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Thermochemistry Part 1 With Annotation

The document discusses various types of energy including radiant, thermal, chemical, nuclear, and potential energy. It introduces thermodynamics and the first law of thermodynamics which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another. The first law is expressed as a change in internal energy of a system (ΔU) equals heat (q) plus work (w). Processes can be endothermic, requiring heat, or exothermic, releasing heat. Enthalpy (H) is used to quantify heat flow at constant pressure and the calorimetry equation relates heat (q) to changes in temperature using heat capacity (C).

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Gabriel Diuyan
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87 views

Thermochemistry Part 1 With Annotation

The document discusses various types of energy including radiant, thermal, chemical, nuclear, and potential energy. It introduces thermodynamics and the first law of thermodynamics which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another. The first law is expressed as a change in internal energy of a system (ΔU) equals heat (q) plus work (w). Processes can be endothermic, requiring heat, or exothermic, releasing heat. Enthalpy (H) is used to quantify heat flow at constant pressure and the calorimetry equation relates heat (q) to changes in temperature using heat capacity (C).

Uploaded by

Gabriel Diuyan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Thermodynamics: First Law

(Part 1)
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work.
• Radiant energy comes from the sun and is earth’s primary
energy source
• Thermal energy is the energy associated with the random
motion of atoms and molecules
• Chemical energy is the energy stored within the bonds of
chemical substances
• Nuclear energy is the energy stored within the collection of
neutrons and protons in the atom
• Potential energy is the energy available by virtue of an
object’s position

© McGraw-Hill Education. 6-2


Thermochemistry is the study of heat change in chemical
reactions.

System = the part of the


universe under study

Surroundings = rest of the


universe (or as much
as needed…)

Universe = System + Surroundings


Exothermic and Endothermic Processes
Exothermic process is any process
that gives off heat – transfers thermal
energy from the system to the
surroundings.

2H 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) → 2H 2O ( l ) + energy

H 2O ( g ) → H 2O ( l ) + energy

Endothermic process is any process


in which heat has to be supplied to the
system from the surroundings.

energy + 2HgO ( s ) → 2Hg ( l ) + O 2 ( g )

energy + H 2O ( s ) → H 2O ( l )

© McGraw-Hill Education. 6-4


Conservation of Energy & Changes of
State
When heat is: Added to a system
▪ q is positive
▪ the change is endothermic
Removed from a system
▪ q is negative
▪ the change is exothermic.

Water Boils: H2O(ℓ) → H2O(g) endothermic

Steam Condenses: H2O(g) → H2O(ℓ) exothermic

Work occurs as the sample expands or contracts. Overall:


ΔE = q + w
Phase Changes

endothermic
process
(heat added)

exothermic
process
(heat released)
Thermodynamics

First law of thermodynamics – energy can be converted


from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.

ΔU system + ΔU surroundings = 0
or
ΔU system = − ΔU surroundings

C3 H 8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4 H 2O

Exothermic chemical reaction!

Chemical energy lost by = Energy gained by the


combustion system surroundings surroundings
© McGraw-Hill Education. 6-7
Another form of the first law for
ΔU = q + w
ΔU is the change in internal energy of a system
q is the heat exchange between the system and the surroundings
w is the work done on (or by) the system
w = − PΔ V when a gas expands against a constant external pressure
Table 6.1 Sign Conventions for Work and Heat

Process Sign

Work done by the system on the surroundings −

Work done on the system by the surroundings

Heat absorbed by the system from the surroundings


(endothermic process)

Heat absorbed by the surroundings from the system


−
(exothermic process)

© McGraw-Hill Education. 6-8


Internal energy = E within the system because of
nanoscale position or motion

SURROUNDINGS
SYSTEM
Heat transfer in Heat transfer out
q>0 q<0
ΔE = q + w
Work transfer in Work transfer out
w>0 w<0
EXAMPLE
A motor does 50.2 J of work on its surroundings while
transferring 90.1 J of heat to its surroundings. Calculate
the change in the energy during this process.
Answer: -140.3 J
EXAMPLE
A system contracts from an initial volume of 15.0 L to a final
volume of 10.0 L under a constant external pressure of 0.800
atm. The value of w, in J, is
Answer: 405.3 J
Enthalpy
Enthalpy (H) is used to quantify the heat flow into or out of a system in a
process that occurs at constant pressure.

Δ H = H ( products ) − H ( reactants )
ΔH = heat given off or absorbed during a reaction at constant pressure

H products  H reactants H products  H reactants


ΔH 0 ΔH 0

© McGraw-Hill Education. 6-13


The Calorimetry Equation
q = C x Δt
– Δt = tfinal – tinitial
– C (uppercase) is the heat capacity of the system: it is
the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature
of the system by 1 °C
q = m x c x Δt
– c (lowercase) is the specific heat: the quantity of heat
needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a
substance by 1 °C
• c depends on the identity and phase of the
substance
Heat Capacity
Substance c (J g-1 °C-1) cm (J mol-1 °C-1)
Elements
C (graphite) 0.720 8.65
Al(s) 0.902 24.3
Fe(s) 0.451 25.1
Cu(s) 0.385 24.4
Au(s) 0.129 25.4
Compounds
NH3(ℓ) 4.70 80.1
H2O(ℓ) 4.184 75.3
H2O(s) 2.06 37.1
CCl4(ℓ) 0.861 132.
CCl2F2(ℓ) 0.598 72.3
Common solids
wood 1.76
concrete 0.88
glass 0.84
granite 0.79
EXAMPLE
How much energy will be used to heat 500.0 g of iron from 22°C to
55°C? cFe = 0.451 J g-1 °C-1. Answer: +7.4 kJ
EXAMPLE
A 24.1 kJ of energy is lost by a 251 g aluminum block. If the block is
initially at 125.0°C what will be its final temperature? (cAl = 0.902 J
g-1 °C-1) Answer: T=19°C
EXAMPLE
A 215 g block of Cu at 505.0°C is plunged into 1.000 kg of water (T = 23.4
°C) in an insulated container. What will be the final equilibrium T of the
water and the Cu? (cCu = 0.385 J g-1 °C-1, cH2O = 4.184 J g-1 °C-1)
Answer: T final = 32.7°C
Constant Pressure Calorimetry
EXAMPLE
A 1.02 g of Mg was reacted with excess 1 M HCl (aq) (255.0 g) in a coffee-cup
calorimeter. Tsoln rose from 22.0 to 41.6 °C. cHCl = 3.90 J g-1°C-1 . Complete:
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → H2(g) + MgCl2(aq) ΔrH° = ? Answer: -476 kJ
Constant Volume Calorimetry
EXAMPLE
Octane (0.600 g) was burned in a bomb calorimeter containing 751 g of water. T
increased from 22.15 °C to 29.12 °C. Calculate the heat evolved per mole of octane
burned. Ccal = 895 J°C-1. MMC8H18 = 114.26 g/mol
2 C8H18(ℓ) + 25 O2(g) → 16 CO2(g) + 18 H2O(ℓ) Answer: -5.35 x 103 kJ/mol
End of Part 1

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