COMENZI NUMERICE ISO (G-code)

----

Prima implementare a comenzilor numerice a fost dezvoltată la MIT (Massachusetts Institute

of Technology) - Servomecanisme de laborator, la începutul anilor 1950.

În ultimele decenii au fost dezvoltate implementări de către mai multe organizaţii (comerciale
şi necomerciale).

G-code a fost adesea folosit în aceste implementări. Versiunea standard utilizată în principal
în Statele Unite a fost stabilită de Alianţa Electronic Industries la începutul anilor 1960.

O revizuire finală a fost aprobată în luna februarie 1980, RS274D. În Europa, standardul ISO
6983 / 2009 este folosit cu prioritate. Uneori se pot folosi alte standarde, de exemplu DIN
66025 sau PN-73m-55256, PN-93/M-55251 (în Polonia).

Variable Description Corollary info

A Absolute or incremental
position of A axis (rotational
axis around X axis)

B Absolute or incremental
position of B axis (rotational
axis around Y axis)

C Absolute or incremental
position of C axis (rotational
axis around Z axis)

D Defines diameter or radial

offset used for cutter
compensation. D is used
for depth of cut on lathes.

E Precision feedrate for

threading on lathes
F Defines feed rate [mm/min]; f[mm/rot]

G G commands often tell the control what kind of motion is

Address for preparatory
wanted (e.g., rapid positioning, linear feed, circular feed, fixed
commands
cycle) or what offset value to use.

H Defines tool length offset;

Incremental axis
corresponding to C axis
(e.g., on a turn-mill)

I XOY ZOX YOZ,

Defines arc size in X axis
for G02 or G03 arc G17 planul XOY
commands.
Also used as a parameter G18 planul ZOX
within some fixed cycles.
G19 planul YOZ

J Defines arc size in Y axis

for G02 or G03 arc
commands.
Also used as a parameter
within some fixed cycles.

K Defines arc size in Z axis

for G02 or G03 arc
commands.
Also used as a parameter
within some fixed cycles,
equal to L address.

L Fixed cycle loop count: Defines number of repetitions ("loops")

of a fixed cycle at each position. Assumed to be 1 unless
programmed with another integer. Sometimes the K address is
Fixed cycle loop count;
used instead of L. With incremental positioning (G91), a series
Specification of what
of equally spaced holes can be programmed as a loop rather
register to edit using G10
than as individual positions.
G10 use: Specification of what register to edit (work offsets,
tool radius offsets, tool length offsets, etc.).
M Action code, auxiliary command; descriptions vary. Many M-
codes call for machine functions, which is why people often say
Miscellaneous function
that the "M" stands for "machine", although it was not intended
to.

N Line (block) numbers: Optional, so often omitted. Necessary for

certain tasks, such as M99 P address (to tell the control which
block of the program to return to if not the default one)
Line (block) number in
or GoTo statements (if the control supports
program;
those). N numbering need not increment by 1 (for example, it
System parameter number
can increment by 10, 20, or 1000) and can be used on every
to be changed using G10
block or only in certain spots throughout a program.
System parameter number: G10 allows changing of system
parameters under program control.

O Program name For example, O4501.

 With G04, defines dwell time value.

P
 Also serves as a parameter in some canned cycles,

Serves as parameter representing dwell times or other variables.

address for various G and
M codes  Also used in the calling and termination of
subprograms. (With M98, it specifies which subprogram to
call; with M99, it specifies which block number of the main
program to return to.)

Q Peck increment in canned

For example, G73, G83 (peck drilling cycles)
cycles
R Defines size of arc radius
or defines retract height in
canned cycles
S Data type = integer. In G97 mode (which is usually the default),
an integer after S is interpreted as a number of rev/min (rpm).
Defines speed, either In G96 mode (CSS), an integer after S is interpreted as surface
spindle speed or surface speed—sfm (G20) or m/min (G21). See also Speeds and
speed depending on mode feeds. On multifunction (turn-mill or mill-turn) machines, which
spindle gets the input (main spindle or subspindles) is
determined by other M codes.
T To understand how the T address works and how it interacts
(or not) with M06, one must study the various methods, such as
Tool selection
lathe turret programming, ATC fixed tool selection, ATC
random memory tool selection, the concept of "next tool
 waiting", and empty tools. Programming on any particular
machine tool requires knowing which method that machine
uses. Ways of obtaining this training are mentioned in the
comments for M06.
U Incremental axis
corresponding to X axis
(typically only lathe group A In these controls, X and U obviate G90 and G91, respectively.
controls) On these lathes, G90 is instead a fixed cycle address for
Also defines dwell time on roughing.
some machines (instead of
"P" or "X").
V Until the 2000s, the V address was very rarely used, because
most lathes that used U and W didn't have a Y-axis, so they
didn't use V. (Green et al 1996[2] did not even list V in their table
Incremental axis
of addresses.) That is still often the case, although the
corresponding to Y axis
proliferation of live lathe tooling and turn-mill machining has
made V address usage less rare than it used to be (Smid
2008[1]shows an example). See also G18.
W Incremental axis
In these controls, Z and W obviate G90 and G91, respectively.
corresponding to Z axis
On these lathes, G90 is instead a fixed cycle address for
(typically only lathe group A
roughing.
controls)
X Absolute or incremental
position of X axis.
Also defines dwell time on
some machines (instead of
"P" or "U").
Y Absolute or incremental
position of Y axis
Z Absolute or incremental The main spindle's axis of rotation often determines which axis
position of Z axis of a machine tool is labeled as Z.

Lista codurilor G
Echipamente CNC Fanuc si similare

Milling Turning
Code Description Corollary info
(M) (T)

G00 On 2- or 3-axis moves, G00 (unlike G01)

Rapid positioning M T
traditionally does not necessarily move in a
single straight line between start point and
 end point. It moves each axis at its max
speed until its vector is achieved. Shorter
vector usually finishes first (given similar axis
speeds). This matters because it may yield a
dog-leg or hockey-stick motion, which the
programmer needs to consider depending on
what obstacles are nearby, to avoid a crash.
Some machines offer interpolated rapids as
a feature for ease of programming (safe to
assume a straight line).

G01 The most common workhorse code for

feeding during a cut. The program specs the
start and end points, and the control
automatically calculates (interpolates) the
intermediate points to pass through that will
yield a straight line (hence "linear"). The
control then calculates the angular velocities
Linear interpolation M T at which to turn the axis leadscrews via their
servomotors or stepper motors. The
computer performs thousands of calculations
per second, and the motors react quickly to
each input. Thus the actual toolpath of the
machining takes place with the given
feedrate on a path that is accurately linear to
within very small limits.

G02 Circular interpolation, M T Very similar in concept to G01. Again, the

clockwise control interpolates intermediate points and
commands the servo- or stepper motors to
rotate the amount needed for the leadscrew
to translate the motion to the correct tool tip
positioning. This process repeated
thousands of times per minute generates the
desired toolpath. In the case of G02, the
interpolation generates a circle rather than a
line. As with G01, the actual toolpath of the
machining takes place with the given
feedrate on a path that accurately matches
the ideal (in G02's case, a circle) to within
very small limits. In fact, the interpolation is
so precise (when all conditions are correct)
that milling an interpolated circle can obviate
operations such as drilling, and often even
fine boring. On most controls you cannot
 start G41 or G42 in G02 or G03 modes. You
must already have compensated in an
earlier G01 block. Often a short linear lead-in
movement will be programmed, merely to
allow cutter compensation before the main
event, the circle-cutting, begins.

G03 Circular interpolation,

M T Same corollary info as for G02.
counterclockwise

G04 Takes an address for dwell period (may

Dwell M T be X, U, or P). The dwell period is specified
in milliseconds.

G05P10000 Uses a deep look-ahead buffer and

High-precision contour simulation processing to provide better axis
M  
control (HPCC) movement acceleration and deceleration
during contour milling

G05.1 Q1. Uses a deep look-ahead buffer and

simulation processing to provide better axis
Ai Nano contour control M  
movement acceleration and deceleration
during contour milling

G07 Imaginary axis

M    
designation

G09 Exact stop check M T  

G10 Programmable data

M T  
input

G11 Data write cancel M T  

G12 Fixed cycle for ease of programming 360°

Full-circle interpolation,
M   circular interpolation with blend-radius lead-in
clockwise
and lead-out. Not standard on Fanuc
controls.
G13 Fixed cycle for ease of programming 360°
Full-circle interpolation, circular interpolation with blend-radius lead-in
M  
counterclockwise and lead-out. Not standard on Fanuc
controls.

G17 XY plane selection M    

G18 On most CNC lathes (built 1960s to 2000s),

ZX is the only available plane, so
no G17 to G19 codes are used. This is now
changing as the era begins in which live
tooling, multitask/multifunction, and
ZX plane selection M T
mill-turn/turn-mill gradually become the "new
normal". But the simpler, traditional form
factor will probably not disappear—just move
over to make room for the newer
configurations. See also V address.

G19 YZ plane selection M    

G20 Somewhat uncommon except in USA and (to

lesser extent) Canada and UK. However, in
the global marketplace, competence with
both G20 and G21 always stands some
chance of being necessary at any time. The
usual minimum increment in G20 is one ten-
Programming ininches M T
thousandth of an inch (0.0001"), which is a
larger distance than the usual minimum
increment in G21 (one thousandth of a
millimeter, .001 mm, that is, one micrometre).
This physical difference sometimes favors
G21 programming.

G21 Prevalent worldwide. However, in the global

Programming marketplace, competence with both G20 and
M T
inmillimeters (mm) G21 always stands some chance of being
necessary at any time.

G28 Return to home position M T Takes X Y Z addresses which define the

(machine zero, aka intermediate point that the tool tip will pass
machine reference point) through on its way home to machine zero.
 They are in terms of part zero (aka program
zero), NOT machine zero.

G30 Takes a P address specifying which machine

zero point is desired, if the machine has
Return to secondary several secondary points (P1 to P4). Takes X
home position (machine Y Z addresses which define the intermediate
M T
zero, aka machine point that the tool tip will pass through on its
reference point) way home to machine zero. They are in
terms of part zero (aka program zero), NOT
machine zero.

G31 Skip function (used for

probes and tool length M    
measurement systems)

G32 Single-point threading, Similar to G01 linear interpolation, except

longhand style (if not   T with automatic spindle synchronization
using a cycle, e.g., G76) for single-point threading.

G33 Constant-pitchthreading M    

G33 Single-point threading,

Some lathe controls assign this mode to G33
longhand style (if not   T
rather than G32.
using a cycle, e.g., G76)

G34 Variable-pitch threading M    

G40 Tool radius

M T Cancels G41 or G42.
compensation off

G41 Tool radius M T Milling: Given righthand-helix cutter

compensation left and M03 spindle direction, G41 corresponds
to climb milling (down milling). Takes an
address (D or H) that calls an offset register
value for radius.
Turning: Often needs no D or H address on
lathes, because whatever tool is active
automatically calls its geometry offsets with
 it. (Each turret station is bound to its
geometry offset register.)

G41 and G42 for milling has become less

frequently used since CAM programming has
become more common. CAM systems allow
the user to program as if with a zero-
diameter cutter. The fundamental concept of
cutter radius compensation is still in play
(i.e., that the surface produced will be
distance R away from the cutter center), but
the programming mindset is different; the
human does not choreograph the toolpath
with conscious, painstaking attention to G41,
G42, and G40, because the CAM software
takes care of it.

G42 Similar corollary info as for G41. Given

righthand-helix cutter and M03 spindle
Tool radius direction, G42 corresponds toconventional
M T
compensation right milling (up milling).

See also the comments for G41.

G43 Takes an address, usually H, to call the tool

length offset register value. The value
Tool height offset
M   is negative because it will be addedto the
compensation negative
gauge line position. G43 is the commonly
used version (vs G44).
G44 Takes an address, usually H, to call the tool
length offset register value. The value
Tool height offset
M   is positive because it will besubtracted from
compensation positive
the gauge line position. G44 is the seldom-
used version (vs G43).
G45 Axis offset single
M    
increase
G46 Axis offset single
M    
decrease
G47 Axis offset double
M    
increase
G48 Axis offset double
M    
decrease
G49 Tool length offset M   Cancels G43 or G44.
 compensation cancel
G50 Takes an S address integer which is
interpreted as rpm. Without this
Define the maximum
  T feature, G96 mode (CSS) would rev the
spindle speed
spindle to "wide open throttle" when closely
approaching the axis of rotation.
G50 Scaling function cancel M    
Position register is one of the original
methods to relate the part (program)
coordinate system to the tool position, which
indirectly relates it to the machine coordinate
system, the only position the control really
Position register
"knows". Not commonly programmed
G50 (programming of vector   T
anymore because G54 to G59 (WCSs) are a
from part zero to tool tip)
better, newer method. Called via G50 for
turning, G92 for milling. Those G addresses
also have alternate meanings (which see).
Position register can still be useful for datum
shift programming.
G52 Temporarily shifts program zero to a new
Local coordinate system
M   location. This simplifies programming in
(LCS)
some cases.
G53 Takes absolute coordinates (X,Y,Z,A,B,C)
with reference to machine zero rather than
program zero. Can be helpful for tool
Machine coordinate
M T changes. Nonmodal and absolute only.
system
Subsequent blocks are interpreted as "back
to G54" even if it is not explicitly
programmed.
G54 to G59 Have largely replaced position register
(G50 and G92). Each tuple of axis offsets
Work coordinate relates program zero directly to machine
M T
systems (WCSs) zero. Standard is 6 tuples (G54 to G59), with
optional extensibility to 48 more via G54.1 P1
to P48.
G54.1 P1 to Up to 48 more WCSs besides the 6 provided
P48 as standard by G54 to G59. Note floating-
Extended work point extension of G-code data type (formerly
M T
coordinate systems all integers). Other examples have also
evolved (e.g., G84.2). Modern controls have
the hardware to handle it.
G70 Fixed cycle, multiple   T  
repetitive cycle, for
finishing (including
contours)
G71 Fixed cycle, multiple
repetitive cycle, for
  T  
roughing (Z-axis
emphasis)
G72 Fixed cycle, multiple
repetitive cycle, for
  T  
roughing (X-axis
emphasis)
G73 Fixed cycle, multiple
repetitive cycle, for
  T  
roughing, with pattern
repetition
G73 Peck drilling cycle for Retracts only as far as a clearance increment
milling - high-speed (NO (system parameter). For when chipbreaking
M  
full retraction from is the main concern, but chip clogging of
pecks) flutes is not.
G74 Peck drilling cycle for
  T  
turning
Tapping cycle for
G74 milling, lefthand thread, M    
M04 spindle direction
G75 Peck grooving cycle for
  T  
turning
G76 Fine boring cycle for
M    
milling
Threading cycle for
G76 turning, multiple   T  
repetitive cycle
G80 Milling: Cancels all cycles such
as G73, G83, G88, etc. Z-axis returns either
to Z-initial level or R-level, as programmed
(G98 or G99, respectively).
Cancel canned cycle M T
Turning: Usually not needed on lathes,
because a new group-1 G address
(G00 to G03) cancels whatever cycle was
active.
G81 Simple drilling cycle M   No dwell built in
G82 Dwells at hole bottom (Z-depth) for the
number of milliseconds specified by
Drilling cycle with dwell M  
the P address. Good for when hole bottom
finish matters.
G83 Peck drilling cycle (full Returns to R-level after each peck. Good for
M  
retraction from pecks) clearing flutes of chips.
G84 Tapping cycle,righthand
thread,M03 spindle M    
direction
G84.2 Tapping cycle, righthand
thread,M03 spindle M    
direction, rigid toolholder
G90 Positioning defined with reference to part
zero.
Milling: Always as above.
Turning: Sometimes as above (Fanuc group
type B and similarly designed), but on most
lathes (Fanuc group type A and similarly
Absolute programming M T (B)
designed), G90/G91 are not used for
absolute/incremental modes.
Instead, U and W are the incremental
addresses and X and Z are the absolute
addresses. On these lathes, G90 is instead a
fixed cycle address for roughing.
Fixed cycle, simple
When not serving for absolute programming
G90 cycle, for roughing (Z-   T (A)
(above)
axis emphasis)
G91 Positioning defined with reference to
previous position.
Milling: Always as above.
Turning: Sometimes as above (Fanuc group
type B and similarly designed), but on most
Incremental lathes (Fanuc group type A and similarly
M T (B)
programming designed), G90/G91 are not used for
absolute/incremental modes.
Instead, U and W are the incremental
addresses and X and Z are the absolute
addresses. On these lathes, G90 is a fixed
cycle address for roughing.
G92 Same corollary info as at G50 position
register.
Position register Milling: Always as above.
(programming of vector M T (B) Turning: Sometimes as above (Fanuc group
from part zero to tool tip) type B and similarly designed), but on most
lathes (Fanuc group type A and similarly
designed), position register is G50.
Threading cycle, simple
G92   T (A)  
cycle
G94 Feedrate per minute M T (B) On group type A lathes, feedrate per minute
is G98.
G94 Fixed cycle, simple   T (A) When not serving for feedrate per minute
 cycle, for roughing (X-
(above)
axis emphasis)
G95 On group type A lathes, feedrate per
Feedrate per revolution M T (B)
revolution is G99.
G96 Varies spindle speed automatically to
achieve a constant surface speed.
Constant surface speed See speeds and feeds. Takes an S address
  T
(CSS) integer, which is interpreted
as sfm in G20 mode or as m/min
in G21 mode.
G97 Takes an S address integer, which is
interpreted as rev/min (rpm). The default
Constant spindle speed M T
speed mode per system parameter if no
mode is programmed.
G98 Return to initial Z level in
M    
canned cycle
Feedrate per minute
G98   T (A) Feedrate per minute is G94 on group type B.
(group type A)
G99 Return to R level in
M    
canned cycle
Feedrate per revolution Feedrate per revolution is G95 on group type
G99   T (A)
(group type A) B.

Lista codurilor M
Echipamente CNC Fanuc si similare

Milling Turning
Code   Description Corollary info
(M) (T)

M00 Non-optional—machine will always stop upon

Compulsory stop M T
reaching M00 in the program execution.

M01 Machine will only stop at M01 if operator has pushed

Optional stop M T
the optional stop button.

M02 End of program M T No return to program top; may or may not reset
register values.
M03 The speed of the spindle is determined by the
address S, in either revolutions per
minute (G97 mode; default) or surface feet per
minute or [surface] meters per minute (G96 mode
[CSS] under either G20 or G21). The right-hand
rule can be used to determine which direction is
clockwise and which direction is counter-clockwise.
Spindle on
M T
(clockwise rotation)
Right-hand-helix screws moving in the tightening
direction (and right-hand-helix flutes spinning in the
cutting direction) are defined as moving in the M03
direction, and are labeled "clockwise" by convention.
The M03 direction is always M03 regardless of local
vantage point and local CW/CCW distinction.

M04 Spindle on
(counterclockwise M T See comment above at M03.
rotation)
M05 Spindle stop M T  
M06 Many lathes do not use M06 because the T address
itself indexes the turret.
Programming on any particular machine tool requires
knowing which method that machine uses. To
understand how the T address works and how it
interacts (or not) with M06, one must study the
various methods, such as lathe turret programming,
Automatic tool T (some- ATC fixed tool selection, ATC random memory tool
M
change (ATC) times) selection, the concept of "next tool waiting", and
empty tools. These concepts are taught in textbooks
such as Smid,[1] and online multimedia (videos,
simulators, etc); all of these teaching resources are
usually paywalled to pay back the costs of their
development. They are used in training classes for
operators, both on-site and remotely (e.g., Tooling
University).
M07 Coolant on (mist) M T  
M08 Coolant on (flood) M T  
M09 Coolant off M T  
M10 Pallet clamp on M   For machining centers with pallet changers
M11 Pallet clamp off M   For machining centers with pallet changers
M13 Spindle on M   This one M-code does the work of
(clockwise rotation) both M03 and M08. It is not unusual for specific
and coolant on machine models to have such combined commands,
 which make for shorter, more quickly written
(flood)
programs.
M19 Spindle orientation is more often called within cycles
(automatically) or during setup (manually), but it is
also available under program control via M19. The
abbreviation OSS (oriented spindle stop) may be
seen in reference to an oriented stop within cycles.

The relevance of spindle orientation has increased as

technology has advanced. Although 4- and 5-axis
contour milling and CNC single-pointing have
depended on spindle position encoders for decades,
before the advent of widespread live tooling and mill-
turn/turn-mill systems, it was seldom relevant in
"regular" (non-"special") machining for the operator
(as opposed to the machine) to know the angular
orientation of a spindle except for within a few
Spindle orientation M T restricted contexts (such as tool change, or G76 fine
boring cycles with choreographed tool retraction).
Most milling of features indexed around a turned
workpiece was accomplished with separate
operations on indexing head setups; in a sense,
indexing heads were invented as separate pieces of
equipment, to be used in separate operations, which
could provide precise spindle orientation in a world
where it otherwise mostly didn't exist (and didn't need
to). But as CAD/CAM and multiaxis CNC machining
with multiple rotary-cutter axes becomes the norm,
even for "regular" (non-"special") applications,
machinists now frequently care about stepping just
about any spindle through its 360° with precision.

M21 Mirror, X-axis M    
M21 Tailstock forward   T  
M22 Mirror, Y-axis M    
M22 Tailstock backward   T  
M23 Mirror OFF M    
M23 Thread gradual   T  
pullout ON
M24 Thread gradual   T  
 pullout OFF
M30 End of program with
M T  
return to program top
M41 Gear select - gear 1   T  
M42 Gear select - gear 2   T  
M43 Gear select - gear 3   T  
M44 Gear select - gear 4   T  
M48 Feedrate override
M T  
allowed
M49 This rule is also called (automatically) within tapping
Feedrate override cycles or single-point threading cycles, where feed is
M T
NOT allowed precisely correlated to speed. Same with spindle
speed override and feed hold button.
M52 Unload Last tool
M T Also empty spindle.
from spindle
M60 Automatic pallet
M   For machining centers with pallet changers
change (APC)
M98 Takes an address P to specify which subprogram to
Subprogram call M T call, for example, "M98 P8979" calls subprogram
O8979.
M99 Usually placed at end of subprogram, where it
returns execution control to the main program. The
default is that control returns to the block following
the M98 call in the main program. Return to a
Subprogram end M T
different block number can be specified by a P
address. M99 can also be used in main program with
block skip for endless loop of main program on bar
work on lathes (until operator toggles block skip).

Exemplu de program

This is a generic program that demonstrates the use of G-Code to turn a 1" diameter X 1" long part.
Assume that a bar of material is in the machine and that the bar is slightly oversized in length and
diameter and that the bar protrudes by more than 1" from the face of the chuck. (Caution: This is
generic, it might not work on any real machine! Pay particular attention to point 5 below.)

Sample

Line Code Description

O4968 (Sample face and turn program)

N01 M216 (Turn on load monitor)

G20 G90
(Inch units. Absolute mode. Call work offset values. Moving coordinate system to
N02 G54 D200
the location specified in the register D200. Cancel any existing tool radius offset.)
G40

N03 G50 S2000 (Set maximum spindle speed rev/min - preparing for G96 CSS coming soon)

N04 M01 (Optional stop)

N05 T0300 (Index turret to tool 3. Clear wear offset (00).)

G96 S854
(Constant surface speed [automatically varies the spindle speed], 854 sfm, select
N06 M42 M03
spindle gear, start spindle CW rotation, turn on the coolant flood)
M08

(Call tool radius offset. Call tool wear offset. Rapid feed to a point about 0.100"
G41 G00
from the end of the bar [not counting 0.005" or 0.006" that the bar-pull-and-stop
N07 X1.1 Z1.1
sequence is set up to leave as a stock allowance for facing off] and 0.050" from
T0303
the side)

N08 G01 Z1.0 (Feed in horizontally until the tool is standing 1" from the datum i.e. program Z-
F.05 zero)
N09 X-0.002 (Feed down until the tool is slightly past center, thus facing the end of the bar)

N10 G00 Z1.1 (Rapid feed 0.1" away from the end of the bar - clear the part)

N11 X1.0 (Rapid feed up until the tool is standing at the finished OD)

G01 Z0.0 (Feed in horizontally cutting the bar to 1" diameter all the way to the datum,
N12
F.05 feeding at 0.050" per revolution)

G00 X1.1
N13 (Clear the part, stop the spindle, turn off the coolant)
M05 M09

G91 G28 (Home X axis - return to machine X-zero passing through no intermediate X point
N14
X0 [incremental X0])

G91 G28 (Home Z axis - return to machine Z-zero passing through no intermediate Z point
N15
Z0 [incremental Z0])

N16 G90 M215 (Return to absolute mode. Turn off load monitor)

N17 M30 (Program stop, rewind to beginning of program)

Several points to note:

1. There is room for some programming style, even in this short program. The grouping of codes
in line N06 could have been put on multiple lines. Doing so may have made it easier to follow
program execution.
2. Many codes are "modal", meaning that they stay in effect until they are cancelled or replaced
by a contradictory code. For example, once variable speed cutting (CSS) had been selected
(G96), it stayed in effect until the end of the program. In operation, the spindle speed would
increase as the tool neared the center of the work in order to maintain a constant surface
speed. Similarly, once rapid feed was selected (G00), all tool movements would be rapid until
a feed rate code (G01, G02, G03) was selected.
3. It is common practice to use a load monitor with CNC machinery. The load monitor will stop
the machine if the spindle or feed loads exceed a preset value that is set during the set-up
operation. The jobs of the load monitor are various:

1. Prevent machine damage in the event of tool breakage or a programming mistake.

1. This is especially important because it allows safe "lights-out machining", in

which the operators set up the job and start it running during the day, then
go home for the night, leaving the machines running and cutting parts during
the night. Because no human is around to hear, see, or smell a problem
such as a broken tool, the load monitor serves an important sentry duty.
When it senses overload condition, which semantically suggests a dull or
broken tool, it commands a stop to the machining. Technology is available
nowadays to send an alert to someone remotely (e.g., the sleeping owner,
operator, or owner-operator) if desired, which can allow them to come
intercede and get production going again, then leave once more. This can
be the difference between profitability or loss on some jobs, because lights-
out machining reduces labor hours per part.

2. Warn of a tool that is becoming dull and needs to be replaced or sharpened. Thus an
operator who is busy tending multiple machines will be told by a machine,
essentially, "Hey, pause what you're doing over there, and come attend to a need
over here."

4. It is common practice to bring the tool in rapidly to a "safe" point that is close to the part - in
this case 0.1" away - and then start feeding the tool. How close that "safe" distance is,
depends on the skill of the programmer and maximum material condition for the raw stock.

5. If the program is wrong, there is a high probability that the machine will crash, or ram the tool
into the part under high power. This can be costly, especially in newer machining centers. It is
possible to intersperse the program with optional stops (M01 code) which allow the program
to be run piecemeal for testing purposes. The optional stops remain in the program but they
are skipped during the normal running of the machine. Fortunately, most CAD/CAM software
ships with CNC simulators that will display the movement of the tool as the program executes.
Many modern CNC machines also allow programmers to execute the program in a simulation
mode and observe the operating parameters of the machine at a particular execution point.
This enables programmers to discover semantic errors (as opposed to syntax errors) before
losing material or tools to an incorrect program. Depending on the size of the part, wax blocks
may be used for testing purposes as well.

6. For pedagogical purposes, line numbers have been included in the program above. They are
usually not necessary for operation of a machine, so they are seldom used in industry.
However, if branching or looping statements are used in the code, then line numbers may well
be included as the target of those statements (e.g. GOTO N99).

7. Some machines do not allow multiple M codes in the same line.

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