DATA COLLECTION

The Interview
▸ A purposeful face-to-face relationship between two
persons, one of whom is the interviewer who asks
questions to gather information and the other called
the interviewee or respondents who supplies
information asked for.

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Types of interview (treece & treece jr., p.199-200)
▸ Standardized interview
▸ Non-standardized interview
▸ Semi-standardized interview
▸ Focused interview
▸ Nondirective interview

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Types of interview (good & scate, p. 640)
▸ According to function
▹ Diagnostic interview
▹ Treatment interview
▹ Research interview
▸ According to number of persons participating
▹ Individual
▹ Group
▸ According to length of contact
▹ Short-contact interview
▹ Long-contact interview 4
What to avoid during interview?
▸ Avoid exerting undue pressure upon a respondent to make him
participate in an interview.
▸ Avoid disagreeing or arguing with or contradicting the
respondent.
▸ Avoid unduly pressing the respondent to make a reply.
▸ Avoid using a language well over and above the ability of the
respondent to respond.
▸ Avoid talking irrelevant matters.
▸ Avoid placing the interviewee in embarrassing situation.
▸ Avoid appearing too high above the respondent in education,
knowledge, and social status.
▸ Avoid interviewing the respondent in an unholy hour. 5
SAMPLING
and
SAMPLING METHODS
SAMPLING
▸ If the data you collect really are the same as you would
get from the rest, then you can draw conclusions from
those answers which you can relate to the whole
group.
▸ This process of selecting just a small group of cases
from out of a large group is called sampling.

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SAMPLING

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SAMPLING
▸ The need to sample:
▸ Sampling- a valid alternative to a census when:
▹ A survey of the entire population is impracticable
▹ Budget constraints restrict data collection
▹ Time constraints restrict data collection
▹ Results from data collection are needed quickly

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SAMPLING
▸ When doing a survey, the question inevitably
arises:
▸ how representative is the sample of the whole
population, in other words;
▸ how similar are characteristics of the small
group of cases that are chosen for the survey
to those of all of the cases in the whole group?

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Population in Research
▸ It does not necessarily mean a number of
people, it is a collective term used to describe
the total quantity of things (or cases) of the
type which are the subject of your study.

▸ So a population can consist of certain types of

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Sampling Frame
▸ Within this population, there will probably be
only certain groups that will be of interest to
your study, this selected category is your
sampling frame.

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SAMPLING METHODS
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SAMPLING METHODS
▸ Probability sampling techniques give the most
reliable representation of the whole
population.

▸ Non-probability techniques, relying on the

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SAMPLING METHODS
▸ Probability sampling techniques give the most reliable
representation of the whole population.
▸ Non-probability techniques, relying on the judgment of
the researcher or on accident, cannot generally be
used to make generalizations about the whole
population.

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 Probability Sampling
▸ It is a sampling technique in which sample from a larger
population are chosen using a method based on the theory of
probability.
▸ For a participant to be considered as a probability sample, he/she
must be selected using a random selection.
▸ The most important requirement of probability sampling is that
everyone in your population has a known and an equal chance of
getting selected.
▸ Probability sampling uses statistical theory to select randomly, a
small group of people (sample) from an existing large population
and then predict that all their responses together will match the
overall population. 17
 Types of Probability Sampling
▸ Four main techniques used for a probability sample:

▹ Simple random
▹ Stratified random
▹ Cluster
▹ Systematic

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 Simple random sampling
▸ As the name suggests is a completely random method of
selecting the sample. This sampling method is as easy as
assigning numbers to the individuals (sample) and then
randomly choosing from those numbers through an
automated process.

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 Stratified Random sampling
▸ It involves a method where a larger population can be divided into smaller
groups, that usually don’t overlap but represent the entire population
together. While sampling these groups can be organized and then draw
a sample from each group separately. A common method is to arrange
or classify by sex, age, ethnicity and similar ways.

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 Stratified Random sampling
▸ It involves a method where a larger population can be divided into smaller
groups, that usually don’t overlap but represent the entire population
together. While sampling these groups can be organized and then draw
a sample from each group separately. A common method is to arrange
or classify by sex, age, ethnicity and similar ways.

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 Stratified Random sampling
▸ It involves a method where a larger population can be divided into smaller
groups, that usually don’t overlap but represent the entire population
together. While sampling these groups can be organized and then draw
a sample from each group separately. A common method is to arrange
or classify by sex, age, ethnicity and similar ways.

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 Cluster random sampling
▸ It is a way to randomly select participants when they are geographically
spread out. Cluster sampling usually analyzes a particular population in
which the sample consists of more than a few elements, for example,
city, family, university etc. The clusters are then selected by dividing the
greater population into various smaller sections.

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 Systematic Sampling
▸ It is when you choose every “nth” individual to be a part of the sample.
For example, you can choose every 5th person to be in the
sample. Systematic sampling is an extended implementation of the
same old probability technique in which each member of the group is
selected at regular periods to form a sample. There’s an equal
opportunity for every member of a population to be selected using this
sampling technique.

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 Types of Non-probability Sampling
▸ Four main techniques used for a non-probability
sample:
▹ Convenience
▹ Judgemental
▹ Snowball
▹ Quota

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 Convenience Sampling
▸ It is a non-probability sampling technique used to create
sample as per ease of access, readiness to be a part of the
sample, availability at a given time slot or any other practical
specifications of a particular element.
▸ Convenience sampling involves selecting haphazardly those
cases that are easiest to obtain for your sample, such as the
person interviewed at random in a shopping center for a
television program.

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 Judgmental Sampling
▸ In the judgmental sampling, also called purposive sampling,
the sample members are chosen only on the basis of the
researcher’s knowledge and judgment.
▸ It enables you to select cases that will best enable you to
answer your research question(s) and to meet your
objectives.

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 Snowball Sampling
▸ Snowball sampling method is purely based on referrals and that is how a
researcher is able to generate a sample. Therefore this method is also
called the chain-referral sampling method.
▸ This sampling technique can go on and on, just like a snowball
increasing in size (in this case the sample size) till the time a researcher
has enough data to analyze, to draw conclusive results that can help an
organization make informed decisions.

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 Quota Sampling
▸ Selection of members in this sampling technique happens on basis of a
pre-set standard. In this case, as a sample is formed on basis of specific
attributes, the created sample will have the same attributes that are
found in the total population. It is an extremely quick method of
collecting samples.
▸ Quota sampling is therefore a type of stratified sample in which
selection of cases within strata is entirely non-random.

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