₹ 14850

JEE 2024
Features
PRO LITE Recorded
(at other tuition/ LIVE PRO LIVE ONLINE
(at other tuition/
LIVE OFFLINE
(at other tuition/
(at Vedantu) coaching institutes) (at Vedantu) coaching institutes) coaching institutes)

Scheduled Yes NO Yes NO Yes

Class Recording Yes Yes Yes Maybe NO

In Class Doubt Yes NO Yes NO NO

In Class Feedback Yes NO Yes Maybe NO

In Class Interaction Yes NO Yes Maybe Yes

Class Notes Yes NO Yes Maybe NO

Assignments Yes Maybe Yes Maybe Yes

Fortnightly Tests Yes Maybe Yes Maybe Yes

Revision Yes Maybe Yes Maybe NO

Test Series Yes Maybe Yes Maybe NO
XXXX
 JEE 2024

Full- Syllabus Revision with Students will get Vedantu’s

258 Interactive Tatva Textbook PDFs
Sessions/year

Improve Your Conceptual

Access till JEE/NEET 2024
Understanding with 258
Assignments/year

Pricing 20,000/- 16,500/- 14,850/-

Please find the V-Quiz DPP
link in the description box
Dobereiner Triads

When 3 elements having similar properties are arranged in an increasing

order of their atomic mass, the atomic mass of middle element is mean of
atomic mass of the other two elements.
Three elements X, Y and Z form a Dobereiner triad. The ratio of
the atomic weight of X to that of Z is 7: 25. If the sum of the
atomic weights of X and Z is 160, find the atomic weights of X, Y
and Z.

A X → 35, Y → 80, Z → 125

B X → 125, Y → 80, Z → 35

C X → 80, Y → 35, Z → 125

D
X → 80, Y → 125, Z → 35
Three elements X, Y and Z form a Dobereiner triad. The ratio of
the atomic weight of X to that of Z is 7: 25. If the sum of the
atomic weights of X and Z is 160, find the atomic weights of X, Y
and Z.

A X → 35, Y → 80, Z → 125

B X → 125, Y → 80, Z → 35

C X → 80, Y → 35, Z → 125

D
X → 80, Y → 125, Z → 35
Solution:
Newland’s Law of octaves

When elements are arranged in the increasing order of their

atomic mass, the properties of every eighth element
resembles that of the first.
 Lother Meyer’s Curve

According to him, the physical properties of the elements are a periodic

function of their atomic masses.

● Lother Meyer plotted a curve of Atomic volume v/s Atomic masses.

● He observed that the elements with similar properties occupied

similar positions on the curve.
Lother Meyer’s Curve
In Lothar Meyer plot of atomic volume versus atomic mass, the
peaks are

A Alkali metals

B Alkaline earth metals

C Halogens

D Noble gases
In Lothar Meyer plot of atomic volume versus atomic mass, the
peaks are

A Alkali metals

B Alkaline earth metals

C Halogens

D Noble gases
Solution:

Alkali metals, having the largest atomic volumes, occupy

the maxima of the curve
Mendeleev’s Periodic table

● The properties (physical and chemical) of elements are a periodic

function of their atomic weights

● Arranged the elements of similar properties in the same group

● Mendeleev mainly concentrated on the compounds formed by the

elements with hydrogen and oxygen

● Hydrogen and oxygen are highly reactive and formed compounds

with almost all the elements.

● Classification based on hydride and oxides formed by the elements

● When mendeleev started his work only 63 elements were known

Mendeleev’s Periodic table

● Eight vertical column called groups

● Designated as I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII

● Later on, zero group was also added.

● Each group except 0 and VIII is further divided into two sub-group as A
and B

● Sub - group A :- elements which lie on the left.

● Sub- group B :- elements which lie on the right.

● Seven horizontal rows called periods.

● Periods are numbered from 1 to 7

 Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic table

● Left gaps in his periodic table, for elements yet to be discovered.

Eka -Aluminium Gallium Eka -silicon Germanium

Property
(predicted) (found) (predicted) (found)

Atomic wt. 68 70 72 72.6

Density(g/cm3 ) 5.9 5.94 5.5 5.36

Melting point (K) Low 302.93 High 1231

Formula of oxide E2O3 Ga2O3 EO2 GeO2

Formula of chloride ECl3 GaCl3 ECl4 GeCl4

Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic table

• Position of Hydrogen element was not justified.

• No separate positions were given to isotopes.
• Order of increasing atomic weights is not strictly followed in the
arrangement of elements in the periodic table.
For e.g. – Co (At. wt. 58.9) is placed before I (127) and
Ar (39.9) before K (39).
• There was no explanation for the periodicity of elements.
• No place for Noble or Inert gases.
 Modern Periodic table

● Henry Moseley observed regularities in the characteristic X-ray

spectra of the elements. A plot of ( where ν is frequency of X-
rays emitted) against atomic number (Z ) gave a straight line and
not the plot of vs atomic mass.
 Modern Periodic Law

The physical and chemical properties of the elements

are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.
 Key points of Modern Periodic Law

❏ The classification of elements is based on the atomic number,

which is a more fundamental property.
❏ The reason for placing isotopes at one place is justified as the
classification is on the basis of atomic number.
❏ It explains the periodicity of the properties of the elements and
relates them to their electronic configurations.
❏ The lanthanides and actinides are placed separately at the bottom
of the periodic table.
Features of Modern Periodic Law

➢ Vertical columns are known as groups

➢ Horizontal rows are known as periods.

➢ Total number of periods = 7

➢ Total number of groups = 18

➢ Elements are placed in periods based on the number of

shells in their atoms.

Features of Modern Periodic Law

➢ The left-most group is known as alkali metals group

➢ Second group is also known as alkaline earth metals group

➢ Groups 3 to 12 are transition elements.

➢ Group 17 is known as halogen family.

➢ Group 18 is known as noble gas group, and also called as

zero group.
Demerits of Modern Periodic Law

❏ Hydrogen resembles both the alkali metals and halogens. But it

has been placed with the alkalis.

❏ The lanthanides and actinides have not been placed in the main
body of the table.

❏ Helium is of s-block still kept in p-block due to noble gas property.

s-Block elements

❏ These are present in the left part of the periodic table.

❏ In these elements last electron fills in the s-orbital.

❏ Electronic configuration of valence shell is ns1-2.

p-Block elements

❏ These are present in right part of the periodic table.

❏ Most of these elements are metalloids and
non -metals but some of them are metals also.
❏ The last electron fills in p-orbital of valence shell.
❏ The electronic configuration of valence shell is
ns2np1-6 .
d-Block elements

❏ These are present in the middle part of the periodic

table (between s & p block elements).
❏ The last electrons fill in ( n – 1)d orbital.
❏ The outermost electronic configuration is (n-1)d1-10 ns0-2
 f-Block elements

❏ These are placed separately below the main periodic table.

❏ There are two series of f-block elements as under:
4f series – Lanthanides – 14 Elements from Ce (58) to Lu (71)
5f series – Actinides – 14 Elements from Th (90) to Lw (103)
❏ The last electron fills in ( n – 2) f-orbital
❏ Their outermost electronic configuration is
(n-2)f0-14(n-1)d0-2ns2 .
Prediction of Block, Period and Groups

Prediction of Period ⟶ In the electronic configuration of an atom, the

principal quantum number (n) of the valence electrons represents the
period of an element.

Prediction of Block ⟶ The orbital out of s,p,d and f which receives the
last electron represents the block of an element
Prediction of Block, Period and Groups

Prediction of Group ⟶ The group prediction occurs with the help of block as:-

1. For s block: Group Number = Number of valence e- in ns subshell

2. For p block: Group Number = Number of valence e- + 10
3. For d block: Group Number = Number of e- in (n−1)d subshell + number of
e- in ns subshell
4. For f block: Group Number = 3 (always)
An element has electronic configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4.
Predict their period, group and block

A Period = 3rd, block = p, group = 16

B Period = 5th, block = s, group = 1

C Period = 3rd, block = p, group = 10

D
Period = 4th, block = d, group = 12
An element has electronic configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4.
Predict their period, group and block

A Period = 3rd, block = p, group = 16

B Period = 5th, block = s, group = 1

C Period = 3rd, block = p, group = 10

D
Period = 4th, block = d, group = 12
Screening effect /Shielding effect

➢ In a multi electronic system, the electrons are attracted

towards the Nucleus as well as repelled by each other. Thus the
force attraction between the Nucleus and the valence shell
electrons is somewhat decreased.
Effective nuclear Charge

Effective Nuclear Charge :-

The force of attraction on valence shell electrons

Z* = Z – σ

Z* = effective nuclear charge

σ = Screening constant / Shielding constant
 Slater’s Rule

If electron resides in ns or np subshell

❏ All electrons present in shells higher than concerned
electron contribute zero to σ.
❏ All electrons present in same shell contribute 0.35 to σ .
❏ All electrons present in (n-1) shell contribute 0.85 to σ .
❏ All electrons present in deeper shells contribute 1 to σ .
 Slater’s Rule

If electron resides in nd or nf subshell

❏ All electrons present in shells higher than concerned
electron contribute zero to σ.
❏ All electrons present in nd or nf contribute 0.35 to σ .
❏ All electrons present in ns , np or deeper shells contribute
1 to σ .
Calculate σ and Zeff for 4s electron in Mn(Z =25) ?
Solution:

σ for 4s1 electron in Mn atom = 0.35×[No. Of the remaining electrons in 4s orbital] +

0.85 [No. of electrons in 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals] +

1.0×[No. of electrons in the inner shells]

= 0.35 x 1 +0.85×13+1.0×10 =21.40.

∴ Zeff experienced by 4s1 electron = 25 -21.40 = 3.60

Factors affecting shielding effect

❏ No. of inner shell electrons

More the no. of inner shell electrons, more will be the value of σ.

❏ Shape of orbital
Order of screening effect
(max screening) ns > np > nd > nf (min screening)
 Atomic radii

The average distance of valence shell e– from nucleus is called atomic

radius. It is very difficult to measure the atomic radius because –
❏ The isolation of single atom is very difficult.
❏ There is no well defined boundary for the atom. (The probability of
finding the e– is 0 only at infinity).
❏ So, the more accurate definition of atomic radius is –
Half the inter-nuclear distance(d) between two atoms in a diatomic
molecule is known as atomic radius.
 Atomic Radius

Vanderwaal
Covalent radius Metallic radius
radius
 Covalent radius

It is defined as half of the inter-nuclear distance between two nuclei of

atoms bonded by a single covalent bond.

For homonuclear molecule

dA–A
r =
2
 Covalent radius

For hetronuclear molecule

 Metallic radius

It is defined as half of the internuclear distance between the nuclei of two

adjacent atoms in a metallic crystal.

dM–M
r =
2
 Vander waals radius

One half of the distance between the nuclei of two adjacent

atoms belonging to two neighbouring molecules of a compound
in the solid state is called Van der Waal's radius.
Comparison of Atomic radius

❏ For a species:

Van der Waals Radius > Metallic Radius > Covalent Radius

❏ Van der waals radius is largest .

❏ Covalent radius is smallest .

 Factor affecting Atomic radius

Number of shells :

Atomic radius increases, with increase in no. of shells

No. of shells ∝ Atomic radius

 Factor affecting Atomic radius

Effective Nuclear charge :

❏ With addition of protons

→ Nuclear charge increases

❏ With increase in nuclear charge

→ Atomic size decreases

1
Nuclear Charge ∝
Atomic Radius
 Factor affecting Atomic radius

Shielding Effect :

Inner shell electrons are “shielding” the outer shell electron

The attractive force of the nucleus does not

reach the outermost electron. As a result of the
shielding effect, the atomic radii increases

Shielding Effect ∝ Atomic radius

 Factor affecting Atomic radius

Multiplicity of bond

Covalent radii decrease as the multiplicity of bond increases

Bond CーC C=C C☰C

dc-c(Å) 1.54 1.34 1.20
rc(Å) 0.77 0.67 0.60
General trend in periodic Table
for atomic Radius
 Across a Period

Zeff increase

Atomic size decrease

Atom (Period II) Li Be B C N O F

Atomic radius 152 111 88 77 74 66 64

Across a Period
 Down the Group

Atom Atomic radius Atom Atomic

(Group (pm) (Group 17) radius
I) (pm)

Li 152 F 72

Na 186 Cl 99

K 231 Br 114

Rb 244 I 133

Cs 262 At 140

No of shell Atomic
increase radius
increase
Down the Group
Which of the following is Incorrect
(here r = radius of an atom)

A rN < ½ rLi

B rNa > 2rF

C r P > rS

D None of these
Which of the following is Incorrect
(here r = radius of an atom)

A rN < ½ rLi

B rNa > 2rF

C r P > rS

D None of these
Graph of atomic radius vs atomic number for elements of 2nd
period are

A B

C D
Graph of atomic radius vs atomic number for elements of 2nd
period are

A B

C D
 Comparing the radius vs atomic number, curve of Alkali metals
and halogens we can conclude that
(Give your Answer with respect to the following graph)

A I -Alkali metals, II - Halogens

r

B I - Halogens, II -alkali metals

Z
(I) (II) C II - for both the graphs

D I- for both the graphs

 Comparing the radius vs atomic number, curve of Alkali metals
and halogens we can conclude that
(Give your Answer with respect to the following graph)

A I -Alkali metals, II - Halogens

r

B I - Halogens, II -alkali metals

Z
(I) (II) C II - for both the graphs

D I- for both the graphs

Solution:
 Special cases :

In group 13 the trend of atomic radius is

B < Al ≈ Ga < In < Tl

This is due to poor Shielding of 3d electrons in

Ga as a result effective nuclear charge
increases hence size of Ga decreases.
 Special cases :
● In the transition series (e.g. in first transition series), the covalent
radii of the elements decrease from left to right across a row until
near the end when the size increases slightly

Screening effect = nuclear charge

Nearly same

Element Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Atomic radius (A) 1.44 1.32 1.22 1.18 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.17 1.25

Decreases Increases
Due to increase in nuclear Screening effect > nuclear charge
charge
Ionic Radius
 Ionic radius

● Ions are formed by either gain of electrons by an atom or loss of

electrons by an atom
● On the basis of this Ions can be classified in two types
 Anionic radius

Radius of an anion is invariably bigger than that of the corresponding atom.

Reason:
❏ The effective nuclear charge decrease in the formation of anion. Thus
the electrostatic force of attraction between the nucleus and the
outer electrons decreases as the size of the anion increases.
❏ Interelectronic repulsion increases.
 Cationic radius

Radius of cation is smaller than that of corresponding atom.

Reason:
During the formation of cation ,effective nuclear charge increase as a
result atomic size decreases.
Ionic radii of

A Ti4+ < Mn7+

35Cl- < 37Cl-

B

C K+ > Cl-

D P3+ > P5+

Ionic radii of

A Ti4+ < Mn7+

35Cl- < 37Cl-

B

C K+ > Cl-

D P3+ > P5+

Isoelectronic Species

The species containing the same number of electrons but

differ in the magnitude of their nuclear charges.
The correct order of the ionic radii of O2-, N3-, F-, Mg2+, Na+ and
Al3+ is:

A N3- < O2- < F- < Na+ < Mg2+ < Al3+

B Al3+ < Na+ < Mg2+ < O2- < F- < N3-

C Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < F- < O2- < N3-

D N3- < F- < O2- < Mg2+ < Na+ < Al3+
The correct order of the ionic radii of O2-, N3-, F-, Mg2+, Na+ and
Al3+ is:

A N3- < O2- < F- < Na+ < Mg2+ < Al3+

B Al3+ < Na+ < Mg2+ < O2- < F- < N3-

C Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < F- < O2- < N3-

D N3- < F- < O2- < Mg2+ < Na+ < Al3+
Solution:

All are isoelectronic species, so more is the Zeff less will be the ionic size.
∴ Correct order of ionic radii is
Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < F- < O2- < N3-
 Ionisation Energy

Ionisation energy (IE) - Amount of energy required to remove the

most loosely bound electron from an isolated gaseous atom to form
a cation.
Ionisation Energy

IE1

IE2

IE3
IE1 < IE2 < IE3
Factor affecting Ionisation Energy

Atomic size :

Greater the size of atom → Easier is the removal of the

valence electron, hence energy
required is less.
Factor affecting Ionisation Energy

Nuclear charge :

Greater the charge → Greater is attraction between nucleus and

electrons present in outermost shell, more
will be difficult to remove electron.
Factor affecting Ionisation Energy

Screening Effect :
With increase in Screening Effect, nuclear charge on electrons
in the outermost shell reduces. Since effective nuclear charge
decreases, Ionization Enthalpy decreases.
Factor affecting Ionisation Energy

Electronic configuration :
 Ionisation Energy

● Moving from left to right in a period I.E. ↑ as (Zeff ↑)

● Moving from top to bottom in a group I.E. ↓ as (Size↑)

● Special Cases

● For transition elements

Generally in period IE increases, but the increase is not so
regular (Sc, Ti, V, Cr) differ only slightly from each other and
Fe, Co, Ni, Cu values are fairly close to each other from Cu - Zn
again increasing
Special Cases
Choose the correct relation

A I.EBe - I.E Li > IELi - IENa

B I.EN > 3 I.ELi

C I.ERb > 5 I ENe

D I.EF = 2I.ENa
Choose the correct relation

A I.EBe - I.E Li > IELi - IENa

B I.EN > 3 I.ELi

C I.ERb > 5 I ENe

D I.EF = 2I.ENa
The five successive ionization enthalpies of an element are 800,
2427, 3658, 25024 and 32824 kJ mol-1. The number of valence
electrons in the element is:

A 5

B 4

C 3

D 2
The five successive ionization enthalpies of an element are 800,
2427, 3658, 25024 and 32824 kJ mol-1. The number of valence
electrons in the element is:

A 5

B 4

C 3

D 2
Solution:

As difference in 3rd and 4th ionisation energies is high so atom

contains 3 valence electrons.
 Electron Gain enthalpy

Electron affinity : Energy released when an e- is added to the

valence shell of an isolated gaseous atom.
Factor affecting electron Gain enthalpy

Effective Nuclear Charge(Z ⃰ )

Higher the effective nuclear charge, higher is the electron affinity

EA ∝ Z*
Factor affecting electron Gain enthalpy

Atomic radius

Higher the atomic radius, lesser is the effective nuclear

charge and lesser is the electron affinity

1
EA ∝
Atomic radius
Factor affecting electron Gain enthalpy

Screening effect
Electron gain enthalpy value of the elements decreases with the increasing
shielding or screening effect. The shielding effect between the outer
electrons and the nucleus increases as the number of electrons increases
in the inner shells.
Factor affecting electron Gain enthalpy

Half filled and fully filled electronic configuration :

Atoms having half filled and fully filled configuration is most
stable and they do not show tendency to accept the extra
electron.
 Across a period

● Across a period, with increase in atomic number, ΔegH becomes more ‘-ve’
because across a period Zeff increases and consequently it will be easier to
add an e- to a small atom.

Group 1 ΔegH Group 16 ΔegH Group 17 ΔegH

Li -60 O -141 F -328

Na -53 S -200 Cl -349

K -48 Se -195 Br -325

Rb -47 Te -190 I -295

Cs -46 Po -174 At -270

 Down the group

● Within a group from top to bottom, ΔegH becomes less negative because
the size of the atom increases and the added e- would be at larger
distance from the nucleus.

Group 16 ΔegH Group 17 ΔegH Group 18 ΔegH

Atomic radii increase He +48

O -141 F -328 Ne +116

S -200 Cl -349 Ar +96

Se -195 Br -325 Kr +96

Te -190 I -295 Xe +77

Po -174 At -270 Rn +68

ΔegH Decrease
The correct order of electron affinity of is -

A O > F > Cl

B F > O > Cl

C F > Cl > O

D Cl > F > O
The correct order of electron affinity of is -

A O > F > Cl

B F > O > Cl

C F > Cl > O

D Cl > F > O
Solution:

On moving from left to right across a period, the electron affinity becomes more
negative. On moving from top to bottom in a group, the electron affinity becomes
less negative.
Chlorine has exceptionally more negative electron affinity than fluorine, because
adding an electron to fluorine (2p orbital) causes greater repulsion than adding
an electron to chlorine (3p orbital) which is larger in size.
 Electronegativity

● Ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract

shared electrons to itself
● Defined in bonded state
 Pauling Scale

● According to Pauling, electronegativity difference (XA – XB)

in between two atoms A & B is given by :
 Mulliken Scale

Mulliken Scale: Mulliken gave the electronegativity as the

average value of ionisation potential and electron gain
enthalpy of an atom.
 Factor affecting electronegativity

1
(A) Atomic size Electronegativity ∝
Atomic size

Electronegativity ∝ Zeff
(B) Effective nuclear charge (Zeff)

Electronegativity ∝ % s character in
hybridised atom
(C) Hybridisation state of an atom sp >sp2 >sp3
s character 50% 33% 25%
Electronegativity 3.25 2.75 2.5

The electronegativity value increases as

the oxidation state (i.e. the number of
(D) Oxidation state
positive charge) of the atom increases.
 Trend of electronegativity

Electronegativity increases across the period as atomic size decreases.

 Trend of electronegativity

Electronegativity decreases down the group as atomic size increases.

Application of electronegativity

Metallic and non metallic nature :

a) On moving from left to right in a periods, the electronegativity of the

elements increases. So the metallic character decreases.

b) On moving down a group, the electronegativity of the elements

decreases. So the metallic character increases.
Application of electronegativity

Bond strength:
If the electronegativity difference of covalently bonded atoms Δ(x)
increases, the bond energy of the covalent bond also increases.
For Example :

the order of the H-X bond strength is –

H – F > H – Cl > H – Br > H – I

Application of electronegativity

Partial ionic character in covalent Bond:

Application of electronegativity

Acidic and basic nature of oxides

In general, the properties that decrease and increase down a
group in the periodic table, respectively are

A electronegativity and atomic radius

B electronegativity and electron gain enthalpy

C electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity

D atomic radius and electronegativity

In general, the properties that decrease and increase down a
group in the periodic table, respectively are

A electronegativity and atomic radius

B electronegativity and electron gain enthalpy

C electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity

D atomic radius and electronegativity

 Solution:

The summary of variation of periodic properties is given in table below:

S.No. Periodic property Variation

Along a period Along a group

1. Atomic radius Decreases Increases

2. Electron gain enthalpy Increases Decreases

3. Electronegativity Increases Decreases

Thus, electronegativity decreases and atomic radius increases down a group

in the periodic table.
₹,14850
 JEE 2024
Features
PRO LITE Recorded
(at other tuition/ LIVE PRO LIVE ONLINE
(at other tuition/
LIVE OFFLINE
(at other tuition/
(at Vedantu) coaching institutes) (at Vedantu) coaching institutes) coaching institutes)

Scheduled Yes NO Yes NO Yes

Class Recording Yes Yes Yes Maybe NO

In Class Doubt Yes NO Yes NO NO

In Class Feedback Yes NO Yes Maybe NO

In Class Interaction Yes NO Yes Maybe Yes

Class Notes Yes NO Yes Maybe NO

Assignments Yes Maybe Yes Maybe Yes

Fortnightly Tests Yes Maybe Yes Maybe Yes

Revision Yes Maybe Yes Maybe NO

Test Series Yes Maybe Yes Maybe NO
XXXX
 JEE 2024

Full- Syllabus Revision with Students will get Vedantu’s

258 Interactive Tatva Textbook PDFs
Sessions/year

Improve Your Conceptual

Access till JEE/NEET 2024
Understanding with 258
Assignments/year

Pricing 20,000/- 16,500/- 14,850/-

You can contact me

Beastchemist

Beastchemist

@BEASTCHEMIST
Mohit Ryan Sir
Join Vedantu JEE
Telegram
channel NOW!
Assignments
Notes
Daily Update

https://vdnt.in/JEEVedantu