Building Utilities 3 De La Salle - College of Saint Benilde Class Notes BASIC OF ACOUSTICS © Element 1 - Frequency High pitch (female voice) - high frequency Low pitch (male voice) - low frequency Frequency (f) - number of sound ripples generated in unit time Physical Quantities of Sound - eight frequency bands or octaves, center frequencies (63 Hz - 8kHz) considered in room acoustics Speed - speed is not affected by the frequency Wavelength -¢ = /. © Element 2 - Sound Pressure © Most confusing part of sound - loudness Decibel (dB) - unit of measure *relative to whatever you want to measure © Example: airplane landing and a loud rock concert might have the same number of decibels, but do not mean the same thing Factor: distance Intensity - amount of sound power falling, or passin, or crossing on a unit area = Watt per square meter (W/m2) - unit of sound intensity = Threshold of Audibility = Pain - 10 W/m2 o Loudness - measure of the intensity of sound (dB) = Sound Intensity Level (IL) - quantity © Element 3 - Reverberation © — How much and often sound bounces back © Measured by the time between cutting off a sound source and the sound itself disappearing (echo) © Noise - sounds bouncing, overlap and crowding the air © Three parts: Direct Sound, Early Reflections, and Later Reflections * Element 4- Sound Absorption © tmeans energy from the sound wave is taken away = Makes sound weaker, so it travels smaller distances before disappearing = High pitched - absorb energy to reduce the number of waves per second = Sound is very loud - reduce the energy to lower the frequency = Toreduce energy - scatter the sound waves/ porous materials to bounce the waves (weaker) = Grass is more absorbent than the wall because it scatters the waves and bounces it off with lesser energy= Incinemas and churches, strategies in reverberation is applied through material selection and sound system to absorb energy. © Carpet, acoustic ceilings, sound panels, etc. Production of Sound = Vibration of objects = Vibration - back-and-forth motion of the particles of an elastic body or medium Propagation of sound = Traveling of sounds = Toand from motion m= Object vibrates, particles around the medium vibrate m= Disturbance produced by the vibrating body travels through the medium = Medium - matter or substance through which sound transmitted; necessary for the propagation of sound waves Types of waves © Longitudinal waves - sound waves * Transverse waves - stretched string © *wavelength distance of low frequency is longer than high frequency = Compression - particles of the medium are closer to one another forming the region of high pressure Refraction - Characteristics of a sound wave = Amplitude - max displacement of each particle from its mean position = Wavelength - the distance two nearest (adjacent) crests or troughs of wave Frequency - number of vibrations per second Time period Velocity Pitch - shrillness or flatness of sound Loudness - measure of sound energy reaching the ear per second Music - pleasant Noise - unpleasant Tone - pure sound of single frequency Note - an impure sound produced by mixture of many frequencies Audible Frequency © Audible range of human ear is 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz Reflection of Sound © Wave strike a surface, they return back to the same medium Laws of Reflection © (1) Angle of incidence is equal the angle of reflection© (2) The incident wave, the reflected wave and the normal all ie in the same plane © Application of Reflection of Sound (multiple reflections) © Megaphone © Stethoscope © Big Halls or Auditorium « GLOSSARY © Cymaties DISCIPLINE OF ACOUSTICS © Archaeoacoustics © Archaeology © Old churches - how acoustical systems are studied through music © Uses digital equipment on investigating how historical landmarks are related to acoustics or sound - sound tracing and reverberation in the generation of forms or art © Modern technology of drones - to defend and explore endangered sites - survey the site, useful on site analysis/contour mapping * Musical Acoustics © Deals with the generation of sound by musical instruments, transmission of sound to listener © Computer Analysis of Melody - based on octaves, music is related to acoustics © — Most people are pleased with music despite variations; it can also be used as a way of therapy - psychological, emotionally, spiritually, cognitively, and socially © Speech © Physics of speech and singing - verbal © Check main takeaway on video recording of discussion Environmental noise and soundscapes © Unwanted sound, generating noise stress Reduce environmental noise Road traffic noise levels Literal approaches in construction - less openings, use aircons for ventilation Airport and train stations analysis for nearby structures/ architecture Part 2 - Discipline of Acoustics © Aeroacoustics © Noise generation via either turbulent fluid motion or aerodynamic forces interacting with surfaces. Crowd and Evacuation Modeling Wind and Micro-climate Assessment Aeroacoustics= Aeolian sound or tone is sound that is produced by wind when it passes through objects. = Wind flow Bioacoustics © Related to animals © Echolocation - bioacoustics is a way animals communicate with each other Ina city, the natural location of animals and ecosystems are disturbed - previously forested areas. © This can be a guide in urban planning, avoiding disturbance of existing nature, Underwater Acoustics/Hydroacoustics © Propagation of sound in water and the interaction of the mechanical waves that constitute sound with the water, its content and boundaries. © — Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR) - navigate or detect other vessels; passive sonar - sound made by vessels and active sonar - emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Electroacoustics © Acoustical Engineering Ultrasonics Psychoacoustics Architectural Acoustics © Environmental Noise © Wind Turbine © Leisure Noise © Noise Control = Air-borne noises; noise coming from the outside going inside the structure = Control of structure-borne noises; noise within the structure Principal Acoustical Defects of a Room/Space Prolonged Reverberation Reflective Absorptive Resonance Flutter Echo Undue Focusing on Sound CONTINUE Consider fire code in acoustics - in designing an auditorium Flush and plumbing in apartments can be heard on the other room Acoustical comfortBatangas City Coliseum © Durability of materials > Effectiveness of material © Echo = Chairs - plastic = Windows/walls- no sound absorbing material © Batangas Convention Center © Insulation - renovate/sound proof © Improve the acoustics © Awareness on the quality of sound © To include on Learning Reflection 4: © Angle of incidence - ray tracing © For speech - for amplification © Environmental noise m= Road noise (Public) = Zoning = Gabaldon-Type of Buildings © °U"- against the noise = Elevation = Site Analysis Occupied surroundings Barriers Equipments Motors Owner requirements (Wind/view/noise) Opening locations Material Specifications NRC (Noise Reduction Coefficient - 250 to 2000 Hz) Testing 40 dB - healthy background noise Geometric Acoustics Diagram in Section Reverberation Time ‘© Shop for brightness not for energy © Brightness - lumens Energy - watts LED - most efficient Basic Lighting Terms/ Fixtures - (refer to PPT) Light Distribution Glare Prevention - Baffle Dimmer Types of Lights Color Rendering IndexKey words Maintenance, Life Span, Industrial Design, Cost Lumence, amount of light and watts - energy Color Rendering Index - portray color comparable to sunlight Example at night: bulb’s color depends on the lamp DSLR camera - Some LED installation process - fixed or removable Color temperature - dependent on Kelvin (identified on the bulb’s box) Luminance - how to compare the spread of light Human perception cannot be fully understood but baseline should be identified Photometrics are dependent on the human eye Detailed content: PPT Color Temperature CRI Lumens Lighting Fixture Specs Categories, direct or indirect Indoor and outdoor commercial and residential lighting systems Green building code Energy conservation - automated Chronological a day Sensors Centralized Control System Daylight availability using photocells Lights can play with the performance - as theatre are usually dark and enclosed. Lights need to enhance and balance all the components of a stage performance; light is visually aesthetically pleasing Stage lighting can create a time period or reality. Instruments and Components Conventional Lighting Consoles Software and Hardware “Moving Light” Consoles © Sometimes its a blurry line between a PC and what is not Ellipsoidal Reflector Reflector Spotlight (ERS) or Ellipsoidal © — Highlight certain subjects or stage pieces with a narrow beam angle Parabolic Aluminum Reflector Lights or PAR Wash fixturesFresnel Lights o Happy medium between a PAR and an ERS - with zoom function. Moving Head © Comes in different flavors and designs - spot, wash, beam, and hybrid Strip Lights - Cyclorama or Cyc Lights © Border lights and codas © Long housings containing perpendicular lights Scoop Lights or Scoops © Circular fixtures that do not have any lenses LED Stage Lighting Instruments Application to interior Design/ Reflected Ceiling Plan (Construction Drawings Amount of Lumens Utility Box Symbols (Legend) Mounting Height to Spacing Ratio © Beam Angle (‘dependent) Art, assembly, and system should be all excellent and effective. Illumination - spacing and mounting height calculations/ type of fixture/ installation (recessed, surface-mounted, wall-mounted)/ lumens/ method/ reflectance factor/ direct and indirect spreading illumination case, theory (factors), simulation Excel will be sent - modified based on additional factors. Lux meter Reflected Ceiling Plan — Interior DesignENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND ISSUES Energy-efficient lighting demands less electricity o Factors = Energy usage a Materials used to produce lighting products = Light's impact on the nighttime sky Mercury is hazardous to the environment and health - disposal of busted bulbs should be properly done. Light pollution ° Glare Light trespass Sky glow Light clutter Over illumination LED > CFL, less energy and expensive but efficient and longer life span, disadvantage: exposure to an intense and powerful LED light is ‘photo-toxic’ and can lead to irreversible loss of retinal cells and diminished sharpness of vision; metabolic disorders - diabetes and cardiovascular disease and some forms of cancer; headaches, fatigue, etc. © Disrupting ecosystems © Fundamental Laws of Light © Absorption © Transmission = Diffuse Transmission = Refraction