Vinay and Darbelnet’s Translation Procedures

Analysis in Sukreni Gadis Bali Novel

Ni Luh Putu Yurikayani1, Ni Putu Ayu Devi Agustini2, I Gusti Ngurah Agung Aditya3
English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Udayana University
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
This study deals with the investigation of translation procedures used in the process of
translation of an Indonesian novel into English. The translation procedures used in this study
are according to Vinay and Darbalnet’s findings. The type of this study is descriptive-
qualitative that focuses on translation product analysis. The sample of the study is using an
Indonesian novel entitled Sukreni Gadis Bali, which was written by Anak Agung Pandji
Trisna. The findings revealed nine translation procedures identified in this study. Those
procedures and its frequency are as follows: borrowing (2), calque (5), literal translation (5),
transposition (9), modulation (6), equivalence (8), and adaptation (6). The first three
techniques (borrowing, calque, and literal translation) are source language oriented while
the rest of them are target language oriented. This study may help those who are interested
to conduct translation research in translated novels.

Keywords: translation, procedures, indonesian novel

I. Introduction
Any society's important element is communication, and language is a crucial
part of that. Different cultural societies put together collective understandings
through sounds as language developed. These sounds and their related meanings
grew ubiquitous over time, and language emerged. Intercultural communication is a
symbolic process that involves the construction, maintenance, repair, and
transformation of social reality. One of the most difficult challenges that people from
diverse ethnic origins confront while interacting is language. Ethnicity, gender,
geographic location, religion, language, and a variety of other elements all have a role
in cultural identity. A ‘historically transmitted system of symbols, meanings, and
standards’ is characterized as culture. Knowing a language allows a person to
automatically identify with others who speak that language.
The importance of English in today's global environment cannot be
overstated, as English is the most widely spoken language on the planet. If one
wishes to advance in life, they must be able to communicate in English. It is the
primary window of truth through which advanced countries have opened their doors
to recruit technically skilled individuals. Where advanced countries have opened their
doors for hiring technically skilled personnel, only those who have a grasp of the
English language are true. Although English is today a worldwide language, it was
originally a West Germanic language spoken in medieval England. The majority of
people in various countries now speak English as their first language. There are
approximately 375 million English speakers who speak it as their first language and
750 million English speakers who speak it as a second language. In 70 nations, English
has official or special status. English linguistics has several fields, one of them is
translation study. Translation study is the act of rendering meaning, ideas, or a
message of a source-language text into target-language text. Newmark (1988: 5)
defines translation as ‘rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the
way that the author intended the text. This definition stresses rendering the meaning
of the source language text into the target language text as what is intended by the
author. Translation is defined by Hatim and Munday (2004: 6) as ‘the process of
translating a written text from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL).’
They do not however say directly in this definition that the thing being communicated
is meaning or message. They place a strong emphasis on translation as a process. The
focus of translation is not just on lexical meaning as a unit. The process of conveying
meaning takes into account the diction, grammatical structure, communication
scenario, and cultural context of the original text. The meaning of the source and
destination texts must be the same.
To a considerable extent, translation theory has been normative, focusing on
what constitutes or should constitute good translation (France, 2000b). It is mostly
made up of practitioners' opinions and reflections on their art, and their ideas differ
depending on what is being translated, whether it be the Bible, poetry, literary prose,
or a legal document. It is frequently more ideology than theory, yet it is influential in
insisting that translation is far from simple and mechanical. Uncertainty and
contingency plague translation, making it a craft and a compromise. 'The skill of the
translator is... fundamentally ambivalent: it is performed in a radical contradiction
between impulses to facsimile and impulses to appropriate recreation,' writes Steiner
(1998, p 246). Naturally, this tension should be addressed in such a way that both the
source and receptor languages' core symbolic structure ('topology') is preserved.
'Invariance within transformation' (1998, p 448) and ‘rewrite rules' are terms used by
Steiner (1998, p 451). As a result, translation is a 'limited' or 'restricted' innovation.
The purpose of translation is to make the source and target languages
semantically equivalent. This is what distinguishes translation from other linguistic
activities like adapting, exact writing, and abstracting. Of course, full equivalency is
unachievable; no translator could produce a translation that is a perfect match for
the source text in terms of rhythm, sound symbolism, puns, and cultural allusions.
There is always some information loss. The success of translation is determined by
the goal for which it was created, which reflects the needs of the individuals who
created it. Since the dawn of time, translation has gone a long way. In Nida's words,
‘the process’ can be summarized (1964). The following is how he begins his tale of
translation. The ancient Babylonian polyglot empire, with its diligent core of
multilingual scribes delivering official correspondence in cuneiform to the furthest
corners of the kingdom, is a long cry from the technological equipment employed
today in simultaneous interpretation at the United Nations in New York.
The ultimate enclosing text layer is culture. Text and speech, on the other
hand, are more precisely described as cultural products and processes. However, the
culture encoded in language and speech manifests itself at many stages of procession
creation or generation. The translator must unwrap, so to speak, the SL's numerous
textualizations into its various layers and levels; textualization of the text entails
multiple transformations into the cultural object. that it has become, the discourse,
which the prospective translator must understand, assess, and evaluate. Although
theoretically difficult due to the two linguistic systems and cultures, numerous novels
have been translated into Indonesian, and one is Anak Agung Pandji Trisna's ‘Sukreni
Anak Bali,’ which was translated into ‘The Rape of Sukreni’ by Geoge Quinn (1943).
The Rape of Sukreni's combustible elements is violence, money, and melodrama.
Translation activity is an effort to divert messages from one language into
another language. Therefore, translation has a role to transfer culture to another
culture. Translation procedures are very important in the translation process to find
out the conciseness of the translation. By studying translation procedures, we will
know how to convey the message that exists in the source language with
grammatical structures changing to adjust the meaning in the target language.
In this study, the writer is intended to analyze the translation procedure used
in one of Indonesian novels. The translation procedures are more focused on Vinay
and Darbalnet’s (1989) translation procedures, which are borrowing, calque, literal
translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation.

II. Synopsis of ‘Sukreni Gadis Bali’

This is the story of two small food stalls within a village. Those two would
always compete with one another about attracting customers. One of the food stalls
is called ‘Warung Men Negara'' and is owned by a middle-aged woman named Men
Negara. Her food stall attracted many customers due to her beautiful daughter
named Ni Negari. She always welcomes the customers with a warm smile. Ni Negari
was planned to be wed with I Gusti, but her heart belongs to I Gedhe. I Gedhe is a
handsome young man that attracted many girls including Ni Negari. But he doesn’t
show any interest in her. Along came Sukreni, a girl that is thought to be the most
beautiful girl in the village by her fiance, I Gedhe. Conflict came due to jealousy and
Men Negara made a trap for Sukreni. And the end result, Sukreni is pregnant with a
child that is owned by I Gusti. She and I Gede broke their arrangement and she runs
away due to the shame and insults that are constantly thrown at her. Her son grew
into a troublesome child. After her mother’s passing, he became a thief that is feared
by many. At the end of the story, the thief went to rob Men Negara’s food stall due
to how successful it is. But he was caught by I Gusti. Both Father and Child had a battle
that cost both their lives and the food stall. Losing all her wealth, Men Negara
becomes unstable and insane.

III. Translation Theory and Literature Reviews

3.1 Translation
In general, translation is a process of finding equivalent meaning to a
text in a source language to the target language. Many experts defined
translation in a variety of ways based on how they perceive language and
translation. According to Newmark (2003:5), translation is a process of
transferring the meaning of a text into another languages or target language
in the way intended by the translator as the author.
 Besides Newmark, other experts also state some definition of
translation. According to Catford (1965: 20), translation is the process of
replacing textual material in one language (source language) with similar
textual material in another language (target language). Larson (1984:3) also
mention a similar definition of translation, she states that translation entails
translating the meaning of the source language into the target language. This
process is achieved by using semantic structure to transfer from the first
language’s form to the second language’s form. The meaning that is being
transferred must be maintained so that only the form changes.
Furthermore, Wilss (1982: 3) states that ‘Translation is a process of
transferring a written source language text into an optimally equivalent target
language text which involves the pragmatic, the syntactic, and the semantic
comprehension as well as analytical processing of the source language.’ He
further said that translation requires the understanding of the pragmatic, the
semantic, and the syntactic. The understanding of is connected to style and
meaning whereas the semantics understanding related to meaning activity.
Wilss’ statement about translation is also supported by Nida and Taber who
provide a more thorough understanding of definition related to problems of
language, meaning, and equivalence. According to Nida and Taber (1982:12),
the process of translation involves in reproducing in the target language the
closest natural equivalent of the source language message, firstly in the terms
of meaning and secondly in terms of style’. Nababan (2008) states that
problems of equivalence arise at several levels, from the word to the textual
level. The equivalence issues show up due to semantic, socio-cultural, and
grammatical variations between the source and receptor language. He also
claims that there are three ways to solve equivalency problems: adding
information, deleting information, and structural change.

3.2 Problems in Translation

Catford (1965:20) emphasizes the use of technical terms in translation
which are called as source language (SL) and target language (TL) where the
textual material of the source language text is replaced by the equivalent
textual material in target language text. In translating a text from one
language to another, a translator may have difficulties in delivering the
message across the two languages. Nababan (2008) states that problems of
equivalence arise at several levels, from the word to the textual level. The
equivalence issues show up due to semantic, socio-cultural, and grammatical
variations between the source and receptor language. There are three major
translation problems that will be explained further below.
1. Linguistic Transfer
Linguistics plays an important role in the translating message from one
language to another.
Translating a message entail more than merely changing each word
from one language to another. But also translate and convert all the aspects
and function of the original language into the target language. This is where
the study and understanding of linguistics comes into play in translation.
The rules of a language, also called grammar, are learned as one
acquires a language. These rules include phonology, the sound system,
morphology, the structure of words, syntax, the combination of words into
sentences, semantics, the ways in which sounds and meanings are related,
and the lexicon, or mental dictionary of words.
Accurate translation of one language to another requires addressing
all the functions of linguistics. One must determine the grammar being used,
the meaning of the words as individual components, as well as the phrases
and sentences they create, how those phrases are placed in time and history,
and so forth. Below are the example two languages that has different
linguistic systems.
SL: ‘My niece buys a luxury bag.’
Some words in English can be distinguished by a gender, for example
‘niece’ is a female and ‘nephew’ is a male. A noun in English modified by an
adjective in front of the noun.
TL: ‘Keponakan saya membeli tas mewah.’
Indonesian has no gender in that word. A noun in Indonesian modified by
an adjective behind of the noun.
2. Meaning Transfer
Meaning transfer in translation is the transfer of a language from the
source language (SL) into the target language (TL) based on the meaning of
the source language. According to Geoffrey Leech, there are seven types of
meaning including, conceptual meaning, thematic meaning, and associative
meaning which divided into connotative meaning, social meaning, affective
meaning, reflected meaning, and collocative meaning. Below is the example
of meaning transfer.
SL: ‘Ibuku banting tulang untuk membayar biaya sekolahku.’
TL: ‘My mother works hard to pay my tuition.’
Banting tulang is an Indonesian idiom that refers to a person's hard work.
If the translator does not understand the idiom, they will translate it as
‘slamming bones.’
3. Cultural Transfer
Harvey (2000:2) defines culture-bound terms as the terms which ‘refer
to concepts, institutions, and personnel which are specific to the SL culture’.
Furthermore, Harvey (2000:2-6) puts forward the following major techniques
for translating the cultural terms (culture-bound terms): loan word, cultural
equivalent, functional equivalent, and addition.
(i) Loan Word
Transference/Loan word is the proses of transferring an SL word to a
TL text as a translation procedure. This translation technique is commonly
called borrowing. Newmark calls this technique as transference. This
technique is usually applied if there is no equivalent of the certain word or it
 is applied to appreciate the SL word/term. It is done simply by using a loan
word from the SL and putting it into the TL.
(ii) Functional Equivalent
This technique is used when the SL cultural word has no TL equivalent.
This common procedure that applied to cultural words requires the use of a
culture free word, sometimes with a new specific term. Therefore, it
neutralises or generalises the SL word. This technique is the most accurate
way of translating a cultural word (Newmark, 1988).
(iii) Addition
This technique is commonly used by using additional information. It is
usually applied in culturally based translation (Newmark, 1988). Additional
information i translation may take various forms: (1) within the text, (2) notes
at bottom of pages, (3) notes at end of chapter, (4) notes or glossary at end
of book.
(iv) Cultural Equivalent
This is a translation technique applied to find the equivalence of the
cultural terms. Newmark (1988) states that this is an approximate translation
where a SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word.
Translation technique applied to find the equivalence of the cultural terms.
Newmark (1988) states that this is an approximate translation where a SL cultural
word is translated by a TL cultural word. The following are examples of the data
related to this category:
SL: ‘Keduanya mulai dengan menggali jugangan untuk kakus kira-kira sedalam
satu setengah meter…’
TL: ‘They began by digging a meter and a half deep trench for the toilet…’
SL = kakus (n.) jamban, tempat buang air (besar)
TL = toilet (n.) a large bowl attached to a pipe that you sit on or stand over when
you get rid of waste matter from your body.
The TL word ‘toilet’ is not a good translation of the SL word kakus because
it is different although they retain the same function. Kakus is usually made of
bamboo like a jamban in Indonesia. However, it is acceptable to translate kakus
into ‘toilet’ because they have the same function, and the reader can imagine and
understand what it is for.
SL: ‘Kami penuh dalam diri masing-masing, tidak mengisi satu sama lain, apalagi
melengkapi upacara penyambutan tamu-tamu sultan atau turis keraton.’
TL: ‘We’re quite self-sufficient, the music and I, we don’t feel the need to
complement each other and we definitely don’t want to be called upon to
perform for the sultan or the tourist visiting the palace.’
SL = keraton (n.) rumah besar dan bagus; tempat tinggal raja; istana raja
TL = palace (n.) the official home of a king, queen, president, etc.
The translation procedure above can be categorized into a cultural
equivalent (Newmark, 1988).
Based on the cultural categories proposed, this is included in the material
culture: houses (Newmark, 1988). The ideology used in this culture term is
domestication. It focuses on the target language.
SL: ‘Ketika kecil sampai remaja ia biasa sembahyang dan pembagian lima waktu
menetap dalam kesadarannya seperti jam matahari.’
TL: ‘As a girl she used to perform the five daily prayers, a marking of time by
attitude of the sun.’
SL = sembahyang (n.) ibadah, doa, ekaristi, kebaktian, misa, sakramen, salat.
TL = prayer (n.) words which you say to God giving thanks or asking for help; a
fixed form of words that you can say when you speak to God; the act or habit of
praying
Both the SL and the TL lexicon own the same feature, the SL lexicon
sembahyang is appropriately translated in the TL by the translator. Based on
Newmark (1988), the translation procedure above can be categorized into
a functional equivalent. The translator requires the use of a cultural free word,
sometimes with a new specific term. Therefore, it neutralises or generalises the
SL word. Based on the cultural categories proposed by Newmark (1988).

3.3 Translation Procedures

According to Loescher (1991:8), translation strategy is ‘a potentially
conscious procedure for overcoming a problem discovered when translating a
text, or any part of it,’
As stated in this definition, the idea of consciousness is important in
recognizing strategies utilized by learners or translators. In this regard, Cohen
(1998:4) states that ‘the aspect of consciousness is what distinguishes strategies
from non-strategic activities.’
There are seven strategies in the process of translation that proposed by
Munday (2016, p. 88-91) and Vinay and Darbelnet in their article entitled A
Methodology for Translation (in Venuti, 2000), namely borrowing, calque, literal
translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. The further
detailed of the seven procedures are explained below:
1. Borrowing
Borrowing is the simplest of all translation techniques, according to
Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000:84-93). The source language is directly
transferred to the target language throughout the borrowing procedure.
Specifically, this method entails one language borrowing an expression form
from another language.
2. Calque
According to Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000:84-93), calque is a
type of borrowing in which a language takes a term from another but then
literally translates each of its elements. They also define the calque’s outcome
as follows: The first is a lexical calque, which maintains the TL's syntactic
structure while adding a new form of expression; the second is a structural
calque, which adds a new construction to the language.
3. Literal Translation
Vinay and Darbelnet states that literal translation is ‘word-for-word’
translation, which is the most common type between languages of the same
 family and culture. The literal translation transfers the source language (SL)
directly into grammatically and idiomatically appropriate target language (TL).
4. Transposition
Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000:84-93) define transposition is a
procedure which involves replacing one word class (or from a word to a
phrase or vice versa) with another without changing the meaning of the
message. There are two forms of transposition in translation: obligatory
transposition and optional transposition. Obligatory transposition emerges
when the target language has no other alternative options because of the
language system. Whilst optional transposition is a transposition that the
translator might choose if it fits better within the utterance for the purpose
of style.
5. Modulation
Modulation is a change in the form of the message caused by a shift in
the point of view. This changes the semantic and point of view of the source
language. There are two forms of modulation: free or optional modulation
and fixed or obligatory modulation. Free or optional is commonly used to
emphasize the meaning, affect coherence or to discover natural form in target
language. Meanwhile, fixed or obligatory modulation emerges when a word,
phrase, or structure cannot be discovered in the target language. This form of
modulation occurs when an active sentence is translated to a passive
sentence.
6. Equivalence
According to Vinay and Darbelnet use this term (2000:90), equivalence
is a term that refers to a case in which language utilize different stylistic or
structural methods to describe the same situation. This procedure refers to
the process of translating one language into another with a focus on the
closest natural meaning.
7. Adaptation
Adaptation is a procedure that produces a new situation to establish
situational equivalency as defined by Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000:84-
93). It also entails shifting the cultural reference when a situation in the source
culture does not exist in the target culture. Adaptation is used when the sort
of cases referred to by the source language message is unfamiliar to the target
language culture.

IV. The Analysis

4.1 Vinay and Darbelnet’s Translation Procedures Analysis in Translation of
the Sukreni Gadis Bali Novel
In this chapter, the researcher analyzes selected sentences, idioms,
phrases, or expression of utterances in the source text to be compared with
selected sentences, idioms, phrases, or expression of utterances in the target
text in two steps. First, the researcher identifies the translation procedures
which are used to translate a source language text in to a target language.
Secondly, the researcher discusses the research problems by presenting the
selected utterances in tables with a brief comprehensible analysis below the
tables.

1. Borrowing
Borrowing is a translation procedure in which the source language is
directly transferred to the target language throughout the borrowing
procedure. Specifically, this method entails one language borrowing an
expression form from another language.

Table 4.1 The Example of Borrowing Procedure

No. Types of Source Language Target Language
Procedure Page Sentences Page Sentences
1 Borrowing 66 Ketika hotel yang 76 Checking the
ada disitu telah register of each
dinaikinya of the three
towns hotel
2 Borrowing 67 Hendaknya 77 Asked to contact
memberi kabar ke the police
polisi
Table 4.1 shows that the translator applied borrowing translation procedure
to translate sentences, phrases or expression such as, ‘hotel,’ and, ‘polisi.’

(1) From the SL, the word used is ‘ketika hotel yang ada disitu telah dinaikinya’
(page 66) is translated into ‘checking the register of each of the three towns
‘hotel’ (page 76) it is found out from the English and Indonesia dictionary the
word ‘hotel’ in both SL and TL is an English lexical word. So, it would seem that
the correct procedure that will be conducted is the Pure Borrowing
procedure.

(2) In the SL the word that is analyzed is ‘hendaknya memberi kabar ke polisi’
(page 67) is translated into ‘asked to contact the police’ in the TL. The word
‘polisi’ from the SL originate from the English lexical word of police. As proven
by the English and Indonesia dictionary but with some minor changes. That
means this translation categorized as borrowing due to the fact that SL and
TL share the same origin lexical.

2. Calque
Calque is a type of borrowing in which a language takes a term from
another but then literally translates each of its elements. They also define the
calque’s outcome as follows: The first is a lexical calque, which maintains the
TL's syntactic structure while adding a new form of expression; the second is
a structural calque, which adds a new construction to the language.

Table 4.2 The Example of Calque Procedure

No. Types of Source Language Target Language
 Procedure Page Sentences Page Sentences
1 Calque 65 Men Negara dan 75 Men Negara and
Ni Negari Ni Negari sat
menundukan with their heads
kepalanya bow low
2 Calque 66 Tempat ia 76 Before the feast
menumpang day, he and
sebelum hari raya Sukreni had
terdahulu stayed overnight
3 Calque 67 Dirusaknya oleh 77 Defiled by
manusia bersifat animal in human
binatang itu disguise
4 Calque 74 …, di mana 79 I wonder where
gerangan gadis the poor girl has
yang malang itu? gone?
5 Calque 76 … orang banyak 80 …, the crowd
itu pun berbalik dispersed,
ke tempat returning to
pekerjaan their work
masing-masing. places.
Table 4.2 shows that the translator applied calque translation procedure to
translate sentences, phrases or expression such as, ‘menundukan kepalanya,’
‘hari raya,’ ‘manusia bersifat binantang,’ ‘gadis yang malang,’ and, ‘tempat
pekerjaan.’

(1) From the sentence that is originate from the SL ‘Men Negara dan Ni Negari
menundukan kepalanya’ (page 65) and the TL ‘Man Negara and Ni Negari sat
with their heads bow low’ (page 75) it is analyzed that the word ‘menundukan
kepalanya’ from SL and ‘heads bow low’ from TL share the same meaning. But
due to the difference in lexical form. There is a procedure that is conducted.
This procedure is called the lexical calque which maintains the TL's syntactic
structure while adding a new form of expression.

(2) From the sentence that is originate from the SL ‘tempat ia menumpang
sebelum hari raya terdahulu’ (page 66) and the TL ‘before the feast day, he and
sukreni had stayed overnight’ (page 76)’ it is analyzed that the word ‘hari raya’
from SL and ‘feast day’ from TL share the same meaning. But due to the
difference in lexical form. There is a procedure that is conducted. This
procedure is called the lexical calque which maintains the TL's syntactic
structure while adding a new form of expression.

(3) From the sentence that is originate from the SL ‘dirusaknya oleh manusia
bersifat binatang itu’ (page 67) and the TL ‘defiled by animal in human
disguise’ (page 77) it is analyzed that the word ‘manusia bersifat binatang’
from SL and ‘animal in human disguise’ from TL share the same meaning. But
due to the difference in lexical form. There is a procedure that is conducted.
This procedure is called the lexical calque which maintains the TL's syntactic
structure while adding a new form of expression.

(4) ‘Gadis yang malang’ (page 74) is translated into ‘poor girl’ (page 79) in the
target language. This phrase is translated literally, however the target
language modifies the structure of the grammar. In this case, gadis yang
malang is a noun phrase consisting of noun and adjective as a modifier. In the
source language, the head of the phrase which is ‘gadis’ is placed in front of
the modifier which is ‘yang malang’. Meanwhile, in the target language, the
head of the phrase which is ‘girl’ placed behind the modifier which is ‘poor’.

(5) ‘Tempat pekerjaan’ (page 76) is translated into ‘work places’ (page 80) in
the target language. This phrase is translated word-by-word by changing the
structure of the grammar. In this case, tempat pekerjaan is a noun phrase
consisting of noun and a noun in which the word ‘tempat’ as the head noun is
modified by the word ‘pekerjaan’ as the postmodifier. Meanwhile, in the
target language, the head noun of the noun phrase is ‘place’ which modified
by the word ‘wok’ as the premodifier. According to Oxford Language, work
places is a place where people work, such as an office or factory. Semantically,
the word tempat is equivalent to place and the word pekerjaan is equivalent
to work in the target language. It can be concluded that tempat pekerjaan and
work places is equivalent.

3. Literal Translation
Literal translation, according to Vinay and Darbelnet, is the process of
translating the source language (SL) directly word-for-word, grammatically
and idiomatically. If the target language (TL) text contains the same word,
phrase, or sentence structure, meaning, and style as the source language (SL),
the literal translation is appropriate.

Table 4.3 The Example of Literal Translation Procedure

No. Types of Source Language Target Language
Procedure Page Sentences Page Sentences
1 Literal 65 Menarikan 75 Lifted his hands
Translation tangannya dari from the plate of
piring makanan food
2 Literal 66 Dimana Luh 76 Wheres Luh
Translation Sukreni Sukreni

3 Literal 67 Menamai dirinya 77 Named herself Ni

Translation Ni Made Sari Made Sari
4 Literal 67 Coba panggil Luh 74 Call Luh Sukreni
Translation Sukreni, suruh here and get her
berdiri di sebelah to stand beside
 Ni Negari, akan Ni Negari. You’ll
tampaklah oleh see something
Emak sesuatu hal quite
yang aneh. extraordinary.
5 Literal 68 Siapa nama laki 74 What was the
Translation Emak yang dahulu name of your
itu? first husband?
Table 4.3 shows that the translator applied the literal translation procedure
to translate sentences, phrases, or expression such as, ‘sesuatu hal yang aneh,’
and ‘siapa nama laki Emak yang dahulu itu?’ etc

(1) ‘Menarikan tangannya dari piring makanan’ (page 65) is translated into
‘lifted his hands from the plate of food’ (page 75). In order to have equivalent
meaning, the phrase ‘menarik tangannya dari piring makanan’ is translated into
‘lifted his hands from the plate of food’. In this case, the phrase can be
translated word-for-word. the grammatical structure is also negotiable.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the translation is equivalent.

(2) ‘Dimana Luh Sukeni’ (page 66) is translated into ‘wheres Luh Sukreni’
(page 76). In order to have equivalent meaning, the phrase ‘dimana Luh
Sukreni’ is translated into ‘wheres Luh Sukreni’. In this case, the phrase can be
translated word-for-word. the grammatical structure is also negotiable.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the translation is equivalent.

(3) ‘Menamai dirinya Ni Made Sari’ (page 67) is translated into ‘named herself
Ni Made Sari’ (page 77). In order to have equivalent meaning, the phrase
‘Menamai dirinya’ is translated into ‘named herself’. In this case, the phrase
can be translated word-for-word. the grammatical structure is also
negotiable. Therefore, it can be concluded that the translation is equivalent.

(4) ‘Coba panggil Luh Sukreni, suruh berdiri di sebelah Ni Negari, akan
tampaklah oleh Emak sesuatu hal yang aneh’ (page 67) is translated into ‘Call
Luh Sukreni here and get her to stand beside Ni Negari. You’ll see something
quite extraordinary’ (page 74). In order to have equivalent meaning, the
phrase sesuatu hal yang aneh is translated into ‘something quite
extraordinary’. In this case, the phrase sesuatu hal yang aneh can be translated
word-for-word and become ‘something quite extraordinary’, the grammatical
structure is also negotiable. Therefore, it can be concluded that the
translation is equivalent.

(5) ‘Siapa nama laki Emak yang dahulu itu?’ (page 68) is translated into ‘What
was the name of your first husband?’ (page 74). Both translations are
grammatically correct since they can be translated word-for-word. Therefore,
it can be concluded that the translation is equivalent.
4. Transposition
Transposition is a procedure which involves replacing one word class (or
from a word to a phrase or vice versa) with another without changing the
meaning of the message. Obligatory transposition occurs when the target
language has no other choices because of the language system. Meanwhile,
an optional transposition is a transposition that, for the sake of style, can be
chosen by the translator if it fits better into the utterance.

Table 4.4 The Example of Transposition Procedure

No. Types of Source Language Target Language
Procedure Page Sentences Page Sentences
1 Obligatory 65 Men Negara dan 75 Men Negara and
Transposition Ni Negarj Ni Negari looked
tercengang at each other
berpandang dumbfounded
pandang tak
tentu yang akan
disebutnya
2 Obligatory 65 Sebentar 72 Presently I Gusti
Transposition antaranya I Gusti Made Tusan
Made Tusan telah entered the shop
ada di kedai and sat down
menghadapi before a cup of
secangkir kopi. coffee.
3 Obligatory 68 Sejurus 74 But finally, after a
Transposition kemudian ia pun moment of silence
menjawab she answered
4 Obligatory 65 Pada air mukanya 72 There was no sign
Transposition tidak tampak in her face that
apa-apa, sebagai anything
pekerjaan yang untoward had
keji itu tidak happened in her
terjadi dalam house
rumahnya
5 Optional 65 Men Negara 72 Men Negara was
Transposition telah sibuk busy washing the
membasuh-basuh dishes.
piring.
6 Optional 67 Kopornya tidak 73 Her bag’s not here
Transposition ada lagi, jadi so she’s probably
barangkali ia gone to Kalianget.
sudah berangkat
ke Kalianget.
7 Optional 73 Tukang-tukang 78 Even the planation
Transposition panjat itu telah laborers were
 berani jua duduk there, having
di kursi, … finally found the
nerve to try eating
while sitting on
chairs.
8 Obligatory 73 Mereka harus 78 It’s about time
Transposition belajar they learned a few
kesopanan manners
9 Optional 76 I Made Aseman 81 He was found
Transposition terhukum: guilty and
dipenjarakan sentenced to six
enam bulan months
lamanya, … imprisonment.
Table 4.4 shows that the translator applied transposition procedure to
translate sentences, phrases or expression such as, ‘berpandangan pandang
tak tertentu,’ ‘secangkir kopi,’ ‘sejurus kemudian,’ ‘pekerjaan yang keji,’ ‘piring,’
‘kompornya,’ ‘berani jua’,’ ‘kesopanan,’ and ‘dipenjarakan’ .

(1) In the SL ‘Men Negara dan Ni Negarj tercengang berpandang pandang tak
tenth akan disebutnya’ (page 65) is translated into the TL ‘Men Negara and Ni
Negatj looked at each other dumbfounded’ (page 75). From the SL, the word
‘berpandang pandang tak tentu’ cannot be directly translated into the TL. So,
there must be an obligatory Transposition that must be conducted. The word
‘berpandang pandang tak tentu’ most equivalent meaning turns the word into
‘looked at each other dumbfounded’ in the TL.

(2) ‘Sebentar antaranya I Gusti Made Tusan telah ada di kedai menghadapi
secangkir kopi.’ (page 65) is translated into ‘Presently I Gusti Made Tusan
entered the shop and sat down before a cup of coffee.’ (page 72). The phrase
‘secangkir kopi’ is translated into ‘a cup of coffee’. Since in the English
language there are no equivalent terms that could describe ‘secangkir’, the
translator used ‘a cup of’ which could also mean ‘satu gelas’ and ‘segelas’. This
translation is classified into obligatory transposition. The message in the
sentence is not changing. Therefore, it can be concluded that the translation
is equivalent.

(3) ‘Sejurus kemudian ia pun menjawab.’ (page 68) is translated into ‘But
finally, after a moment of silence she answered.’ (page 74). The phrase ‘sejurus
kemudian’ is translated into ‘after a moment of silence’. The term ‘sejurus’ in
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (An Official Indonesian Dictionary) has two
meanings which are ‘sebentar’ and ‘sejenak’. This translation is classified into
obligatory transposition. The meaning of ‘after a moment’ is conveyable using
the terms ‘sejurus’. Therefore, it can be concluded that the translation is
equivalent.
(4) ‘Pada air mukanya tidak tampak apa-apa, sebagai pekerjaan yang keji itu
tidak terjadi dalam rumahnya.’ (page 65) is translated into ‘There was no sign
in her face that anything untoward had happened in her house.’ (page 72). The
phrase ‘pekerjaan yang keji’ is translated into ‘anything untoward’. According
to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (An Official Indonesian Dictionary), the term
‘keji’ has two meanings which are ‘sangat rendah’ and ‘hina’, the meaning and
context would be conveyable if we use ‘untoward’ as its translation.This
translation is classified into obligatory transposition. Therefore, it can be
concluded that the translation is equivalent.

(5) ‘Men Negara telah sibuk membasuh-basuh piring.’ (page 65) is translated
into ‘Men Negara was busy washing the dishes.’ (page 72). The term ‘piring’ is
translated into ‘the dishes’. Using both translations, the meaning of each
language is conveyed correctly, although there are other terms that could
replace ‘piring’, for instance ‘plate’ but the translator is using ‘the dishes’
which also means the same. The translation is classified into optional
transposition. Therefore, it can be concluded that the translation is
equivalent.

(6) ‘Kopornya tidak ada lagi, jadi barangkali ia sudah berangkat ke Kalianget.’
(page 67) is translated into ‘Her bag’s not here so she’s probably gone to
Kalianget.’ (page 73). The phrase ‘kopornya’ is translated into ‘her bag’s’.
Different from the English language, in Indonesia, there is no gender pronoun
and to indicate possessive pronouns they use the modifier ‘-nya’. The meaning
is conveyed correctly, the translator choose to use Indonesian neutral
possessive pronoun. The translation is classified into optional transposition.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the translation is equivalent.

(7) ‘Berani jua’ (page 73) is translated into ‘found the nerve’ (page 78) in the
target language. ‘Berani’ is an adjective whilst in the target language ‘the
nerve’ becoming a noun because it follows by a verb in front of the word.
‘Berani’ is equivalent to ‘brave’ as an adjective word class in the target
language. But it also can be translated into ‘found the nerve’ which means
‘memiliki keberanian’ in the souce language and ‘brave enough to do
something’ in the target language. It can be concluded that ‘berani jua’ is
equivalent to ‘found the nerve’ but it is not obligatory transposition because
it can be changed by another term.

(8) ‘Kesopanan’ (page 73) is translated into ‘manners’ (page 78) in the target
language. ‘Kesopanan’ in the source language is a singular form, while
‘manners’ in the target language is a plural form because the word is added
by ‘s’ which indicates a plural form of the word in English. In this case, the
word manners become plural because they refer to a set of social behaviour
of an individual. It can be concluded that this term uses an obligatory
transposition because it can not be changed into another term.
(9) ‘Dipenjarakan’ (page 76) is translated into ‘imprisonment’ (page 81) in the
target language. In this case, ‘dipenjarakan’ in the source language acts as a
verb while ‘imprisonment’ in the target language acts as a noun. The sentence
in the source language has a N V Adv grammatical structure, ‘I Made Aseman’
as a noun, ‘dipenjarakan’ as a verb, and ‘enam bulan’ as an adverb of time.
Meanwhile, the sentence in the target language has a N V Adj NP, ‘he’ is a
noun, ‘was’ is a verb ‘found guilty and sentenced to’ is an adjective phrase,
and ‘six months imprisonment’ is a noun phrase. However, the source text
also can be translated into ‘He was imprisoned for six months’ in which the
word ‘imprisoned’ still acts as a verb. It can be concluded that this term uses
an optional transposition.

5. Modulation
Modulation is a change in the form of the message caused by a shift in
the point of view. This changes the semantic and point of view of the source
language. There are two forms of modulation: free or optional modulation
and fixed or obligatory modulation. Free or optional is commonly used to
emphasize the meaning, affect coherence or to discover natural form in target
language. Meanwhile, fixed or obligatory modulation emerges when a word,
phrase, or structure cannot be discovered in the target language. This form of
modulation occurs when an active sentence is translated to a passive
sentence.

Table 4.5 The Example of Modulation Procedure

No. Types of Source Language Target Language
Procedure Page Sentences Page Sentences
1 Modulation 65 Ketauhi lah 75 Can’t you see
Emak. Luh Mother? Luh
Sukreni ialah Sukreni is your
anak emak daughter from
dengan laki your former
emak yang husband
dahulu itu
2 Modulation 66 Tetapi tidak ada 76 Noone with the
seorang jua yang name Luh Sukreni
bernama Luh was listed
Sukreni
menumpang
disana
3 Modulation 67 Diubah namanya, 77 She has changed
supaya jangan her name to avoid
dapat dicari oleh being found by I
I Sudiana Sudiana
 4 Modulation 74 Kasihan, di mana 79 It’s a sorry
gerangan gadis business. I
yang malang itu? wonder where
the poor girl has
gone?
5 Modulation 74 Aku dengar 79 I heard that he
kabar Luh had asked Luh
Sukreni sudah Sukreni to marry
dimintanya akan him.
jadi istrinya, …
6 Modulation 74 … mereka akan 79 The wedding was
dikawinkan supposed to be
setelah selesai held after the
upacara cremation.
pembakaran
mayat itu.
Table 4.5 shows that the translator applied the modulation translation
procedure to translate sentences, phrases, or expression, such as ‘ketauhi lah
Emak,’ ‘menumpang disana,’ ‘jangan dapat dicari,’ ‘dimana gerangan gadis yang
malang itu,’ ‘dimintanya akan jadi istrinya,’ and ‘dikawinkan’.

(1) From the source language, the sentence used is ‘ketahui lah emak. Luh
Sukreni ialah anak emak yang dahulu itu’ (page 65) is translated into ‘can’t you
see mother? Luh Sukreni is your daughter from your former husband’ (page
75) in the target language. The word ‘Ketahui lah emak’ in a sense means that
the person needs to know. But the modulation changes the point of view to
‘can’t you see mother’ which in turn. Have the meaning of seeing.

(2) From the source language, the sentence used is ‘tetapi tidak ada seorang
jua yang bernama Luh Sukrenj menumpang disana’ (page 66) translated into
‘noone with the name Luh Sukreni was listed’ (page 76), the word
‘menumpang disana’ has the meaning of staying but changing modulation
cause the point of view into ‘was listed’. Which means a form of registration?

(3) From the source language,sentence used is ‘diubah namanya, supaya

jangan dapat dicari oleh I Sudiana’(page 67) is translated into ‘ she has changed
her name to avoid being found’(page 77) the ‘jangan dapat dicari’ from the SL
have the meaning of unable to be searched. By changing with modulation into
‘avoid being found’ it is changing the pov of the searching into founding.

(4) ‘Kasihan, di mana gerangan gadis yang malang itu?’ (page 74) is translated
into ‘It’s a sorry business. I wonder where the poor girl has gone?’ (page 79).
The translation is showing a change in point of view, the source language (SL)
text focusing on the poor girl’s existence, indicated with the term ‘di mana’.
Meanwhile, the target language (TL) text is focusing on purely asking about
the poor girl’s existence. Therefore, it can be concluded that the translation is
equivalent.

(5) ‘Aku dengar kabar Luh Sukreni sudah dimintanya akan jadi istrinya, …’
(page 74) is translated into ‘I heard that he had asked Luh Sukreni to marry
him.’ (page 79). The translation is showing a change in point of view, the
source language (SL) text is focusing on how Luh Sukreni being asked as a
wife. Meanwhile, the target language (TL) text is focusing on the action to
become a wife which is marry. Therefore, it can be concluded that the
translation is equivalent.

(6) ‘… mereka akan dikawinkan setelah selesai upacara pembakaran mayat

itu.’ (page 74) is translated into ‘The wedding was supposed to be held after
the cremation.’ (page 79). The translation is showing a change in point of
view, the source language (SL) text is focusing on the activity of marrying two
people which indicated by the term ‘dikawinkan’. Meanwhile, the target
language (TL) text is focusing on the ceremony itself which is ‘the wedding’.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the translation is equivalent.

6. Equivalence
Equivalence is a term that refers to situations in which languages use
diverse stylistic or structural ways to depict the same issue. This practice refers
to the process of translating one language into another in such a way that the
inherent meaning is preserved.

Table 4.6 The Example of Equivalence Procedure

No. Types of Source Language Target Language
Procedure Page Sentences Page Sentences
1 Equivalence 65 Aduhai emak, 75 Can you believe it
jika I Sudiana mother! If I
tidak bermalam Sudiana hadn’t
dirumahku stayed at my
house last night
2 Equivalence 65 Tak akan ku 75 I wouldn’t found
ketahui Seluk- out about this
Beluk perkara itu
3 Equivalence 66 Biar ku suruh 76 I’ll send someone
susul dia ke sana over there
4 Equivalent 67 Bertanya 77 Spending the
tanyakan gadis whole of this
yang hilang itu time searching
kian kemari
5 Equivalent 67 Ia pulang ke 77 In great
Manggis dengan despondence, he
was forced to
 teramat sedih give up and head
hatinya back towards
Manggis
6 Equivalence 73 Kehidupan orang 78 Life in Bingin
di Bingin Banjah Banjah was as it
masih sebagai always had
biasa… been…
7 Equivalence 73 I Made Aseman 78 ... I Made Aseman
tiada pernah lagi had not set foot
masuk ke kedai in the office shop
Men Negara, ... again.
8 Equivalence 73 kata Men Negara 78 Men Negara had
dalam hatinya. said to herself…
Table 4.6 shows that the translator applied the equivalence translation
procedure to translate sentences, phrases, and expression, such as ‘aduhai
Emak,’ ‘ketahui seluk-beluk,’ ‘susul,’ kian kemari,’ ‘teramat sedih hatinya,’
‘sebagai biasa,’ ‘tiada pernah lagi masuk, and ‘dalam hatinya’.

(1) From the source language. The sentence is ‘aduhai emak, jika I Sudiana tidak
bermalam dirumahku’ (page 65) is translated into ‘can you believe it mother!
If I Sudiarna hadnt stayed at my house last night’ (page 75). ‘aduhai emak’ is a
common expression in the SL about disbelief. An equivalent is needed to the
TL which. In turn is something like ‘can you believe it mother ‘due to its
equivalent meaning.

(2) From the Source language, the sentence used is ‘tak akan ku ketahui seluk
beluk perkara itu’ (page 65) into ‘I wouldn’t found out about this’ (page 75).
the word ‘Ketahui seluk beluk’ is a traditional term that have no direct
translation. But it has an equivalent in the TL. Which is ‘found out’

(3) From the source language, the sentence used is ‘biar ku suruh susul dia
kesaana’ (page 66) is translated into ‘I’ll send someone out there’ (page 76).
The word ‘susul’ in the SL have multiple meaning, but for directly translation
it doesn’t have any correct term. Which is why an equivalent is needed. The
closest thing that can be found in the TL is ‘send’

(4) From the source language, the sentence used is ‘bertanya tanyakan gadis
yang hilang itu kian kemari’ (page 67) into ‘spending the whole of this time
searching’ he word ‘kian kemari’ is a common expression in the SL that have
the meaning of panic searching of a short time, the word can be expressed in
the equivalent meaning of the TL. Which is ‘The whole of this time’.

(5) From the source language, the sentence used is ‘ia pulang ke Manggis
dengan teramat sedih hatinya’ (page 67) into ‘in great despondence, he was
forced to give up and head back towards manggis’ (page 77) the word
‘teramat sedih hatinya’ is a common expression in the SL that have the
meaning of hearth broke, the equivalent meaning that can be found is ‘great
despondence’.

(6) ‘Kehidupan orang di Bingin Banjah masih sebagai biasa…’ (page 73) is
translated into ‘Life in Bingin Banjah was as it always had been…’ (page 78).
The phrase ‘sebagai biasa’ is translated into ‘as it always had been’, since it is
the most natural way to translate the phrase ‘sebagai biasa’. Any other options
could imply but it will not sound natural. Therefore, it can be concluded that
the translation is equivalent.

(7) ‘I Made Aseman tiada pernah lagi masuk ke kedai Men Negara, ...’ (page
73) is translated into ‘... I Made Aseman had not set foot in the office shop
again.’ (page 78). The phrase ‘tidak pernah lagi masuk’ is translated into ‘had
not set foot in’, since it is the most natural way and have the closest meaning
to the source language (SL). Therefore, it can be concluded that the
translation is equivalent.

(8) ‘kata Men Negara dalam hatinya.’ (page 73) is translated into ‘Men Negara
had said to herself…’ (page 78). The phrase ‘kata…dalam hatinya’ is
translated into ‘said to herself’, since it is the most natural and have the cloest
meaning to the source language (SL). In the source language, the phrase ‘kata
dalam hatinya’ means that the person is speaking to him/herself alone, the
phrase ‘said to herself’ equally means the same. Therefore, it can be
concluded that the translation is equivalent.

7. Adaptation
Adaptation is a procedure that produces a new situation to establish
situational equivalency. It also entails shifting the cultural reference when a
situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture. Adaptation
is used when the sort of cases referred to by the source language message is
unfamiliar to the target language culture.

Table 4.7 The Example of Adaptation Procedure

No. Types of Source Language Target Language
Procedure Page Sentences Page Sentences
1 Adaptation 66 Seorang supir 76 A taxi driver
mobil suggested
memberikan
nasihat
2 Adaptation 67 Rupanya elok 77 Of attractive
appearance
3 Adaptation 67 Kulitnya putih 77 With a fair
kuning complexion
 4 Adaptation 73 Tukang-tukang 78 The coconut
panjat kelapa pickers still took
masih tetap their midday
makan tengah meal…
hari…
5 Adaptation 75 Dalam pada itu 80 The pickers were
tukang-tukang still drinking palm
panjat sudah wine.
sibuk minum
tuak.
6 Adaptation 75 Kelian telah ada 80 As the village
di situ… head arrived…
Table 4.7 shows that the translator applied the adaptation translation
procedure to translate sentences, phrases, and expression, such as ‘supir
mobil,’ ‘elok,’ ‘putih kuning,’ ‘tukang-tukang panjat kelapa,’ ‘tuak,’ and ‘kelian’.

(1) From the Source language, the sentense used is ‘seorang supir mobil
memberikan nasihat’ (page66) translated into ‘a taxi driver sugested’(page
76). In the SL. ‘Supir mobil’ needs to be adapted into the TL so that the
audiance may relate the context of the text. The adaptation that is used
apropreatly is’taxi driver’

(2) From the Source language, the sentence used is ‘rupanya elok’ (page 67)
into the target language js ‘of attractive appearance’ (page 77). word ‘elok’ is
a locak term by the SL with the meaning of beauty. So, the most equivalent
adaptation would be ‘atractive appearance’.

(3) From Source language, the sentence used is ‘kulitnya putih kuning’ (page
67) translated into ‘with a fair complexion’ (page77). From the SL ‘putih
kuning’ is actually a local term for skin color. But due to how different from
the wording and meaning. It needed an adaptation. To the TL the closest
equivalent is ‘fair complexion’.

(4) ‘Tukang-tukang panjat kelapa’ (page 73) is translated into ‘coconut pickers’
(page 78) in the target language. Tukang-tukang panjat kelapa is a person who
picks a coconut by climbing the coconut tree. This term has the closest
equivalent to coconut picker.

(5) ‘Tuak’ (page 75) is translated into ‘palm wine’ (page 80) in the target
language. Tuak is a Balinese alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation
of palm. Meanwhile, wine is an alcoholic drink made from fermented grape
juice. The difference between tuak and wine is the main ingredient of them.
So, tuak can be translated into palm wine.
 (6) ‘Kelian’ (page 75) is translated into ‘village head’ (page 80) in the target
language. Kelian is a head of government at the village level. This term has the
closest equivalent to village head.

V. Conclusion
There are seven strategies in the process of translation that proposed by Munday
(2016, p. 88-91) and Vinay and Darbelnet in their article entitled A Methodology for
Translation (in Venuti, 2000), namely borrowing, calque, literal translation,
transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. that used by the translator
in translating the term from Indonesian into English. techniques applied by the
translator of Sukreni Gadis Bali novel. Those translation techniques analysis shows
the data that translate using technique produces majorly have accurate translation
but some of them are hard to translate. It happens because there is no direct
equivalent element that can replace the SL to the TL.
The most dominant procedure used in translation analysis of the novel “Sukreni Gadis
Bali” chapters 6-7 is the Transposition procedure with a total of 41 occurrences,
transposition appears 9 times followed by equivalence with 8 occurrences,
adaptation and modulation occur 6 times, calque and literal both with 5 occurrences
and lastly Borrowing with 2 occurrences.

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