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Lect 4

The document discusses various circuit analysis techniques including star-delta transformations, Thevenin's theorem, Norton's theorem, and the maximum power transfer theorem. Star-delta and delta-star transformations are used to convert between equivalent resistances in a star or delta configuration. Thevenin's and Norton's theorems provide methods to simplify circuits down to a voltage source with resistance or current source with resistance, respectively. The maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is delivered to a load when its resistance equals the internal resistance of the voltage source.

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ahmed arab
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22 views

Lect 4

The document discusses various circuit analysis techniques including star-delta transformations, Thevenin's theorem, Norton's theorem, and the maximum power transfer theorem. Star-delta and delta-star transformations are used to convert between equivalent resistances in a star or delta configuration. Thevenin's and Norton's theorems provide methods to simplify circuits down to a voltage source with resistance or current source with resistance, respectively. The maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is delivered to a load when its resistance equals the internal resistance of the voltage source.

Uploaded by

ahmed arab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Circuits simplification: STAR-DELTA TRANSFORMATION

(1) Transforming Relations for Delta to Star


Let us consider three resistances 𝑹𝟏𝟐 , 𝑹𝟐𝟑 and 𝑹𝟑𝟏 connected in delta formation between the
terminals A, B and C. Let their equivalent star forming resistances between the same terminals
be 𝑹𝟏 , 𝑹𝟐 and 𝑹𝟑 as shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1: Delta to star transformation of resistances

Thus, when delta connected resistances are changed to an equivalent star forming resistances,
their values are:
Example1

(2) Transforming Relations for Star to Delta


Now let us consider star to delta transformation as shown in Fig. 2.

Figure 2: Star to delta transformation of resistances


Thus, when star connected resistances are changed to equivalent delta forming resistances, the
values are:

Example2
Calculate the equivalent resistance of the network across terminals P and Q.

Solution:
Example3
Calculate the current, I supplied by the battery in the circuit shown below.

Solution:
By converting the delta between ABC or BCD into equivalent star and then make simplifications
to calculate I as:
Thevenin’s Theorem
Thevenin’s theorem to simplify a circuit for analysis.
The Thevenin equivalent form of any two-terminal resistive circuit consists of an equivalent
voltage source (𝑽𝐓𝐇 ) and an equivalent resistance (𝑹𝐓𝐇 ), arranged as shown in Fig. 3.

Figure 3: The general form of a Thevenin equivalent circuit is a voltage source in series with a
resistance.
Illustrated example:

Figure 4: Illustrated example of the simplification of a circuit by Thevenin’s theorem.


Example4
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit between A and B of the circuit in the figure below.

Solution:
First, remove 𝑅L . Then 𝑉TH equals the voltage across 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 , as shown in the figure below,
because 𝑉4 = 0 V since there is no current through it.

To find R TH , first replace the source with a short circuit. Then 𝑅1 appears in parallel with 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 ,
and 𝑅4 is in series with the series-parallel combination of 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , and 𝑅3 , as indicated in the
figure below.

The resulting Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in the figure below.


Exercise1 Using Thevenin’s theorem calculate the current flowing through the load resistance
𝑅L connected
across the terminals A and B as shown in the figure below.

Final ans.: 𝑉TH = 4 𝑉 , R TH = 10.67 𝛺, 𝐼 = 0.193 𝐴


Exercise2 Use Thevenin’s theorem to calculate the current flowing through the 5 Ω resistor in
the circuit shown in the figure below.

Final ans.: 𝑉TH = 8 𝑉 , R TH = 5 𝛺, 𝐼 = 0.8 𝐴


Exercise3 Determine current through 6 Ω resistor connected across the terminals A and B in the
electric circuit shown in the figure below.
Norton’s Theorem
Like Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem provides a method of reducing a complex circuit to a
simpler equivalent form. Norton’s theorem is a method for simplifying a two-terminal linear
circuit to an equivalent circuit with only a current source in parallel with a resistor. The form
of Norton’s equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 5.

Figure 5: The general form of a of Norton’s equivalent circuit with a current source in parallel
with a resistor.
Illustrated example:
To find 𝑰𝐍 , calculate the current between terminals A and B with these two terminals shorted,
as shown below.

Example 5 demonstrates how to find 𝑰𝐍 .

Example5
Determine 𝑰𝐍 and 𝑹𝐍 for the circuit the figure below.

Solution:
Short terminals A and B as shown in the figure below.
𝑰𝐍 is the current through the short. First, the total resistance seen by the voltage source is

The total current from the source is

Now apply the current-divider formula to find 𝑰𝐍 (the current through the short).

To find 𝑹𝐍 (= 𝑹𝐓𝐇 ): First reduce VS to zero by shorting it, as shown in the figure below.

Looking in at terminals A and B, you can see that the parallel combination of 𝑹𝟏 and 𝑹𝟐 is in
series with 𝑹𝟑 . Thus,

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem


The maximum power transfer theorem is important when you need to know the value of the
load at which the most power is delivered from the source.
The maximum power transfer theorem is stated as follows:
For a given source voltage, maximum power is transferred from a source to a load when the
load resistance is equal to the internal source resistance.
Illustration:
The source resistance, 𝑹𝐒 , of a circuit is the equivalent resistance as viewed from the output
terminals using Thevenin’s theorem. The maximum power transfer theorem assumes the source
resistance is fixed and cannot be changed. A Thevenin equivalent circuit with its output
resistance and load is shown in Figure 6. When 𝑹𝐋 = 𝑹𝐒 , the maximum power possible is
transferred from the voltage source to 𝑹𝐋 for a given value of 𝑽𝐒 .

Figure 6: Maximum power is transferred to the load when 𝑹𝐋 = 𝑹𝐒 .


Notice that the load power is greatest when 𝑅L = 75 Ω, which is the same as the
internal source resistance. When the load resistance is less than or greater than this
value, the power drops off, as the curve in the Figure below graphically illustrates.

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