Heat Transfer and Refrigeration Problem Set

1) A wall is made of firebricks 6 inches thick and has a 50 C o difference in temperature both
sides. Calculate the heat transferred through the wall if the thermal conductivity of the
bricks is 0.65 Btu/hr-ft-oF.
2) Compute the amount of heat transferred in one hour through a solid brick wall 6 m x 2.9
m x 225 mm, when the outer surface is at 5 oC and the inner surface is 17 oC. The
coefficient of thermal conductivity of the brick is approximately 0.6 W/m-K.
3) Compute the amount of heat flow per second through an iron plate 2 cm thick and area of
5000 cm2 if one face has a temperature of 150 oC and the other face is 140 oC. The
thermal conductivity for iron is 80 W/mK.
4) A vertical furnace wall is made up of an inner wall of firebrick 20 cm thick followed by
insulating brick 15 cm thick and an outer wall of steel 1 cm thick. The surface
temperature of the wall adjacent to the combustion chamber is 1200 oC while that of the
outer surface of steel is 50 oC. The thermal conductivities of the wall material in W/m-K
are: firebrick, 10; insulating brick, 0.26; and steel, 45. Neglecting the film resistances and
contact resistance of joints, determine the heat loss per sq. m. of wall area.
5) Calculate the quantity of heat conducted per minute through a duralumin circular disc
127 mm diameter and 19 mm thick when the temperature drop across the thickness of the
plate is 5 oC. Take the coefficient of thermal conductivity of duralumin as 150 W/m-K.
6) A copper tube of length 3 m, inner diameter of 1.2 cm and outer diameter of 1.7 cm
passes through a container of rapidly circulating maintained at 20 oC. If steam passes
through the tube at 100 oC, compute the amount of heat flow rate from the steam to the
container. The thermal conductivity of copper is 1.0 Cal/s.cm.oC.
7) A thin square steel plate, 10 cm on a side, is heated in blacksmiths forge to a temperature
of 800 oC. If the emissivity is 0.60, what is the total rate of radiation of energy?
8) Hot gases at 280 oC flow on one side of a metal plate of 10 mm thickness and air at 35 oC
flows on the other side. The heat transfer coefficient of the gases is 31.5 W/m 2-K and that
of the air is 32 W/m2-K. Calculate the over-all transfer coefficient.
9) How much heat will flow in 24 hours through a plaster wall that is 0.50 in thick and 8 ft x
14 ft in area if the temperature is 80 oF on one side and 40 oF on the other? Use k = 3.25
Btu-in/hr-ft2-oF
10) Hollow sphere has an outside radius of 1 m and is made of polystyrene foam with a
thickness of 1 cm. A heat source inside keeps the inner surface 5.20 oC hotter than the
outside surface. How much power is produced by the heat source? The thermal
conductivity of polystyrene foam is 0.033 W/moC.
11) A refrigeration system using R-22 has a capacity of 320 kW of refrigeration. The
evaporating temperature is -10 oC and the condensing temperature is 40 oC. Calculate the
fraction of vapor in the mixture before the evaporator. Properties of R-22:
At -10 oC; hg = 401.60 kJ/kg, hf = 188.43 kJ/kg
At 40 oC; hf = 249.69 kJ/kg
12) A Carnot engine requires 35 kJ/s from the hot source. The engine produces 15 kW of
power and the temperature of the sinks is 26 oC. What is the temperature of the hot source
in oC?
13) An ideal vapor compression cycle requires 2.5 kW to power the compressor. You have
found the following data for the cycle: the enthalpy at the condenser entrance = 203
kJ/kg, exit = 55 kJ/kg; evaporator entrance = 55 kJ/kg, exit = 178 kJ/kg. If the mass flow
rate of the refrigerant is 0.10 kg/s, then the coefficient of performance of this refrigeration
cycle is most nearly:
14) An air conditioning plant with a capacity of 400 kW of refrigeration has an evaporating
and condensing temperature of 3 oC and 37 oC respectively. If it uses Refrigerant 12, what
volumetric rate of flow under the suction condition?
15) Magnolia Dairy products plant must cool 4000 gallons of fresh milk received from the
farm per day from an initial temperature of 80 oF to a temperature of 38oF in 5 hours. If
the density of milk is 8.6 lb/gal, specific gravity is 1.03 and specific heat is 0.935, what
must be the capacity of the refrigerating machine in tons?
16) A creamery must cool 20,000 liters of milk received each day from initial temperature of
29 oC to a final temperature of 2 oC in 5 hours. If refrigeration losses amount to 10
percent of the cooling load, what must be the capacity of the refrigerating machine? Note:
Specific heat of milk is 3.9 kJ/kg-K and SG = 1.05.
17) How many tons of refrigeration are required to produce 10 metric tons of ice per day at -
10 oC from raw water at 22 oC if miscellaneous losses are 15% of the chilling and
freezing load?
18) Five hundred kilograms of poultry enter a chiller at 8 oC and are frozen and chilled to a
final temperature of -18 oC for storage in 15 hours. The specific heat above and below
freezing are 3.18 kJ/kg oC and 1.55 kJ/kg oC respectively. The latent heat is 246 kJ/kg and
the freezing temperature is -5 oC. Compute the product load.
19) Compute the heat to be removed from 110 kg of lean beef if it were to be cooled from 20
o
C to 4 oC, after which it is frozen and cooled to -18 oC. Specific heat of beef above the
freezing point is -2.2 oC, and latent heat of fusion is 233 kJ/kg.
20) An ice plant produces 20 tons of ice per day at -15 oC from water at 25 oC. If
miscellaneous losses are 12% of the freezing and chilling load, calculate the refrigeration
capacity of the plant in tons of refrigeration.