ST.

ANNE’S
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi. Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
(An ISO 9001: 2015 Certified Institution)
ANGUCHETTYPALAYAM, PANRUTI - 607 110

2021 REGULATION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING.

EC3271 CIRCUITS ANALYSIS LABORATORY

(B.E II Semester Batch 2021-2025)

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 EC3271 CIRCUITS ANALYSIS LABORATORY

List of Experiments
1. A.Verification of Thevenin Theorems.
B. Verification of Norton’s Theorems.

2. A. Verification of KVL
B. Verification of KCL.

3. Verification of Superposition Theorem.

4. A. Verification of Maximum Power Transfer

B. Verification of reciprocity Theorems.

5. Frequency response of series & parallel resonance circuits.

6. Transient analysis of RL and RC circuits

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 VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM
EX. NO: 1(a)

AIM:
To verify the Thevenin’s theorem for the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 RPS DC (0-30)V 1

2 Resistor - 1KΩ 3

3 Ammeter DC (0-10)mA 1

4 Bread board - - 1

5 Connecting wires - - Few

THEORY:
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
Any linear active network with output terminals C and D can be replaced by a
single voltage source (VTh = VOc) in series with a single impedance (ZTh = Zi).
VTh is the Thevenin’s voltage. It is the voltage between the terminals C and D on
open circuit condition. Hence it is called open circuit voltage denoted by VOc.
ZTh is called Thevenin’s impedance. It is the driving point impedance at the
terminals C and D when all the internal sources are set to zero. In case of DC ZTh is
replaced by RTh.

Circuit Diagram for Thevenin’s Theorem

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CALCULATION:
The Thevenin’s equivalent circuit is,

To Find RTH:

= 1K = 1K ;
RTH= R1*R2
R1+R2

To Find VTH:

4
VTH=VBE

PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Initially set 5V as input voltage from RPS.
4. The ammeter reading is noted and the value is tabulated.
Table:
Let V = 5V

S .NO Voltage in Volts Load Current in Amps

Theoretical Value Practical Value

RESULT:

Thus the Thevenin’s theorem for the given circuit is verified successfull

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 NORTON’S THEOREM
EX. NO: 1(b)

AIM:
To verify the Norton’s theorem for the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 RPS DC (0-30)V 1

2 Resistor - 1KΩ 3

3 Ammeter DC (0-10)mA 1

4 Bread board - - 1

5 Connecting wires - - Few

THEORY:
NORTON’S THEOREM:
Any linear active network with output terminals C and D can be replaced by a
single current source ISC(IN) in parallel with a single impedance (ZTh = Zn).
ISC is the current through the terminals C and D on short circuit condition. ZTh is
called Thevenin’s impedance. In case of DC ZTh is replaced by RTh.
The current through impedance connected to the terminals of the Norton’s
equivalent circuit must have the same direction as the current through the same
impedance connected to the original active network.

Circuit Diagram for Norton’s Theorem

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CALCULATION:
The Norton’s equivalent circuit is,

To Find RTH:

= 1K = 1K ;
RTH= R1*R2
R1+R2
To Find ISC:

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Let V=5V
In the loop ABEFA by applying KVL,

In the loop BCDEB by applying KVL,

From the equation (I) and (2),

∴
IL = ISC*RTH
RTH+RL

PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Initially set 5V as input voltage from RPS.
4. The ammeter reading is noted and the value is tabulated.

RESULT:
Thus the Norton’s theorem for the given circuit is verified successfully.
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 KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

EX. NO: 2(a)

AIM:
To verify the Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) for the given circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 RPS DC (0-30)V 1

2 Resistor - 1KΩ 3

3 Voltmeter DC (0-10)V 3

4 Bread board - - 1

5 Connecting wires - - Few

FORMULA USED:
1. CURRENT DIVISION RULE:

I = TOTAL CURRENT X OPPOSITE RESISTANCE

TOTAL RESISTANCE

2. OHM’S LAW:

V=IR

Where, V = Voltage in Volts

I = Current in Amperes
R = Resister in Ohms
THEORY:
KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:
It states that the algebraic sum of all the voltages in a closed loop is equal to
zero.
∑V = 0

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CALCULATION:
= 1K = 1K ; = 1K

Let V = 5V,
I1= I*R2
R1+R2

V1=I1*R1
In the loop ABEFA,

Circuit Diagram for Kirchoff’s Voltage Law

PROCEDURE:
KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Initially set 5V as input voltage from RPS.
4. The voltmeter readings are noted and the values are tabulated.
5. The same procedure is repeated for various values.

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 .COM

Table:
Let V = 5V

Voltage in Volts
S.NO Applied voltage
V1 V2 V3

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RESULT:
Thus the Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) for the given circuit is verified.

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 KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

EX. NO: 2(b)

AIM:
To verify the Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) for the given circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 RPS DC (0-30)V 1

2 Resistor - 1KΩ 3

3 Ammeter DC (0-30)mA 3

4 Bread board - - 1

5 Connecting wires - - Few

FORMULA USED:
1. CURRENT DIVISION RULE:

I = TOTAL CURRENT X OPPOSITE RESISTANCE

TOTAL RESISTANCE
2. OHM’S LAW:

Where, V = Voltage in Volts

I = Current in Amperes
R = Resister in Ohms

THEORY:
KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:
It states that the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a node is equal to zero.

CALCULATION:
= 1K = 1K ; = 1K

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 Let V = 5V,
I1= I*R2
R1+R2

At node B the current = I=I1+I2

Circuit Diagram for Kirchoff’s Current Law

PROCEDURE:
KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Initially set 5V as input voltage from RPS.
4. The ammeter readings are noted and the values are tabulated.
5. The same procedure is repeated for various values.
Table:

Current in amps
S.NO Applied voltage
I1 I2 I=I1+I2

RESULT:
Thus the Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) for the given circuit is verified.
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 VERIFICATON OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
EX. NO: 3

AIM:
To verify the superposition theorem for the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 RPS DC (0-30)V 2

1KΩ,2K,10
2 Resistor - K 3

3 Ammeter DC (0-50)mA 1

4 Bread board - - 1

5 Connecting wires - - Few

THEORY:
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

The superposition theorem for electrical circuits states that the total current in any
branch of a bilateral linear circuit equals the algebraic sum of the currents produced by
each source acting separately throughout the circuit.

To ascertain the contribution of each individual source, all of the other sources first
must be "killed" (set to zero) by:

1. replacing all other voltage sources with a short circuit (thereby eliminating
difference of potential. i.e. V=0)
2. replacing all other current sources with an open circuit (thereby eliminating
current. i.e. I=0)

This procedure is followed for each source in turn, and then the resultant currents are
added to determine the true operation of the circuit. The resultant circuit operation is the
superposition of the various voltage and current sources
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 Circuit Diagram for Superposition Theorem

Table:

Load current across the branch AB

E1 E2 (mA)
S.No
voltage(Volts) voltage(Volts)
Theoritical Practical

E1 SOURCE IS

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CALCULATION:
= 1K = 1K ; = 1K

Let V = 5V,

Table:

Load current across the branch

AB (mA)
S.No E1 voltage(Volts)
Theoritical Practical

1 5

E2 SOURCE IS ACTING:

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CALCULATION:
= 1K = 1K ; = 1K

Let V = 10V,

Table:

Load current across the branch

AB (mA)
S.No E2 voltage(Volts)
Theoritical Practical

1 10

E1 and E2 SOURCES ARE ACTING:

RESULT:
Thus the superposition theorem for the given circuit is verified.

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 VERIFICATON OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
EX. NO: 4(a)

AIM:
To verify the maximum power transfer theorem for the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 RPS DC (0-30)V 1

2 Resistor - 1KΩ 2

3 Variable Resistor 1KΩ 1

4 Ammeter DC (0-10)mA 1

5 Bread board - - 1

6 Connecting wires - - Few

THEORY:
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:

In electrical engineering, the maximum power (transfer) theorem states that, to

obtain maximum external power from a source to a load with a finite internal resistance,
the resistance of the load must be made the same as that of the source.

The theorem applies to maximum power, and not maximum efficiency. If the
resistance of the load is made larger than the resistance of the source, then efficiency is
higher, since most of the power is generated in the load, but the overall power is lower
since the total circuit resistance goes up.

If the internal impedance is made larger than the load then most of the power ends
up being dissipated in the source, and although the total power dissipated is higher, due to
a lower circuit resistance, it turns out that the amount dissipated in the load is reduced.

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 Circuit Diagram for Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
CALCULATION:
To Find RTH:

= 1K = 1K ;

To Find VTH:

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Let V = 5V,

PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Initially set 5V as input voltage from RPS.
4. The ammeter reading is noted for various values of load resistance and
the values are tabulated.
5. The load resistance for the maximum power is obtained from the table.

Table:
Let V = 5V

Resistance(RL) Current(IL) Power (IL2RL)

S.No
in Ohms in mA in mW

1 100

2 200

3 300

4 400

5 500

6 700

7 900

RESULT:
Thus the maximum power transfer theorem for the given circuit is verified
successfully.

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 WWW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

RECIPROCITY THEOREM
EX. NO: 4(b)

AIM:
To verify the reciprocity theorem for the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 RPS DC (0-30)V 1

2 Resistor - 1KΩ 4

3 Ammeter DC (0-5)mA 1

4 Bread board - - 1

5 Connecting wires - - Few

THEORY:
RECIPROCITY THEOREM:
The reciprocity theorem states that if an emf ‘E’ in one branch of a reciprocal
network produces a current I in another, then if the emf ‘E’ is moved from the first to the
second branch, it will cause the same current in the first branch, where the emf has been
replaced by a short circuit. We shall see that any network composed of linear, bilateral
elements (such as R, L and C) is reciprocal.
Before interchanging:

Circuit Diagram for Reciprocity Theorm

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CALCULATION:
Let V=5V
In the loop ABEF by applying KVL,

In the loop BCDE by applying KVL,

D=

PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Initially set 5V as input voltage from RPS.
4. The ammeter reading is noted and tabulated.

Table for before interchanging:

Current (mA)
V (Volts)
Theoritical Practical

After interchanging:

Circuit Diagram for Reciprocity Theorem

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CALCULATION:
Let V=5V.
In the loop ABEFA by applying KVL,

In the loop BCDE B by applying KVL,

D=

PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Initially set 5V as input voltage from RPS.
4. The ammeter reading is noted and tabulated.

Table for before interchanging:

Current (mA)
V (Volts)
Theoritical Practical

RESULT:
Thus the reciprocity theorem for the given circuit is verified successfully.

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 DETERMINATION OF RESONANCE FREQUENCY OF SERIES AND
PARALLEL RLC CIRCUITS

EX. NO: 5

AIM:
To determine the resonance frequency of series and parallel RLC circuits
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

Function (1Hz-
1 AC 1
Generator 3MHz)

2 Resistor AC 600Ω 1

3 Inductor AC 101.4mH 1

4 Capacitor AC 0.01mF 1

5 Ammeter AC (0-10)mA 1

6 Bread board - - 1

7 Connecting wires - - Few

THEORY:

The resonance of a RLC circuit occurs when the inductive and capacitive
reactance are equal in magnitude but cancel each other because they are 180 degrees
apart in phase. The sharp minimum in impedance which occurs is useful in tuning
applications. The sharpness of the minimum depends on the value of R.

The frequency at which the reactance of the inductance and the capacitance cancel
each other is the resonant frequency (or the unity power factor frequency) of this circuit.
This occurs at

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SERIES RESONANCE:

Circuit Diagram for Series Resonant

CALCULATION:
R = 600Ω
L = 101.4mH
C = 0.01µF

PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. The input is given in the form of sin wave by function generator.
4. The amplitude of the response across the resistor is noted for
various frequency ranges.
5. The current is calculated and tabulated.

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Table:
Output
S.N Frequncy I=V/R
voltage
o (KHz) (mA)
(Volts)

1 1

2 2

3 2.5

4 3

5 4.5

6 6

7 7

8 8

Frequency Response of Series Resonance Circuit

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PARALLEL RESONANCE:

Circuit Diagram for Parallel Resonant

CALCULATION:
R = 600Ω
L = 101.4mH
C = 0.01µF

PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. The input is given in the form of sin wave by function generator.
4. The amplitude of the response across the resistor is noted for various
frequency ranges.
5. The current is calculated and tabulated.

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Table:
Output
Frequency I=V/R
S.No voltage
(KHz) (mA)
(Volts)

1 1

2 1.8

3 2.5

4 3

5 4

6 5.2

7 7

8 8

Frequency Response of Parallel Resonance Circuit

RESULT:
Thus the frequency response of series and parallel resonant circuits are analyzed.

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 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF RL AND RC CIRCUITS

EX. NO: 6
AIM:

To construct RL & RC transient circuit and to draw the transient curves.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OFTHE RANGE TYPE QTY.

. EQUIPMENT
1. RPS (0-30)V DC 1
2. Ammeter (0-10)mA MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0-10)V MC 1
4. Resistor 10 KΩ - 3

5. Capacitor 1000 µ F - 1
6. Bread board - - 1
7. Connecting - Single As required
Wires strand

THEORY:

Electrical devices are controlled by switches which are closed to connect supply to the
device, or opened in order to disconnect the supply to the device. The switching operation will
change the current and voltage in the device. The purely resistive devices will allow instantaneous
change in current and voltage.
An inductive device will not allow sudden change in current and capacitance device will not allow
sudden change in voltage. Hence when switching operation is performed in inductive and
capacitive devices, the current & voltage in device will take a certain time to change from pre
switching value to steady state value after switching. This phenomenon is known as transient. The
study of switching condition in the circuit is called transient analysis.The state of the circuit from
instant of switching to attainment of steady state is called transient state. The time duration from
the instant of switching till the steady state is called transient period. The current & voltage of circuit
elements during transient period is called transient response.

FORMULA:
Time constant of RC circuit = RC

PROCEDURE:

 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 Before switching ON the power supply the switch S should be in off position
 Now switch ON the power supply and change the switch to ON position.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

S.NO. TIME CHARGING DISCHARGING

(msec) CURRENT (I) A CURRENT (I) A

MODEL CALCULATION & ANALYSIS:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RC CIRCUIT:

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 MODEL GRAPH:

CHARGING DISCHARGING

CHARGING:

S.NO. TIME VOLTAGE CURRENT

(msec) ACROSS THROUG
‘C’ H‘C’
(volts) (mA)

MODEL CALCULATION & ANALYSIS:

TABULATION:

DISCHARGING:

S.NO. TIME VOLTAGE CURRENT

(msec) ACROSS THROUG
‘C’ H‘C’
(volts) (mA)

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MODEL CALCULATION & ANALYSIS:

RESULT:

Thus the transient response of RL & RC circuit for DC input was verified.

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