Module No.

MANOMETER
FLUID MECHANICS

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO

Department of Engineering & Architecture
FLUID MECHANICS/ Module 2: MANOMETER 1
ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
This module or any portion thereof may not be reproduced, copied, transmitted or distributed in
any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the College or the Author.

FLUID MECHANICS/ Module 2: MANOMETER 2

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 COURSE OUTLINE

Course Information
1. Course title : Fluid Mechanics
2. Program : Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering,
Electronics Engineering
3. Course Code : Fluid Mech
4. Credit Units : 3 units ; lec: 2 units ; lab: 1 unit
5. Prerequisite : Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

Instructor Information
1. Name: Engr. Janet S. Crisostomo
Master in Engineering major in Structural Engineering, PLM Batch 2015
Dean, Department of Engineering & Architecture (DEA), BHC
Program Head, CE Department, BHC

2. Contact Information
a. Facebook page: facebook.com/bhc_civil
b. Email: [email protected]

Course Purpose and Description

The Course deals with the Fundamental Principles of Fluid at Rest and in motion. This
includes:
Familiarization of the properties of common liquids.
Application of fundamental principles in solving problems involving liquid pressure and
corresponding forces resulting from this pressure.
Determination of Fluid flows through different devices such as Orifices and Pipes.

FLUID MECHANICS/ Module 2: MANOMETER 3

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO)
Upon successful completion of this course, students are expected to be able :

1. To identify the Fluid properties that are involved in the determination of pressure and
forces acting on a body.
2. To apply knowledge of Solid Geometry, Statics & Dynamics of Rigid Bodies and
Deformable Bodies in solving complex Civil Engineering problems related to Fluid
Mechanics.
3. To perform calculations related to fluid pressure and forces of the liquid at rest and in
motion.
4. To conduct laboratory experiments involving fluids, as well as to analyze and interpret its
results.
5. To describe and predict the conditions of bodies under the action of hydrostatic forces.
6. To calculate fluid flows through Orifices and Pipes.

FLUID MECHANICS/ Module 2: MANOMETER 4

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
Course Schedule
Weeks Module No. Topic/Module ILO
INTRODUCTION TO FLUID
MECHANICS
1st 1 1.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF 1, 2, 3
FLUIDS
1.2 FLUID PRESSURE
MANOMETER:
2nd 2 2.1 OPEN MANOMETER 1, 2, 3, 4
2.2 DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER
3.1 COMBINED PRESSURE DUE TO
GRAVITY LOAD AND
3rd 3 HYDOSTATIC PRESSURE 1, 2, 3, 5
3.2 BOYLE’S LAW
MIDTERM ASSESSMENT
4.1 HOOP TENSION IN CIRCULAR
4th 4 PIPES AND TANKS 1, 2, 3, 5
4.2 BUOYANCY
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
5.1 DISCHARGE
5th 5 5.2 ENERGY AND HEAD 1, 2, 3, 5
5.3 BERNOULLI’S ENERGY
THEOREM
MEASURING DEVICES IN FLUID
FLOWS
6th 6 6.1 ORIFICES 1, 2, 3, 5
6.2 PIPES
FINAL ASSESSMENT

References : Hydraulics by King

FLUID MECHANICS/ Module 2: MANOMETER 5

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
Module 2: MANOMETER

MODULE DESCRIPTION:
Module 2 deals with the concepts and calculations of Fluid Pressures involving manometers.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this module, you should be able to:
1. Discuss Manometer.
2. Compute Fluid pressures using problems involving manometers.

2.0 MANOMETER

MANOMETER is a tube, usually bent in the form of a U containing a liquid of known specific
gravity, the surface of which moves proportionally to changes of pressure.

TWO TYPES OF MANOMETER:

1. OPEN TYPE is a manometer with an atmospheric surface in one leg and capable of
measuring gage pressures as shown in fig. 2.01-a. (open in one leg)

2. DIFFERENTIAL TYPE is a manometer without an atmospheric surface and capable of

measuring only differences in pressures as shown in fig. 2.01-b.

1 n

m 4 m
2

3 3

fig. 2.01-a : Open manometer fig. 2.01-b : Differential manometer

FLUID MECHANICS/ Module 2: MANOMETER 6

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
2.1 OPEN MANOMETER

PIEZOMETER – is the simplest form of manometer. It is a tube tapped into the wall of a container
or conduit for the purpose of measuring the pressure.

piezometer P1
P1 P1

h
h - pressure
head h

fig 2.11-a fig 2.11-b fig 2.11-c

In fig 2.11-a the liquid surface inside the container is of the same level as the liquid surface at the piezometer when P1 = 0.
In fig 2.11-b the liquid surface at the piezometer is lower than the liquid surface inside the container when P1 < 0.
In fig 2.11-c the liquid surface at the piezometer is higher than the liquid surface inside the container when P1 > 0.

STEPS IN THE SOLUTION OF OPEN MANOMETER PROBLEMS:

1. Draw a sketch of the manometer approximately to scale.

2. Decide on the fluid in feet (or meters) of which the heads are to be expressed.
3. Starting with the atmospheric surface in the manometer as the point of known pressure head,
number in order the levels of contact of fluids of different specific gravities as shown in fig.
2.01-a.
4. Starting with atmospheric pressure head, proceed from level to level. Adding or subtracting
pressure heads as the elevation decreases or increases respectively, with due regard for the
specific gravities of the fluids.

Formulas:
1. Pressure Transmitted: 𝑃n = 𝑃1 ± ∑ 𝜕ℎ
𝑃n 𝑃1 ∑ 𝜕ℎ
= ±
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠: ℎn = ℎ1 ± ∑ ℎ ( 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦)

2. Equivalent Pressure Head:

𝑆𝐵 ℎ𝐵
𝑆𝐴 ℎ𝐴 = 𝑆𝐵 ℎ𝐵 → ℎ𝐴 =
𝑆𝐴

FLUID MECHANICS/ Module 2: MANOMETER 7

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS:

1. Determine the pressure in psi and pressure head in feet at m for the open manometer shown
in figure. Fluid A is oil (S = 0.75) and fluid B is mercury. (13.6)

Figure:
Fluid A
12”

48”

Fluid B
Required:
a.) P in psi,
b.) h in feet of oil

Solution:
Starting with the atmospheric surface in the manometer, number in order the levels of
contact of different fluids.
Oil
1
S = 0.75 12”
2 2 2

48”

m 3
Hg (S = 13.6)

a. Pressure at point m:
Using Transmitted pressure formula, Add or subtract pressure as the elevation
decreases or increases respectively,

𝑃n = 𝑃1 ± ∑ 𝜕ℎ

𝑃m = 𝑃1 ± (𝜕ℎ)12 ± (𝜕ℎ)23
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
𝑃m = 0 + 13.6 (62.4 3
) (12") + 0.75 (62.4 3 ) (48")
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑏 1𝑓𝑡 3 𝒍𝒃
𝑃m = 0 + {13.6 (12) + 0.75 (48)} 𝑖𝑛 (62.4 3 ) 𝑥 ( ) = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝟐 (𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑓𝑡 12 𝑖𝑛 𝒊𝒏

FLUID MECHANICS/ Module 2: MANOMETER 8

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 b. Pressure head at point m in terms of oil:
Solution 1:
𝑃m = (𝜕ℎ )𝑜𝑖𝑙 → 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
𝑙𝑏 12 𝑖𝑛 2 𝑙𝑏
7.193 x ( ) = 0.75 (62.4 )ℎ
𝑖𝑛2 1 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝒉𝒎 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝐟𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐢𝐥

Solution 2:
Another solution in solving for pressure head is Sum of Heads formula.
Using this formula all heads shall be in terms of one liquid only, specifically in terms
of liquid at point where it is to be determined.

ℎn = ℎ1 ± ∑ ℎ

To get the equivalent heads use:

𝑆𝐵 ℎ𝐵
ℎ𝐴 =
𝑆𝐴

ℎm = ℎ1 ± ℎ12 ± ℎ23 ( 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙)

12"(13.6) 1 𝑓𝑡
ℎm = 0 + + 48" = 265.6 in x = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝒇𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒊𝒍
0.75 12 𝑖𝑛

if pressure is to be determined from this solution 2 (for checking):

𝑃m = (𝜕ℎ)𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑙𝑏 1 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑃m = 0.75 (62.4 3 ) ( 22.133 𝑓𝑡)𝑥 ( ) = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟗𝟑 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑓𝑡 12 𝑖𝑛

FLUID MECHANICS/ Module 2: MANOMETER 9

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 2. Compute the pressure head at m in feet of fluid where fluid A is oil (s = 0.85), gage liquid
is carbon tetrachloride (s = 1.60), y = 30 in., z = 25 in.

Air

Figure: Z

m
Y

Fluid A Gage liquid

Required: h at m in feet

Solution:
2 2
Air Z
y = 30 in 1
4
m
z = 25 in
Y
3
3

Carbon Tetrachloride
Oil (S=0.85) S=1.60

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠: ℎn = ℎ1 ± ∑ ℎ ( 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙)

𝑆𝐵 ℎ𝐵
ℎ𝐴 =
𝑆𝐴
1.60 (25") 0 (ℎ23 ) 0.85 (30") 1 𝑓𝑡 1
ℎm = 0 − + − = 17.059 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ( )
0.85 0.85 0.85 12 𝑖𝑛
ℎm = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒊𝒍

3. For a gage reading at A of - 2.5 psi determine (a) the elevation of the liquids in the open
piezometer columns E, F, G and the (b) deflection of the mercury in the U-tube in figure.
Sp. gr. Of fluid @ E is 0.70, @ F is 1.0 and @ G is 1.60.

FLUID MECHANICS/ Module 2: MANOMETER 10

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 E F G

Elev. 65’
Figure:
Elev. 49’

Elev. 38’

Elev. 26’

x Elev. 20’
Elev. 14’

Hg

Required:
a. elevation of liquids at E, F, G
b. deflection of the hg (x)

Solution:
E F G

Elev. 65’

Elev. 49’ 1
11’
hE
Elev. 38’ 2
12’ hF

Elev. 26’ 3 hG
6’
4
6 Elev. 20’
x
5 Elev. 14’

Hg

a. Elevation of liquids E, F, G:

Elevation at any point = reference elevation + pressure head at the piezometer

Pressure at any point:

𝑃n = 𝑃1 ± ∑ 𝜕ℎ

𝑙𝑏 12 𝑖𝑛 2 𝑙𝑏
𝑃1 = −2.5 2
𝑥 ( ) = − 360 2
𝑖𝑛 1𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏 𝒍𝒃
𝑃2 = − 360 + 0.70 (62.4 ) ( 11 𝑓𝑡 ) = 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟒𝟖
𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 3 𝒇𝒕𝟐

FLUID MECHANICS/ Module 2: MANOMETER 11

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏 𝒍𝒃
𝑃3 = 120.48 2
+ 1.0 (62.4 3 ) (12 𝑓𝑡) = 𝟖𝟔𝟗. 𝟐𝟖 𝟐
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 𝒇𝒕
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏 𝒍𝒃
𝑃4 = 869.28 + 1.6 (62.4 ) ( 6 𝑓𝑡 ) = 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟖. 𝟑𝟐
𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 3 𝒇𝒕𝟐

Pressure Head at the piezometers:

𝑃n = (𝜕ℎ )𝑛
𝑃2 = (𝜕ℎ )𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
120.48 = 0.70 (62.4 )ℎ
𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 3 𝐸
𝒉𝑬 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟔 𝒇𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒊𝒍

𝑃3 = (𝜕ℎ )𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
869.28 = (62.4 )ℎ
𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝒉𝑭 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟑 𝒇𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

𝑃4 = (𝜕ℎ )𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒

𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
1468.32 = 1.60 (62.4 )ℎ
𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 3 𝐺
𝒉𝑮 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 𝒇𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒍𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒅𝒆

Elevation of liquids at piezometers:

Elevation at E = 38’+ 2.76’= 40.76 ft
Elevation at F = 26’+ 13.93’= 39.93 ft
Elevation at G = 20’+ 14.71’= 34.71 ft

b. Deflection of the mercury, x

𝑃6 = 𝑃3 ± ∑ 𝜕ℎ
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
0 = 869.26 + 1.0 (62.4 ) ( 12 𝑓𝑡 ) − 13.6 (62.4 ) (𝑥 )
𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 3
𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟏 𝒇𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒈

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ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
EXERCISES 2.1:

1. In figure 2.1a, find the pressure head at m in feet of fluid A when fluid A is seawater (sp.gr.
1.03), fluid B is bromoform (sp.gr. 2.87) 2.12 ft
2. Compute the pressure head at m in feet of fluid A in figure 2.1b. Fluid A is molasses (s =
1.50), gage liquid is water, y = 3.6 ft., z = 1.2 ft. -4.4 ft
3. Find the absolute pressure at m in figure 2.1c. Fluid A is air and fluid B is mercury. 12.24 psi
4. For a gage pressure at A of -1.58 psi, find the specific gravity of the gage liquid B in figure
2.1d. 1.0
5. For a gage reading at A of -18 kPa determine (a) the elevation of the liquids in the open
piezometer columns E, F, G and the deflection of the mercury in the U-tube in figure 2.1e.
Sp. gr. Of fluid @ E is 0.70, @ F is 1.0 and @ G is 1.60. 10.57 m, 0.60 m

Air Fluid A
Fluid A
Z

m m
12” 12”
8” Y 5”
m
Fluid B
Fluid A Gage liquid
Fluid B

fig. 2.1a fig.2.1b fig.2.1c

A B C

Elev. 15 m
Air 11.25’

Elev. 11.5 m
10.5’ A
10’ Elev. 38 m

9.0’ Elev. 8 m
Liquid B
S = 1.60

x Elev. 6 m
Elev. 4 m
Hg

fig. 2.1d fig.2.1e

FLUID MECHANICS/ Module 2: MANOMETER 13

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 2.2 DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER

a B
m a
b A

fig. 2.21-a fig. 2.21-b

STEPS IN THE SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER PROBLEMS:

1. Number the “strategic points” indicated by the levels of contact of the fluids.
2. Starting with the unknown pressure head (P/∂) at one of the end points, write a continued
algebraic summation of heads, progressing from point to point, and equating the continued
sum to the unknown head at the other end point.
3. Solve the equation for the pressure head difference and reduce to pressure difference if
desired.

Formula:

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠: ℎ1 ± ∑ ℎ = ℎ𝑛

FLUID MECHANICS/ Module 2: MANOMETER 14

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS:
Oil
S = 0.95
1. Determine the pressure difference between A
and B as shown by the differential manometer
in figure where a = 30 mm and b = 24 mm. a
B

A
Required: PA - PB
hg

Solution:
Number the “strategic points” indicated by the levels of contact of the fluids as shown in
fig 2.22.

For unknown distances, assign variable “z” or any other variables.

Use Sum of heads in terms of oil,

ℎ1 ± ∑ ℎ = ℎ𝑛
Oil
ℎA − ℎ1−2 − ℎ2−3 + ℎ3−4 = ℎ𝐵 S = 0.95

𝑃𝐴 30𝑚𝑚 (13.6) 𝑃𝐵 3
3
−𝑧− + (30 + 𝑧 − 24) 𝑚𝑚 =
𝜕𝑜𝑖𝑙 0.95 𝜕𝑜𝑖𝑙
30 4
𝑃𝐴 30(13.6) 𝑃𝐵 B
−𝑧− + 30 + 𝑧 − 24 =
𝜕𝑜𝑖𝑙 0.95 𝜕𝑜𝑖𝑙 2 2 2
24
𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵 z
− − 435.474 𝑚𝑚 = 0 A 1
𝜕𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝜕𝑜𝑖𝑙 hg
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 fig. 2.22
= 435.474 𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑘𝑁 1𝑚
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 435.474 𝑚𝑚(0.95) (9.81 3
)𝑥 ( )
𝑚 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝒌𝑵
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟓𝟖 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝒎𝟐

FLUID MECHANICS/ Module 2: MANOMETER 15

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 2. In figure compute the pressure difference Gage fluid

between A and B, in psi. Fluid A is water,

A 12 in
gage fluid is air.
4.6’ Fluid A

Required: PA - PB (psi)

Solution:
Use Sum of heads in terms of water,

ℎ1 ± ∑ ℎ = ℎ𝑛
air
ℎA + ℎ1−2 − ℎ2−3 + ℎ3−4 = ℎ𝐵 3 3

𝑃𝐴 1′ (0) 𝑃𝐵 A 1 12” = 1’
+𝑧− + (1 + 4.6 − 𝑧) = z
𝜕𝑤 1.0 𝜕𝑤 2 2
4.6’ water
𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵
+ 𝑧 + 1 + 4.6 − 𝑧 = 4
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 B

𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵
− + 5.6 = 0
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵
= −5.6 𝑓𝑡
𝜕𝑤
𝑙𝑏 1 𝑓𝑡 2 𝒍𝒃
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = −5.6 𝑓𝑡 (62.4 3 ) 𝑥 ( ) = − 𝟐. 𝟒𝟐𝟕 𝟐 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑓𝑡 12𝑖𝑛 𝒇𝒕

3. In figure, compute the pressure difference

between A and B of the venturi meter shown.
B

240 mm
A
Cabon
tetrachoride
S = 1.6 Q 180 mm

Hg

Required: PA - PB

FLUID MECHANICS/ Module 2: MANOMETER 16

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 Solution:
Use Sum of heads in terms of carbon tetrachloride,
B
ℎ1 ± ∑ ℎ = ℎ𝑛 240 mm
A
Cabon
ℎA + ℎA−1 − ℎ1−2 − ℎ2−B = ℎ𝐵 tetrachoride 2
s = 1.6 Z
𝑃𝐴 (180) 13.6 𝑃𝐵 Q 180 mm
+𝑧 − − (𝑧 − 180 + 240) = 1 1
𝜕𝑐𝑡 1.6 𝜕𝑐𝑡
𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵 (180) 13.6 Hg
− +𝑧− − 𝑧 + 180 − 240) = 0
𝜕𝑐𝑡 𝜕𝑐𝑡 1.6
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵
− 1590 𝑚𝑚 = 0
𝜕𝑐𝑡
𝑘𝑁 1𝑚
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 1590 𝑚𝑚 (1.6) (9.81 ) 𝑥 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝑚3 1000 𝑚𝑚

EXERCISES 2.2:

1. In figure A fluid A is oil (s = 0.90), fluid B is a calcium chloride (s = 1.10). Compute

pressure difference between A and B where a = 32 in. 0.23 psi
2. In figure B fluid A is water, fluid B is mercury. Compute pressure difference between A
and B. 10.36 psi
3. In figure C compute the pressure difference between A and B, in psi. Fluid A is brine
(sp.gr. 1.15), the gage fluid is oil (sp.gr. 0.92) and z = 44” - 2.66 psi
4. In figure D to G, compute the pressure difference between A and B of the venturi meter
shown. 81.68 psf, 0.69 kPa

Fluid A Fluid A
B
5 ft
A

A B
a
18 in

Fluid B

Gage liquid

fig. A fig. B

FLUID MECHANICS/ Module 2: MANOMETER 17

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO
 Gage fluid

A 44 in
fig. C
Fluid A
4.6’

A Oil: s = 0.85
B
Q
0.60 m

hg
3.2 ft
glycerine
A water B
s =1.26
fig. D fig. E

air

Oil (s = 0.82) 250 mm

Q

B water
0.80 m A
180 mm
A
0.25 m B
Q
glycerine (s = 1.26)

fig. F fig. G

FLUID MECHANICS/ Module 2: MANOMETER 18

ENG’R. JANET S. CRISOSTOMO