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Pascals Triangle and Binomial Theorem

The document discusses Pascal's triangle and the binomial theorem. Pascal's triangle shows the coefficients of the terms in the binomial expansion. The binomial theorem provides a formula for expanding any power of a binomial using these coefficients. Examples are given of expanding binomial expressions like (x-y)^5 and (2x-y)^6 using the theorem.

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36 views

Pascals Triangle and Binomial Theorem

The document discusses Pascal's triangle and the binomial theorem. Pascal's triangle shows the coefficients of the terms in the binomial expansion. The binomial theorem provides a formula for expanding any power of a binomial using these coefficients. Examples are given of expanding binomial expressions like (x-y)^5 and (2x-y)^6 using the theorem.

Uploaded by

hacker john
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PASCAL’S TRIANGLE and BINOMIAL THEOREM

PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
French Mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) wrote extensively about a triangular
array of numbers for binomial coefficients.

For (𝑥 + 𝑦)0 1 1+1=2

For (𝑥 + 𝑦)1 1 1

For (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 1 2 1 3+3=6


For (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 1 3 3 1

For (𝑥 + 𝑦)4 1 4 6 4 1

For (𝑥 + 𝑦)5 1 5 10 10 5 1

writing the formulas for (𝑥 + 𝑦)5 :

(𝑥 + 𝑦)5 = 𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 4 𝑦 + 10𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 10𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 5𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑦 5

Example 1.

(𝑥 − 𝑦)5 = 𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 4 (−𝑦) + 10𝑥 3 (−𝑦)2 + 10𝑥 2 (−𝑦)3 + 5𝑥(−𝑦)4 + (−𝑦)5

(𝒙 − 𝒚)𝟓 = 𝒙𝟓 − 𝟓𝒙𝟒 𝒚 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟓𝒙𝒚𝟒 − 𝒚𝟓


BINOMIAL THEOREM

Formula:
𝒏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏(𝒏−𝟏) 𝒏−𝟐 𝟐 𝒏(𝒏−𝟏)(𝒏−𝟐) 𝒏−𝟑 𝟑 𝒏
(𝐚 + 𝐛)𝐧 = 𝒂𝒏 + 𝒂 𝒃+ 𝒂 𝒃 + 𝒂 𝒃 + ⋯+ 𝒂𝒃𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒃𝒏
𝟏 𝟏∙𝟐 𝟏∙𝟐∙𝟑 𝟏

Sample 2.

Expand (2𝑥 − 𝑦)6 using binomial theorem.

a = 2x
b = -y

n=6
6 6(6−1) 6(6−1)(6−2)
(2x − y)6 = (2𝑥 )6 + (2𝑥 )6−1 (−𝑦) + (2𝑥 )6−2 (−𝑦)2 + (2𝑥 )6−3 (−𝑦)3 +
1 1∙2 1∙2∙3

6(6 − 1)(6 − 2)(6 − 3) 6


(2𝑥)6−4 (−𝑦)4 + (2𝑥)(−𝑦)6−1 + (−𝑦)6
1∙2∙3∙4 1
= 64𝑥 6 + (6)(32)𝑥 5 (−𝑦) + (15)(16𝑥 4 )(𝑦 2 ) + (20)(8)𝑥 3 (−𝑦)3 + (15)(4)𝑥 2 (−𝑦)4 +

12𝑥(−𝑦)5 + 𝑦 6

(𝟐𝐱 − 𝐲)𝟔 = 𝟔𝟒𝒙𝟔 − 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝒙𝟓 𝒚 + 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑 + 60𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟓 + 𝒚𝟔


FINDING FOR THE rth TERM OF A GIVEN EXPANSION:

Formula:

rth term = Cr-1 xn-r+1 yr-1


n

Sample 3.

Determine the 5th term in the expansion of (x +2y)6.


n=6

r=5

x=x
y = 2y
Solution:

rth term = nCr-1 xn-r+1 yr-1


5th term = 6C5-1 x6-5+1 y5-1
= 6C4 x2 y4
= (15) x2 y4 substitute the value of x and y

= 15x2 (2y)4

= (15x2 )(16y4)

5th term = 240 x 2 y4

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