DSP - Classification of CT Signals

Digital Marketing Online Training

23 Lectures 2 hours

 Asif Hussain

More Detail

How To Start Your Own Digital Marketing Agency

125 Lectures 9 hours

 John Shea

More Detail

Digital Marketing Agency Elite Consultants Masterclass

 140 Lectures 20 hours

 Juan Galvan

More Detail

Continuous time signals can be classified according to different conditions or operations performed
on the signals.

Even and Odd Signals

Even Signal
A signal is said to be even if it satisfies the following condition;

x(−t) = x(t)

Time reversal of the signal does not imply any change on amplitude here. For example, consider the
triangular wave shown below.

The triangular signal is an even signal. Since, it is symmetrical about Y-axis. We can say it is mirror
image about Y-axis.

Consider another signal as shown in the figure below.

We can see that the above signal is even as it is symmetrical about Y-axis.

Odd Signal
A signal is said to be odd, if it satisfies the following condition

x(−t) = −x(t)

Here, both the time reversal and amplitude change takes place simultaneously.

In the figure above, we can see a step signal x t . To test whether it is an odd signal or not, first we

do the time reversal i.e. x −t and the result is as shown in the figure. Then we reverse the

amplitude of the resultant signal i.e. –x −t and we get the result as shown in figure.

If we compare the first and the third waveform, we can see that they are same, i.e. x t = -x −t ,

which satisfies our criteria. Therefore, the above signal is an Odd signal.

Some important results related to even and odd signals are given below.

Even × Even = Even

Odd × Odd = Even
Even × Odd = Odd
Even ± Even = Even
Odd ± Odd = Odd
Even ± Odd = Neither even nor odd

Representation of any signal into even or odd form

Some signals cannot be directly classified into even or odd type. These are represented as a
combination of both even and odd signal.

x(t) → xe (t) + x0 (t)

Where xe t represents the even signal and xo t represents the odd signal
 [x(t) + x(−t)]
xe (t) =
2

And

[x(t) − x(−t)]
x0 (t) =
2

Example

Find the even and odd parts of the signal x(n) = t + t

2
+ t
3

Solution − From reversing x n , we get

2 3
x(−n) = −t + t − t

Now, according to formula, the even part

x(t) + x(−t)
xe (t) =
2

2 3 2 3
[(t + t + t ) + (−t + t − t )]
=
2

2
= t

Similarly, according to formula the odd part is

 [x(t) − x(−t)]
x0 (t) =
2

2 3 2 3
[(t + t + t ) − (−t + t − t )]
=
2

3
= t + t

Periodic and Non-Periodic Signals

Periodic Signals
Periodic signal repeats itself after certain interval of time. We can show this in equation form as −

x(t) = x(t) ± nT

Where, n = an integer 1, 2, 3 … …

T = Fundamental time period FTP ≠ 0 and ≠∞

Fundamental time period FTP is the smallest positive and fixed value of time for which signal is
periodic.

A triangular signal is shown in the figure above of amplitude A. Here, the signal is repeating after
every 1 sec. Therefore, we can say that the signal is periodic and its FTP is 1 sec.

Non-Periodic Signal
Simply, we can say, the signals, which are not periodic are non-periodic in nature. As obvious, these
signals will not repeat themselves after any interval time.

Non-periodic signals do not follow a certain format; therefore, no particular mathematical equation
can describe them.

Energy and Power Signals

A signal is said to be an Energy signal, if and only if, the total energy contained is finite and nonzero
0 < E < ∞ . Therefore, for any energy type signal, the total normalized signal is finite and non-

zero.

A sinusoidal AC current signal is a perfect example of Energy type signal because it is in positive
half cycle in one case and then is negative in the next half cycle. Therefore, its average power
becomes zero.

A lossless capacitor is also a perfect example of Energy type signal because when it is connected to
a source it charges up to its optimum level and when the source is removed, it dissipates that equal
amount of energy through a load and makes its average power to zero.

For any finite signal x t the energy can be symbolized as E and is written as;

+∞

2
E = ∫ x (t)dt
−∞

Spectral density of energy type signals gives the amount of energy distributed at various frequency
levels.

Power type Signals

A signal is said to be power type signal, if and only if, normalized average power is finite and non-
zero i.e. 0 < p < ∞ . For power type signal, normalized average power is finite and non-zero.

Almost all the periodic signals are power signals and their average power is finite and non-zero.
In mathematical form, the power of a signal x t can be written as;

+T /2

2
P = lim 1/T ∫ x (t)dt
T →∞
−T /2

Difference between Energy and Power Signals

The following table summarizes the differences of Energy and Power Signals.

Power signal Energy Signal

Practical periodic signals are power signals. Non-periodic signals are energy signals.

Here, Normalized average power is finite and non- Here, total normalized energy is finite and non-
zero. zero.

Mathematically, Mathematically,

+T /2 +∞
2 2
P = lim 1/T ∫ x (t)dt E = ∫ x (t)dt
T →∞
−T /2 −∞

Existence of these signals is infinite over time. These signals exist for limited period of time.

Energy of power signal is infinite over infinite time. Power of the energy signal is zero over infinite
time.

Solved Examples
Example 1 − Find the Power of a signal o
z(t) = 2 cos(3Πt + 30 ) + 4 sin(3Π + 30 )
o

Solution − The above two signals are orthogonal to each other because their frequency terms are
identical to each other also they have same phase difference. So, total power will be the summation
of individual powers.

Let z(t) = x(t) + y(t)

Where x(t) = 2 cos(3Πt + 30 )

o
and y(t) = 4 sin(3Π + 30 )
o
 2

Power of x(t) =
2

2
= 2

Power of y(t) =
4

2
= 8

Therefore, P (z) = p(x) + p(y) = 2 + 8 = 10 …Ans.

Example 2 − Test whether the signal given x(t) = t

2
+ j sin t is conjugate or not?

Solution − Here, the real part being t2 is even and odd part imaginary being sin t is odd.

So the above signal is Conjugate signal.

Example 3 − Verify whether X(t) = sin ωt is an odd signal or an even signal.

Solution − Given X(t) = sin ωt

By time reversal, we will get sin(−ωt)

But we know that sin(−ϕ) = − sin ϕ .

Therefore,

sin(−ωt) = − sin ωt

This is satisfying the condition for a signal to be odd. Therefore, sin ωt is an odd signal.