, rendered judgment, and imposed penalties.
 Two “Constabuli” or “The keeper of the house” were appointed to each village to aid the reeve in his duties.
It became the source of the word constable.
 The term shire – reeve is said to be the origin of the word “sheriff”
b. Travelling Judge – was held responsible in deciding cases that were taken from Shire-Reeves due to some abuses.
c. Legis Henrie
 This law was passed during the time of King Henry I which imposed the ff. features:
 Law violation were classified as offenses against the King.
 Policemen were considered as public officials.
 The police and the citizens were given the power to conduct arrest.
 Grand jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law.
e. Magna Carta (Great Charter)
 It was sealed by the King John of England on June 15, 1215 which became a law upon the demand of the
Knights of the Round Table. It declared the following:
 No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed, outlawed, or bowed except by legal judgment
of his peers.
 No person should be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim.
 There should be national and local government as well as the national and local legislation.
f. Keepers of the Peace
 It was issued by King Richard of England in 1195. It requires the appointment of knights to keep the King’s
peace. The knights were posted on bridges and gates to check the people entering and leaving the town or
cities.
3. Westminster Period of Policing System (1285-1500)
a. Statute of Winchester (1285) – It was enacted for law and order. This law introduced the watch (constable at night)
and ward (at night) system.
b. Statute of 1295 – The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the closing of the gates of
London during sundown or sunset.
c. Justice of the Peace – This was a position given to a respected citizen, who has the power to arrest, pursue and
imprison offenders.
d. Star Chamber Court (1485) – A special court designed to try offenders against the state. The room set – up is formed
in a shape of a star and judges were given great powers such as the power to force testimony from a defendant
leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on the part of the judges.
4. Modern Period of Policing System (17th – 19th Century)
a. Night Watchmen or Bellmen – It was created by a law passed by King Charles II in 1663. They were employed to be
on duty from sunset to sunrise.
b. Bow Street Runners (Thief Catchers)
 It was organized by Henry Fielding, Chief Magistrate of Bow Street in London in 1748.
 Later, he formed the Bow Street Horse Patrol whose duty was to patrol the main roads thus secure the
travelers from highway bandits.
 Bow Street Runners (thief catchers) – a group of men organized by Henry Fielding and named by his
brother John Fielding task to catch thieves and robbers
c. London Metropolitan Police
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  Organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police Act of 1829).
 The largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others include the City of London
Police and the British Transport Police).
 Finest police force around the world.
 First modern organized police force.
 The headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service is the Scotland Yard, now known as the New Scotland
Yard.
 Sir Robert Peel – recognized as the father of modern policing system.
5. French Police System
a. During the 17th century, King Louis XIV maintained a small central police organization consisting of some 40
inspectors who, with the help of numerous paid informants, supplied the government with the details about the
conduct of private individuals.
b. Officer de Paix (1791) – it was the origin of the term peace officers.
c. Sergent de Ville (Servant of the City) – these were called the first uniformed police officers.
d. Other contributions:
 Conceiving street signs
 Assigning house numbers
 Installing street lighting
 Creating emergency and rescue services
 Use of police ambulances
 Use of warrant card and ID signifying authority to arrest.
6. American Police System
a. Rattle watch – night watchmen in the U.S patterned after bellmen of England. They carried rattle while on duty to
inform the public of their watchful presence.
b. New York Police Department
 Created in 1845 in New York, USA
 Recognized as the first modern style police department in the US
 The largest police force in the world.
 Modeled after the Metropolitan Police Service of London
c. Boston Police Department
 The oldest police department in the US
 The first night watch was established in Boston in 1631
 Formally founded in May 1631
August Vollmer – recognized as the Father of Modern Law Enforcement for his contribution in the development of the field of criminal
justice in the US. Author of the book, Police Administration, which served as the basic guide in the administration of the police
organization in the US. He was the first police chief of Berkeley, California.
Evolution of Police Service in the Philippine Setting
Spanish Period
1. Carabineros de Seguridad Publico – was organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying out the policies of the Spanish
government. The members were armed and considered as the mounted police.
2. Guadrilleros/Cuadrillo – they were rural police organized in each town and established by the Royal Decree on January 8,
1836. This decree provided that 5% of the able bodied male inhabitants of each province were to be enlisted in the police
organization for three (3) years.
3. Guardia Civil – this was created by a Royal Decree issued by the Spanish Crown government on February 12, 1852. It
relieved the Spanish Peninsular Troops of their works in policing town.
Japanese Occupation
 The Japanese Military Police, known as KEMPETAI were held responsible in maintaining peace and order in Manila and
adjacent urban areas. Kempetai ruled the urban areas until Gen. Douglas McArthur returned on February 7, 1945.
 The Manila Police Department, which was created during the First American Occupation, was renamed into Metropolitan
Constabulary under the Bureau of Constabulary.
American Period
The Americans established the United States Philippine Commission headed by General Howard Taft as its first governor-
general. On January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized pursuant to Act No 70 of the Taft Commission.
This was the basis for the celebration of the anniversary of the Manila’s Finest every 9th of January.
1. Insular Police Force – was established on November 30, 1890 during the Filipino-American War (1898-1901) upon the
recommendation of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War.
2. Insular Constabulary - was created on July 18, 1901 by virtue of Organic Act No. 175 titled as “An act providing for the
organization and Government of an insular constabulary”. It was proposed by Vice Governor Luke E. Wright which
recommended the creation of an Insular Force. This proposed ordinance was approved by the Second Philippine
Commission. On August 8, 1901, the Insular Constabulary was established under the general supervision of the Civil
Governor for maintaining peace, law and order in all the provinces of the Philippines.
3. Manila Police Department (MPD) – was organized on July 31, 1901, by virtue of Act No. 183 of the Philippine Commission.

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  The 1st Chief of Police of Manila Police Department was Capt. George Curry, a US Army officer appointed by the
TAFT COMMISSION on August 7, 1901.
 Capt. Columbus Piatt was the last American Chief of Police of MPD before World War II broke out.
4. On October 3, 1901, the Insular Constabulary was changed to Philippine Constabulary (PC) by virtue of Act No. 255.
 Brig/Gen. Henry T. Allen was the 1st Chief of the Philippine Constabulary. He was the PC Chief from 1901-1907 such
that he was called as the Father of Constabulary in the Philippines. The PC was manned mostly by Filipinos but
officers were mostly Americans.
5. Revised Administrative Code of 1917 – was approved a year before world war I (August 1914 to November 1918) ended.
 In section 825 of this law, it stated that the Philippine Constabulary is a national police institution for preserving the
peacekeeping order and enforcing the law.
 Brig./Gen. Rafael T. Crame became the first Filipino Chief of Police. He served as the PC Chief from 1917-1927.
6. On January 1, 1932, Act. No. 3815, otherwise known as the Revised Penal Code (RPC) took effect.
7. Executive Order 389 – it ordered that the Philippine Constabulary be one of the four services of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines, enacted on December 23, 1940.
8. In November 1938, Act No. 181 required the creation of a Bureau of Investigation. This agency should be the modification of
the Division of Investigation (DI) from the Department of Justice. Finally, on June 19, 1947, Republic Act No. 157 was enacted
which created the National Bureau of Investigation and later reorganized by R. A No. 2678.
 Col. Antonio C. Torres – the 1 st Filipino Chief of Police (COP) when Manila Police Department became an all Filipino
police organization; declared Manila as an open city when World War II broke out in 1941; during the World War II,
Manila Police was placed again under the American control.
 Col. Marcus Ellis Jones – a US Provost Marshall who was named as MPD COP just after the Manila Liberation.
 Col. Lamberto T. Javalera – the 1st Filipino COP of MPD appointed by Pres. Roxas under the Republican
Government.

Post – American Period

 R. A. No. 4864 – it is otherwise known as the Police Professionalization Act of 1966 which was enacted on September 8,
1966. It created the Police Commission (POLCOM) that was renamed into National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM).

Martial Law Period

 PD 765 – it is otherwise known as the Integration Act of 1975, enacted on August 8, 1975. It established the Integrated
National Police (INP) composed of the Philippine Constabulary (PC) as the nucleus and the Integrated Local the Police Forces
as components. The authority of the NAPOLCOM over the INP was transferred to the Office of the President and later to the
Ministry of National Defense.

Post Martial Law Regime

 Executive Order No. 1012 – it transferred to the city and municipal government the operational supervision and direction over
all INP units assigned within their locality. It took effect on July 20, 1985.
 Executive Order No. 1040 – it transferred the administrative control and supervision of the INP from the Ministry of National
Defense to the National Police Commission.
 R. A. No. 6975 – it is otherwise known as the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) Act 0f 1990, enacted on
December 13, 1990. It reorganized the DILG and established the Philippine National Police (PNP), Bureau of Fire Protection
(BFP), Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) and the Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC).
 R. A. No. 8551 – it is known as the “PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998” which was enacted on February 27, 1998
amending certain provisions of R. A No. 6975 and allowing the reorganization of the PNP to enable to cope up and effectively
perform its mandate to enforce the law, prevent and control crimes, maintain peace and order and ensure public safety and
internal security with the active support of the community.
 R. A. No. 9708 – it is the law amending the provisions of R. A No. 6975 and R. A. No. 8551 on the minimum educational
qualification for appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion system. It took effect on August 12, 2009.

Chiefs of the Philippine National Police and their transformation program

 1st – PDG Cesar P. Nazareno (March 31, 1991-1992) – the 1st Chief of the PNP. Last Chief of the defunct PC-INP.
 2nd – PDG Raul S. Imperial (1992-1993) – professionalism, competence, integrity
 3rd – PDG Umberto A. Rodriguez (1993-1994) -
 4th – 1996 PDG Recaredo A. Sarmiento II (1994-1997) – longest serving Chief PNP.
 5th – PDG Santiago L. Alino (1997-1998)
 6th – 1998 PDG Roberto T. Lastimoso (1998-1999) – 1st Chief PNP under Estrada Administration
 7th – PDG Panfilo M. Lacson (Nov. 17, 1999-Jan. 2021) – “no-take policy”. Implemented the 34 inches’ waistline.
 8th – 2001 PDG Leandro R. Mendoza (Jan. 21, 2001-July 3, 2002) – 1st Chief PNP under Arroyo Administration.
 9th – 2002 PDG Hermogenes E. Ebdane Jr. (July 4, 2002-August 23, 2004) –
 10th – 2004 PDG Edgar B. Aglipay (Aug. 24, 2004-March 13, 2005)
 11th – PDG Arturo C. Lomibao (March 13, 2005-Aug.29, 2006)
 12th – PDG Oscar C. Calderon (Aug. 29, 2006-Oct. 1, 2007)
 13th – PDG Avelino I. Razon Jr. (Oct.1, 2007-Sept.27, 2008) – Integrated Transformation Program PNP-ITP (Mamang Pulis
and Aleng Pulis. Ireport mo kay Mamang Pulis)
 14th – PDG Jesus A. Versoza (Sept.27, 2008-Sept.15, 2010)
 15th – PDG Atty. Raul M. Bacalzo (Sept.15, 2010-Sept.9, 2011)
 16th – PDG Nicanor Bartolome (Sept.9, 2011-Dec. 17, 2012)

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  17th – PDG Allan Purisima (Dec.7, 2012-Feb.5, 2015)
 18th – PDG Ricardo C. Marquez (July 16, 2015-June 30, 2016)
 19th – PDG Ronald M. Dela Rosa (July 1, 2016-April 19, 2018) – project “Double Barrel” and project “Tokhang”
 20th – PDG Oscar D. Albayalde (April 19, 2018-Oct.14, 2019)
 21st – PGen Archie Francisco “Chie” Feranil Gamboa (Oct.14, 2019-Jan.20, 2020 – OIC, Jan.20, 2020-Sept.2, 2020) – PNP P.
A. T. R. O. L Plan 2030 (Internal Cleansing and Achieving of Ideal Body Mass Index (BMI).
 22nd – PGen Camilo Pancratius “Pikoy” Cascolan (Sep.2, 2020-Present) – PNP P. A. T. R. O. L Plan 2030 (CPNP’s 9-Point
Agenda)

CHAPTER II
Theories and Principles of Police Service
Basic Theories about Police Service
1. Home Rule Theory – police are considered servants of the community.
2. Continental Theory – police are considered servants of a higher authority.

Concepts of Police Service

1. Old Concept – the yardstick of police efficiency is the increase number of arrest.
2. Modern Concept – the yardstick of police efficiency is the absence of crime or low crime rate.

Four Primal Conditions of the PNP Organization

1. Authority – this is the supreme source of government for any particular organization.
2. Mutual cooperation/coordination/consultation – an organization exists because it serves a purpose. This purpose is viewed by
society as beneficial to it.
3. Doctrine – it is the organization’s objectives. It also provides the very source of various actions which are performed to assure
organizational coordination.
4. Discipline – understood as comprising behavioral regulations, it is composed either by command or self-restraint to insure
supportive behavior from people composing the organization.

Principles of Police Organization

1. Principle of Unity of Objectives – an organizational structure is effective if it enables individuals to contribute to the
organizations/unit objectives.
2. Principle of Organizational Efficiency – an organization structure is effective if it is structured to aid the accomplishment of the
organization’s objective with a minimum, of unsought consequences or costs.
3. The Scalar Principle – it prescribes the vertical hierarchy of organizations. It defines the unbroken chain or scale of units from
top to bottom describing explicitly the flow of authority.
 Unity of Command – it defines a hierarchical system in which a subordinate is accountable to one and only one
immediate superior. Dictates that there should be ONE MAN commanding the unit to ensure uniformity in the
execution of orders.
 Span of control – this relates to the number of subordinates a superior can effectively supervise.
Factors affecting the span of control
 Managerial ability of superior
 Effectiveness of organizational communication system
 Effectiveness of management control exercised over operations.
 Organizational philosophy on centralization versus decentralization of authority and function.
 Delegation of Authority – conferring of an amount of authority by a superior position to a lower-level position.
4. Functional Principle – the dynamic foundation of the functional process is for the division of labor or it refers to the division of
work according to type, place, time and specialization. It simply means the breaking up of work units to achieve specialization.
5. Line and staff principle – is system of varied functions arrange into workable pattern.
6. Directorial staff principles – prescribes the directorial authority of the directorate in the national and regional levels and others
equivalent units to which the functions of the line and staff programs are aligned.
7. Principle of balance – in every structure there is a need for equilibrium or equality. The application of principles or techniques
must be balance to ensure the overall effectiveness of the structure in meeting the organization’s objectives.
8. Principle of delegation – authority delegated to all individual managers should be clear, adequate and unequivocal to ensure
their ability to accomplish the expected results.
9. Principles of absoluteness of responsibility – the responsibility of the subordinates to their superiors for performance is
absolute, and the superiors are accountable for their subordinate’s activities.
10. Principle of parity of authority and responsibility – the responsibility for actions cannot be greater than the expressly or
impliedly delegated authority nor should it be less.
11. Authority level principle – maintenance of intended delegations requires that decisions within the authority of individual
commander should be made by them and not to be referred upward in the organizational structure.
12. Principle of flexibility – the more provisions are made for building flexibility in an organizational structure, the more adequately
an organization’s structure can fulfill its purpose.
13. Principle of leadership facilitation – the organization’s structure and delegated authority enable its leader/commanders to
design and maintain an environment for performance, thus, it will help its leader and organization to accomplish its purpose.
14. Completed staff work principle – a completed staff action includes a thorough analysis of a problem, consideration of all
feasible courses of action, and recommend solution in which commander can approve or disapprove.
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 15. Chain of command - it is a line or chain of superior from top to bottom; the route taken for all communications which may
either start from or go to thru top authority in the chain. A unit director exercises his authority and responsibility through
“command”.
 Top echelon – the top most level in the chain where the overall responsibility and authority over subordinate
commands and units is placed.
 Middle echelon
 Police Regional Offices/NSU’s – top middle echelon
 Provincial/City Police Offices/NCR District Offices – intermediary middle echelon
 Municipal Police Offices/Numbered Police Stations – lower middle echelon
 Lower echelon – is comprised of the subordinate units further apportioned by subordinate commanders, such as the
municipal and city police stations.
16. Command authority – this is the responsibility of the commander to plan, organize, direct, coordinate, and control PNP forces
or units in order to accomplish an assigned mission or task.
17. Command responsibility – the commander is responsible for all that his subordinates or unit does or fails to do.
18. Staff authority – it is the commander that delegates authority to a particular staff officer to take action on matters within the
bounds of command policies.
19. Staff responsibility – staff officers are those tasked with a functional areas of interest.

CHAPTER III
Organizational Set-up of the PNP

Functional Relationship of the PNP and the NAPOLCOM

I. National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM)

- It is an agency mandated by the 1987 Philippine Constitution and the Major Police Reform Laws, R. A. No. 6975 and R. A. No.
8551 to administer and control the Philippine National Police.
- Under R. A. No. 8551, otherwise known as the “PNP Reform and Organization Act of 1998”, the commission’s authority over
the PNP were strengthened and expanded to include the administration of police entrance examinations, the conduct of pre-
charge investigation of police anomalies and irregularities, and summary dismissal of erring police officers.

A. Powers and Functions

1. Exercises administrative control and operational supervision over the Philippine National Police (PNP) which shall mean the
power to:
 Develop policies and promulgate a police manual prescribing rules and regulations for efficient organization,
administration, and operation, including criteria for manpower allocation distribution and deployment, recruitment,
selection, promotion, and retirement of personnel and the conduct of qualifying entrance and promotional
examinations for uniformed members;
 Examine and audit, and thereafter establish the standards for such purposes on a continuing basis, the performance,
activities, and facilities of all police agencies throughout the country.
 Establish a system of uniform crime reporting;
 Conduct an annual self-report survey and compile statistical data for the accurate assessment of the crime situation
and the proper evaluation of the efficiency and effectiveness of all police units in the country;
 Approve or modify plans and programs on education and training, logistical requirements, communications, records,
information system, crime laboratory, crime prevention and crime reporting;
 Affirm, reverse or modify, through the National Appellate Board, personnel disciplinary actions involving demotion or
dismissal from the service imposed upon members of the Philippine National Police by the Chief of the PNP;
 Exercise appellate jurisdiction through the Regional Appellate Boards, over administrative cases against policemen
and over decision on claims for police benefits;
 Prescribe minimum standards for arms, equipment, and uniforms and, after consultation with Philippine Heraldry
Commission, for insignia of ranks, awards, and medals of honor. Within ninety (90) days from the effectivity of this
act, the standards of the uniformed personnel of the PNP must be revised which should be clearly distinct from the
military and reflective of the civilian character of the police;
 Issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum in matters pertaining to the discharge of its own powers and duties, and
designate who among its personnel can issue such processes and administer oaths in connection therewith;
 Inspect and assess the compliance of the PNP on the established criteria for manpower allocation, distribution, and
deployment and their impact on the community and the crime situation, and thereafter formulate appropriate
guidelines for maximization of resources and effective utilization of the PNP personnel.
 Monitor the performance of the local chief executives as deputies of the commission; and
 Monitor and investigate police anomalies and irregularities.
2. Advises the President on all matters involving police functions and administration.
3. Renders to the President and to the Congress an annual report on its activities and accomplishments during the thirty (30)
days after the end of the calendar year, which shall include an appraisal of the conditions obtained in the organization and
administration of police agencies in the municipalities, cities and provinces throughout the country, and recommendations for
appropriate remedial legislation.
4. Recommends to the President, though the Secretary, within sixty (60) days before the commencement of each calendar year,
a crime prevention program.
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 5. Performs such other functions necessary to carry out the provisions of R.A No. 6975, as amended, other existing laws and
Presidential issuances, and as the President may direct.

B. Composition of the NAPOLCOM

 Consist of a Chairperson, four (4) regular Commissioners, and the Chief of PNP as ex Officio Member.
 Three (3) of the regular Commissioners shall come from the civilian sector who are neither active nor former members of the
police or military, one (1) of whom shall be designated as vice chairperson by the President.
 The fourth Commissioner regular commissioner shall come from the law enforcement sector either active or retires: Provided,
that an active member of a law enforcement agency shall be considered resigned from said agency once appointed to the
Commission:
 Provided, further, that at least one (1) of the Commissioners shall be a woman.
 The Secretary of the Department shall be the ex-officio Chairperson of the Commission, while the Vice Chairperson shall act
as the executive officer of the Commission.

C. Qualifications of the Regular Commissioners

 Must be citizen of the Philippines
 A member of the Philippine Bar with at least five (5) years’ experience in handling criminal or human rights cases or a holder
of a master’s degree but preferably a doctorate degree in public administration, sociology, criminology, criminal justice, law
enforcement, and other related disciplines;
 The regular member coming from the law enforcement sector should have practical experience in law enforcement work for at
least five (5) years while the three (3) other regular commissioners must have done extensive research work or projects on
law enforcement, criminology or criminal justice or members of a duly registered non-government organization involved in the
promotion of peace and order.

The PNP Organization

The PNP is composed of a national office, regional offices, provincial offices, district offices and city offices stations. The PNP
maintain its national office in Metropolitan Manila where it houses the Directorial Staff, Service Staff, and Special Support Units.

The Powers and Functions of the PNP

1. Enforce all laws and ordinances relative to the protection of lives and properties.
2. Maintain peace and order and take all necessary steps to ensure public safety.
3. Investigate and prevent crimes, effect the arrest of criminal offenders, bring offenders to justice and assist in their prosecution.
4. Exercise the general powers to make arrest, search and seizure in accordance with the constitution and pertinent laws.
5. Detain an arrested person for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law, informing the person so detained of all his rights
under the constitution.
6. Issue licenses for the possession of firearms and explosives in accordance with law.
7. Supervise and control the training and operations of security agencies and issue licenses to operate security agencies and to
security guards and private detectives, for the purposes of their professions.

National in Scope
 Means that the PNP is a nationwide government organization whose jurisdiction covers the entire breadth of the Philippine
archipelago.
 All uniformed and non-uniformed personnel of the PNP are national government employees.
Civilian in Character
 Means that the PNP is not part of the military, although it retains some military attributes such as discipline.

PNP Staff and Support Units

1. Command Group
a. The Chief, PNP - the PNP shall be headed by a Chief, with the rank of Police General. The head of the PNP as head of the
Philippine National Police, shall have command, supervision and control of all elements thereof. He is appointed by the
President from among the senior officers down to the rank of the Police Brigadier General subject to the confirmation of the
Commission on Appointments.
b. The Deputy Chief, PNP for Administration – the Deputy Chief for Administration, who is the second in command with the rank
of Police Lieutenant General, shall assist the Chief of the PNP in the exercise of responsibilities relative to PNP personnel,
logistics, comptrollership and plan activities. Appointed by the President upon recommendation of the NAPOLCOM from
among the most senior and qualified in the service.
c. The Deputy Chief, PNP for Operation – the Deputy for Operation, who is the third in command with the rank of Police
Lieutenant General, shall assist the Chief of the PNP in the exercise of responsibilities relative to PNP operations, training,
intelligence, community affairs, and investigation activities. Appointed by the President upon recommendation of the
NAPOLCOM from among the most senior and qualified in the service.
 The head of the Administrative and Operational Support Divisions have the rank of Police Brigadier General.
d. The Chief of Directorial Staff – the Chief of Directorial Staff, who is the fourth in command, shall have the rank of Police
Lieutenant General shall assist the Chief of the PNP in the general coordination and supervision of the various activities of the
Directorial Staff.
 The heads of the Directorial Staff have the rank of Police Major General with the position title Director of the
Directorial Staff or respective functional divisions.

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2. Chief PNP’s Personal Staff
a. Inspector General, Internal Affairs Service (IG-IAS) (R.A. 8551) – the Internal Affairs Service is headed by the Inspector
General who is a civilian, appointed by the President and exercises general supervision and control over all the IAS offices
and personnel nationwide. The Inspector General is assisted by a Deputy Inspector General who is a uniformed member of
the PNP with a rank of Police Major General.
 The head of Inspectorate Division with the rank Police Brigadier General assumes the position title of Inspector
General.
b. Human Rights Affairs Office (HRAO) is headed by a senior police commissioned officer who serves as a manager of the
facility that will supervise the implementation of the guidelines and policies on human rights laws.
c. Center for Police Strategy Management (CPSM) serves as the Central facility of the PNP in coordinating and integrating all
strategy management processes, sustaining its strategy execution and management, and instilling in the organization a
culture of strategy focus. Headed by the Director with the rank of Police Brigadier General.
d. Peace Process and Development Center (PPDC) – the PNP PPDC shall be responsible for the implementation of the
following components of Peace and Development Agenda: Continuity of the Government of the Philippines Moro Islamic
Liberation Front (GPH-MILF) Peace Process through the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement.
e. Spokesperson of the Chief PNP – responsible for providing information to the media and other concerned agencies relative to
the official activities, program, actions and positions on current events of social issues of the Chief, PNP and his Command
Group.
f. Chief Executive Senior Police Officer (CESPO) – the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) has its Sergeant Major while in
the PNP, it has its CESPO. He is the representative of the Police Non-Commissioned Officers (PNCO’s) serving as their
leader and from the ranks of Patrolman/Patrolwoman to Police Executive Master Sergeant. CESPO Advises the CPNP on
matters pertaining to the morale and welfare problems of the PNCO. Further, CESPO spearheads and boosts the morale and
welfare of the PNCOs. He is tasked to convince the PNCOs to support all the programs of the PNP Chief. The CESPO has
also a counterpart in the regional level called Regional Executive Senior Police Officer (RESPO); city as City Executive Senior
Police Officer (CESPO); provincial as Provincial Executive Senior Police Officer (PESPO) and at the municipal level. Municipal
Executive Senior Police Officer (MESPO).
g. Aide-de-Camp – assists the CPNP in his personal, social and police function.
3. Each Regional Offices is headed by a Regional Director with the rank of Police Brigadier General.
4. National Capital Region Police office where the NCR Director has the rank of Police Major General.
5. The five district of NCR each headed by a District Director with the rank of Police Brigadier General
6. The PNP Provincial Offices each headed by a Provincial Director with the rank of Police Colonel.
7. The City Police Stations of highly urbanized cities outside of NCR shall be under the direct command and supervision of RD and
equivalent to provincial offices.
8. At the City or Municipal level or stations, each is headed by a Chief of Police.

Manning Levels (Police to Population Ratio)

1:500 – nationwide average
1:1000 – minimum police to population ratio

Directorates in the PNP

a. Directorate for Personnel and Records Management (DPRM)
b. Directorate for Intelligence (DI)
c. Directorate for Operations (DO)
d. Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management (DIDM)
e. Directorate for Logistics (DL)
f. Directorates for Plans (DPL)
g. Directorate for Comptrollership (DC)
h. Directorate for Police Community Relations (DPCR)
i. Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development (DHRDD)
j. Directorate for Research Development (DRD)
k. Directorate for Integrated Police Operations (DIPO)
l. Directorate for Information and Communications Technical Management (DICTM)

National Administrative Support Unit (NASU’s

a. Logistics Support Service (LSS)
b. Information Technology Management Service (ITMS)
c. Finance Service (FS)
d. Health Service (HS)
e. Communications and Electronics Service (CES)
f. Chaplain Service (CHS)
g. Legal Service (LS)
h. Headquarters Supports Service (HSS)
i. Engineering Service (ES)
j. Training Service (TS)

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 k. Retirement and Benefits Administration Service (PRBS)
l. Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA)
m. PNP Training Institute (PNPTI)

National Operational Support Units

a. Crime Laboratory (CL)
b. Highway Patrol Group (HPG)
c. Maritime Group (MG)
d. Police Security Protection Group (PSPG)
e. Intelligence Group (IG)
f. Special Action Force (SAF)
g. Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG)
h. Aviation Security Group (AVSEGROUP)
i. Anti-Kidnapping Group (AKG)
j. Police Community Affairs Development Group (PCADG)
k. Civil Security Group (CSG)
l. Anti-Cybercrime Group (ACG)
m. Explosive Ordinance Disposal and Canine Group (EOD-K9)
n. Drug Enforcement Group (DEG)
o. Integrity Monitoring and Enforcement Group (PNP-IMEG)

Police Regional Offices (PROs)

1. National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO)
2. Police Regional Office 1 (PRO 1)
3. Police Regional Office 2 (PRO 2)
4. Police Regional Office 3 (PRO 3)
5. Police Regional Office 4A (PRO 4A)
6. Police Regional Office 4B (PRO 4B)
7. Police Regional Office 5 (PRO 5)
8. Police Regional Office 6 (PRO 6)
9. Police Regional Office 7 (PRO 7)
10. Police Regional Office 8 (PRO 8)
11. Police Regional Office 9 (PRO 9)
12. Police Regional Office 10 (PRO 10)
13. Police Regional Office 11 (PRO 11)
14. Police Regional Office 12 (PRO 12)
15. Police Regional Office 13 (PRO 13)
16. Police Regional Office BARMM-Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (PRO BARMM)
17. Police Regional Office Cordillera (PRO COR)

Nine Regional Divisions

1. Regional Personnel and Records Management Division (RPRMD or R1)
2. Regional Intelligence Division (RID or R2)
3. Regional Operation Management Division (ROMD or R3)
4. Regional Logistics Research Development Division (RLRDD or R4)
5. Regional Community Affairs Development Division (RCADD or R5)
6. Regional Comptrollership Division (RCD or R6)
7. Regional Investigation Detective Management Division (RIDMD or R7)
8. Regional Learning and Doctrine Development Division (RLDDD or R8)
9. Regional Plans and Strategy Management Division (RPSMD or R9) and Regional Headquarters Support Unit (RHSU)

PNP Rank Classification with respective Rank Insignia

A. Police Commissioned Officers

 Police General (PGEN) – 4 stars
 Police Lieutenant General (PLTGEN) – 3 stars
 Police Major General (PMGEN) – 2 stars
 Police Brigadier General (PBGEN) – 1 stars
 Police Colonel (PCOL) – 3 sampaguita insignia
 Police Lieutenant Colonel (PLTCOL) – 2 sampaguita insignia
 Police Major (PMAJ) – 1 sampaguita insignia
 Police Captain (PCPT) – 2 anahaw leaf inside a diamond
 Police Lieutenant (PLT) – 1 anahaw leaf inside a diamond
B. Police Non-Commissioned Officers
 Police Executive Master Sergeant (PEMS) – 3 chevrons with 4 bars with a star between the chevron and bars
 Police Chief Master Sergeant (PCMS) – 3 chevrons with 3 bars
 Police Senior Master Sergeant (PSMS) – 3 chevrons with 2 bars

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  Police Master Sergeant (PMSg) – 3 chevrons with 1 bar
 Police Staff Sergeant (PSSg) – 3 chevron
 Police Corporal (PCpl) – 2 chevron
 Patrolman/Patrolwoman (Pat) – 1 chevron

Appointment of Uniformed PNP Personnel

 Patrolman/Patrolwoman to Police Executive Master Sergeant – appointed by the Regional Director for Police Regional Office
(PRO) personnel or by the Chief, PNP for the National Headquarters personnel.
 Police Lieutenant to Police Lieutenant Colonel – appointed by the Chief, PNP.
 Police Colonel to Police Lieutenant General – appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the Chief, PNP,
subject to confirmation by the Civil Service Commission.
 Police General – appointed by the President from among the senior officers down to the rank of Police Brigadier General,
subject to the confirmation of the Civil Service Commission.

 Attestation of appointment from Patrolman/Patrolwoman to Police Lieutenant Colonel shall be done by the CSC.
 Police Colonel to Police General – no need as they are Presidential appointees.

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