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Hydraulics 2

This document discusses hydrostatic force on plane surfaces submerged in liquids and buoyancy. It defines the hydrostatic force formula for vertical and inclined planes as well as the center of pressure. It also explains that an object floats when the volume of the displaced liquid equals the submerged volume of the object. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced liquid. It provides sample problems calculating hydrostatic forces, buoyant forces, and volumes of submerged and floating objects.

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Raqz TV
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59 views6 pages

Hydraulics 2

This document discusses hydrostatic force on plane surfaces submerged in liquids and buoyancy. It defines the hydrostatic force formula for vertical and inclined planes as well as the center of pressure. It also explains that an object floats when the volume of the displaced liquid equals the submerged volume of the object. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced liquid. It provides sample problems calculating hydrostatic forces, buoyant forces, and volumes of submerged and floating objects.

Uploaded by

Raqz TV
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HYDRAULICS 2

- Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces, Buoyancy

I - Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surfaces

FOR VERTICAL PLANE SUBMERGED UNDER A LIQUID SURFACE

where:

𝐅 is the total hydrostatic force acting on the plane area

𝛄 is the unit weight of the liquid

𝐡̅ is the vertical distance between liquid surface and the center of the area

𝐀 is the area of plane surface


𝐜𝐠 is the centroid of the area

𝐜𝐩 is the center of pressure where the force F acts


𝐞 is the Eccentricity - the distance between cg and cp
𝐲̅ is the straight line distance between liquid surface and centroid of area following the axis

of the plane area


In the case of vertical planes submerged in a liquid,

ℎ̅ = 𝑦̅
𝐼𝑔
𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑒 =
𝐴𝑦̅
where:

𝑰𝒈 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒


FOR INCLINED PLANE SUBMERGED UNDER A LIQUID SURFACE

For the case of inclined areas, h̅ is not equal to y̅

the h̅ and y̅ forms a triangle with the liquid surface

The formula for 𝐅 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐞 is the same to that of the vertical plane.

Geometric properties of some common shapes.


II – Buoyancy

when an object floats in any liquid, a portion of


it is submerged under the liquid surface. This
submerged portion is equal to the volume of the
displaced liquid as shown in the figure.

(a) the ship floats on the ocean having a portion


of it is below water surface
(b) shows the volume of the displaced liquid caused
by the ship.

The volume of the displaced liquid (VD) is equal to


the volume of the submerged portion of the object. 𝑽𝑫

The weight of the displaced liquid is also equal to the Buoyant Force

Based on the above explanation, we derive the formulas

𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 = 𝑩𝒖𝒐𝒚𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆, 𝑾 = 𝑩𝑭


𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 = 𝑩𝒖𝒐𝒚𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆, 𝑾𝑫 = 𝑩𝑭
where

𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝑾𝑫 = 𝜸𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒙 𝑽𝑫


For homogeneous solid body of volume V “floating” in a homogeneous fluid at
rest:

𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚


𝑽𝑫 = 𝒙𝑽
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅
Where

𝑽𝑫 = 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅

𝑽 = 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚

𝑰𝒏 𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆 𝒃𝒐𝒐𝒌𝒔, 𝑽𝑫 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 "𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒇𝒕"


𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒇𝒕 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚

Sample Problems
Problem 1
A vertical plane 10 m high and 3 m wide is submerged in a liquid having a specific
gravity of 0.95. The top edge of the plane is at the liquid surface.
Determine the following:
a. hydrostatic force F acting on one side of the plane
b. location of F from the liquid surface

Problem 2
In the figure shown, stop B will break if the force on it reaches 40 KN. Find
the critical water depth. The length of the gate perpendicular to the sketch is
1.5m
Problem 3
A 30m long dam retains 9m of water as shown. Find the total hydrostatic force
acting on the dam and the location of the center of pressure from the bottom.

Problem 4
The 4-m-diameter circular gate is located in the inclined wall of a large
reservoir containing water. The gate is mounted on a shaft along its horizontal
diameter, and the water depth is 10 m above the shaft. Determine

a. the magnitude and location of the resultant force exerted on the gate by the
water
b. the moment that would have to be applied to the shaft to open the gate
Problem 5
An iceberg having a specific gravity of 0.92 is floating on salt water of
s = 1.03
If the volume of ice above the water surface is 1000 m3, what is the total volume
of iceberg?

Problem 6
A hollow cylinder tank 1m in diameter and 2m high weighs 1.2 KN. A block of lead
having a unit weight of 110 KN/m3 is to be added to the cylinder.

a. If the lead is to be placed inside the cylinder, what volume of lead is needed
for the tank to float in water with a draft of 1.8m?
b. If the lead is to be attached outside the cylinder, what volume of lead is
needed for the tank to float in water with a draft of 1.8m?
c. What volume of lead is needed to make the cylinder fully submerged if it is
to be attached outside the tank?

Problem 7

A piece of metal with s = 7.5 is floating in mercury of s = 13.6

a. what fraction of the total volume of the metal is above the mercury surface?
b. if the volume of the metal below the mercury surface is 0.018m3, what is the
total weight of the metal?
c. what vertical force will keep the metal fully submerged in mercury?

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