· ....

U. S. D EPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

RESEARCH PAPER RP1192

Part of Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Volume: 22,
April 1939

HEAT AND FREE ENERGY OF FORMATION OF WATER

AND OF CARBON MONOXIDE *
By Frederick D. R ossini

ABSTRACT

Thermodynamic data were combined to yield values for the heats and free
energies, per mole, of the following reactions, with each substance in the thermo-
dynamic standard state:
H z(g)+1 /2 0 z(g)=H zO(liq), LlfloZiS.1S=-285,795 ±40 into j (-68,318.1 ±9.6
cal) , LlFoz9s.16=-237, 163 ±47 into j (-56,692.8 ± 11.2 cal);
HzO(liq)=HzO(g), LlHozoS .16=44,007 ±1 3 into j (10,519.7 ±3. 1 cal), LlFoZiS.I&=
8597 ± 4 intoj (2055.1 ± 1.0 cal);
H z(g)+1/20z(g)=H zO(g), LlWzis.I&= -241,788 ±42 in to j (-57,798.4 ± 10.0
cal) , LlFozo8.ls=-228,566 ±47 into j (-54,637.7 ± 11.2 cal);
CO(g)+1/20 z(g)=CO z(g), LlW ZiS .!6=-282,942 ±120int. j (-67,636.1 ±28.7
cal), LlFo m .16 = -257,069 ± 121 into j (-61,451.2 ± 29.0 cal);
C (c, graphite) + 1/20z(g) = CO(g), LlHoZiS.IS= - 110,413 ± 129 into j (-26,393.8
± 30.8 cal), t. FoZiS.16= -137,158 ± 133 into i (-32,787.0 ± 31.8 cal);
Hz(g) +COz(g) =HzO(g) +CO(g) , LlWzi8.lo=41,154 ±127 int o j (9837 .7 ± 30.4
cal), t.Fo m .,s=28,504 ±130 into i (6813.8 ± 31.1 cal);
C (c, graphite)+CO z(g)=2CO(g), t.Hom .ls = 172,529 ±244 into j (41,242.3
± 58.4 cal), LlFo2iS.l0= 119,911 ± 248 into j (28,664.2 ± 59.3 cal).

CONTENT S Pnge
L I ntroducUon _______ ____ _____________ ___ ______ _________ ____ ____ __ 407
IL Sources of the data; calculations __ ____________ ____ ______ __ ________ 408
1. Values of (dH/dPh _____ ___________________________________ 408
2. H eat. entropy, and free energy of vaporization of water _________ 409
3. Values of entropies ____ ______ ________ _____________ ________ _ 410
4. Values of HOZ01.l6- Hoo-- - _____ _ _____ _______________ ________ 410
5. H eat and free energy of formation of water _____ ________ _____ 410
6. H eat and free energy of combustion and formation of carbon
monoxide ____________________________________________ __ 411
7. Water-gas and producer-gas rea ciions ______ _______ ____ ___ ___ 412
III. Summary _______ __ _________ .. ___ ____ ____ __.. _____________________ 412
IV. References ____________________________________________ ___ _____ __ 414

I. INTRODUCTION
This report presents values for the heat and free energy of forma-
tion of water and carbon monoxide and for the heat and free energy
of the water-gas and producer-gas reactions. Values for these ther-
modynamic quantities were calculated from calorimetric data on the
heats of combustion of hydrogen, carbon, and carbon monoxide and
appropriate other new data on the entropies of the various substances
involved, on the heat of vaporization of water, and on corrections to
the ideal thermodynamic state.
/
• Presented before the Division of Phy~lcal·lnorganlc Chemistry I\t the meeting of the American Chemical
Society In Baltimore, Md., April 3-7, 1939.
407
'.
408 Journal oj Re8earch oj the National Bureau of Standard8 Vol. tt

For each reaction entirely in the gaseous phase, there was first cal-
culated from calorimetric data the value of t:..H0298 .16, which is the
value of the change in heat content associated with the given reaction
at 25° 0, with each reactant and product in the ideal state of unit
fugacity (1 atmosphere).1 Then from the entropies of the various
gases, which have been evaluated statistically by various investigators
from spectroscopic and other molecular data, there was calculated the
value of t:..s0298.16, which is the change in entropy associated with the
given reaction at 25° 0, with each reactant and product in the ideal
state of unit fugacity. These values for the change in heat content
and entropy were then combined by means of the relation
t:..F=t:..H-Tt:..S (1)
to yield the value of t:..F0298.16, which is the change in free energy
associated with the given reaction at 25° 0, with each substance in
the selected standard state.
To each value reported there is attached an estimate of the uncer-
tainty. Where possible, this uncertainty was evaluated by a method
previously described [2]; 2 in other cases conservative estimates of
uncertainty were made.
The unit of energy used is the international joule, determined by
standards of electromotive force and resistance maintained at this
Bureau. Oonversion to the conventional defined calorie was made
by means of the factor 1/4.1833 ..
For conversion of the statistically calculated values of entropies
and heat contents to the units of energy used in this paper, the value
of the gas constant, R, was taken as 8.3145 ±O.0006 absolute j degree- 1
mole-I, or 8.3128 ±0.0008 into j degree- 1 mole-I, or 1.98714 ± 0.00019
cal degree- 1 mole-I. (The derivation of the values of these constants
will be discussed in a later report.)
II. SOURCES OF THE DATA; CALCULATIONS
1. VALUES OF (dH/dP)r
In order to correct the values of t:..H obtained for 1 atmosphere to
values of t:..H with each substance in the standard state, there are
required values of (dH/dP)T for the gases at 25° 0 and 0 to 1 atmos-
phere. a
For the gases (except water) involved in the present calculations,
the values of Hp-o-HP-l at 25° 0 range from -0.5 j/mole for H 2 (g)
to 41 j/mole for 002(g). While the correction to zero pressure is not
significant for hydrogen, and barely so for oxygen and carbon monox-
ide, the correction was made for all the gases for the sake of consis-
tency.
In table 1 are given values of HP~o-HP=1 at 25° 0 for the gases,
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and mixtures of
oxygen and carbon dioxide. For hydrogen and carbon dioxide, the
values were calculated by means of the Beattie-Bridgeman equation
of state with the constants given by these authors [3,4]. For oxygen
1 Following Lewis Ilnd Randall [1], the superscript zero attached to a symbol denotes the selected thermo-
dynamic standard state, and the subscript denotes the absolute temperature to which it applies .
• Figures in brackets indicate the literature references at the end of this paper .
• The heat content of a gas in the ideal (hypothetical) standard state of unit fugacity of 1 atmosphere is
the same as the heat content of the real gas at zero pressure. The standard state for a liquid or solid is taken
as that of the real substance at a pressure of 1 atmosphere.
 -.. -
Rossini] Free Energy oj Water and Oarbon Monoxide 409
and mixtures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, the values were calculated
from the published data of Rossini and Frandsen [5] on (dE/dP)T at
28° C and their unpublished data on theP-V-Trelations of mixtures
of oxygen and carbon dioxide [6], together with the temperature
coefficient given by the Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state for
conversion to 25° C. For carbon monoxide, the value was obtained
by extrapolation of values of (dH/dP)T calculated from values of
V and T (dV/dT)p given by Deming and Shupe [7] for 100, 75, 50,
and 25 atmospheres.
For H 2 0(g) at 25° C, the value of HP - 0_HP~0 .03122 was taken as
22.0 ± 1.0 j/mole, from unpublished calculations by C. H. Meyers of
this Bureau. This value is substantially identical with that obtained
by extrapolating values of (dH/dP)T for H 20(g) reported by Collins
and Keyes [8]. The value for the vapor pressure of water at 25° C
was taken as 0.031222 ± 0.00020 a.tmosphere 19].
TABLE l.-Values a of HP-O-HP-I at 25° C

Substance

j m o!e- 1
H,(g) ___ _____ __________ __ ______ _
O, (g) __ _______ ______ __ __ _________ _ -0.48
OO (g) ___ ______ __ ____ ___________ _ 8.06
OO,(g) _________________________ __ 7.20
41.4
[(I-.x)O,+.xOO,J b(g) ___________ __ 8.06+16.9.x + 17.4.x ·

• The uncertainty in these values is of the order of several percent .

• The symbol.x denotes the mole fraction of 0 0 ,.

2_ HEAT. ENTROPY. AND FREE ENERGY OF VAPORIZATION OF

WATER

The new calorimetric data of Osborne, Stimson, and Ginnings [10]

yield 4 for
H zO(liq)=H2 0(g) (2)
.1m98~g3122 = 43,985 ± 13 into j mole-I. (3)
Conversion to the ideal standard state yields
.1H;9816 =44,007 ± 13 into j mole-I. (4)
For the entropy of the process,
.1Sf98S~31 22 =147.521 ±O.044 into j deg- I mole-I. (5)
For H 2 0(g) at 25° C and a pressure of 0.031222 atmosphere,
Sldeaz-Sreal=0.058 ±0.002 into j deg- 1 mole-I, (6)
from unpublished calculations by C. H. Meyers. For the ideal gas at
25° C, the entropy of compression to 1 atmosphere is
Sp=I_8p~0.031222= - R In[1 /0.031222]
=-28'.817 ±0.020 into j deg- 1 mole-I. (7)
Combination of eq 5, 6, and 7 yields for the vaporization of water,
according to eq 2,
.18;98.16=118.762 ±0.048 into j deg- I mole-I. (8)
• 1 mole of water is taken as 18.0162 g [20J.

- ------'
 .....
410 Journal oj Research oj the National Bureau oj Standards VoU!

For H 2 0(g) at 25° C and. a pressure of 0.031222 atmosphere, the

unpublished calculations of C. H. Meyers yield
Fideal-Freal=4.7 ± 1.2 j mole-I. (9)
For the ideal gas at 25° C, the free energy of compression to 1 atmos-
phere is
FP-I_Fp-o.031222=RT In[1/0.031222]=8592.2 ±3.0 into j mole-I. (9a)
For the vaporization of water at 25° C at its saturation pressure the
change in free energy is zero:
(9b)
Combination of eq 9, 9a, and 9b yields for the vaporization of water,
according to eq 2,
(10)
3. VALUES OF ENTROPIES

The values used for the entropies at 25° C are given m table 2,
where the sources are also indicated.
TABLE 2.- Values of entropies at 25° C, and of heat contents at 25° C referred to the
absolute zero

Substance Source oC
82gB.IG H298.IG-Ho values

intoj deg- I mole- I cal a deg-l motel in! J mole- I cal a mole l
C(c. graphite) . .......•. 5. 712 ±O.IOO 1. 365 ±0.024 1053.8 ±12.5 251. 9 ±3.0 \11.I2J
O,(g) ................... 205. 090 ± . 040 49.026 ± . 010 86.';3. 6 ± 3.0 2068.6 ±0.7 d 11.33l
CO,(g) ................. 213.729 ± .040 51.091±.0I0 9370.6 ± 4.0 2240.0 ±1. 0 d [11. 14
CO(g) .................. 197.958 ± .040 47.321 ± .010 8670.7 ± 3.0 2072. 7 ±0.7 [15. 16. 17J
H,(g) ................... 130.644 ± .020 31.230 ± .OO.S 8466.6 ± 2.0 2023.9 ±.5 [18.I9J
B.O(g) ................. 188.843 ± .064 45.142 ± .015 9905.6 ± 4.0 2367.9 ±1. 0 (»
B,O(liq) ................ 70. 081 ± . 080 16.752 ± .019 ~ ----~~ -- - ---- ----.--------- (0)

• The calorie is defined as 4,1833 int oj.

> Unpublished value calculated by H. L. Johnston IIsing the actual rotational leyels instead of those ofa
rigid rotator. The \'alue obtained by adding to Gordon's [ ~3J value of the entropy (calculated on the basis
of a rigid rotator) the correction for rotational distortion evaluated by Wilson [24] is lower than the valllo
calculated by Johnston by 0.038 J deg-I mole-I .
• Calculated from eq 2 Rnd 8 and the value for H,O(g).
d The values for tbe entropies and beat contents previously given [111 for CO, and O. differ (but not signIfi-
cantly) from those given in this table. hecause of the change in the value taken for the gas constant R . How·
ever. no change occurs in tbe values of aS2gB.IO. AF 2g ,.IG. and aHo previously given [11) for the formation
of carbon dioxide from its elements.

4. VALUES OF H02Q8'IG-HO
For calculating values of !:l.H8 from the values !:l.Ho 29S ' 16 ' there are
required values of H029S .1S-H8 for each of the substances involved
in the reactions. These values and their sources are given in table 2.
5. HEAT AND FREE ENERGY OF FORMATION OF WATER
The data reported in 1931 [21] for the heat of combustion of hydro-
gen, together with a correction (-3.6 j/mole in !:l.H) to the ideal
state of unit fugacity and a correction (- 9.5 j/mole in !:l..H) for the
change in the molecular weight (to 18.0162 g) of water [20], yield for
H 2(g)+ 1/2 02(g)=H 20 (liq) (11)
!:l..Ho29S.16=-285,795 ±40 into j mole-I. (12)
 - •

Ro!!lnI1 Free Energy of Water and Carbon Monoxide 411

Combination of eq 2,4, and 12 yields for
H 2 (g)+ 1/202 (g) = H 20(g) (13)
t:.H029g.I6=-241,788 ±42 into j mole-I. (14)
Combination of eq 1 and 14 with the entropies of H2(g), 1/2 O2 (g),
and H 2 0(g) yields for eq 13, the formation of gaseous water,
t:.r298 .16=-228,566 ±47 into j mole-I. (15)
Combination of eq 2 and 10 with 13 and 15 yields, for eq 11, the forma-
tion of liquid water,
t:.Ji'0298.16=-237,163 ±47 into j mole-I. (16)
6. HEAT AND FREE ENERGY OF COMBUSTION AND FORMATION
OF CARBON MONOXIDE
The data reported in 1931 [22)6 for the heat of combustion of carbon
monoxide, together with a correction (25.2 j/mole in t:.H) to the ideal
state of unit fugacity and a correction (-64.3 j/mole in t:.H) for the
change in the molecular weight (to 44 .010) of carbon dioxide (which
determined the amount of reaction) l20), yield for
CO(g)+ 1j202 (g) = C02(g) (17)
t:.Ho298.I6=-282,942± 120 into j mole-I. (18)
The correction of the observed value of t:.H at 1 atmosphere to that
at zero pressure was made in the following way. Examination of the
calorimetric data on the heat of combustion indicated that the reaction
which actually occurred in the calorimeter, on the average, was
CO (g, 1 atm)+0.89 0 2(g, 1 atm)= (C0 2 +O.39 0 2)(g, 1 atm). (19)
To the value of t:.H (-282,967 ±120 into j/mole of CO 2) observed for
this process were added the values of t:.H (-7.2, -7.2, and 39.6 j,
respectively) associated with the following three processes:
CO (g, 0 atm)=CO (g, 1 atm), (20)
0.89 O2 (g, 0 atm)=0.89 O2 (g, 1 atm), (21)
(C02 +O.39 O2) (g, 1 atm) = (C02 +O.39 O2 ) (g, 0 atm). (22)
Combination of eq 18 and the entropies of CO (g) , 1/202 (g), and
CO 2 (g) with eq 1 yields for the combustion of carbon monoxide,
eq 17,
t:.F0298'16=- 257,069 ±121 into j mole-I. (23)
In a previous report [11] there was given for
C (c, graphite) +0 2 (g)=C0 2 (g) (24)
t:.H0298'I6= -393,355 ±46 into j mole- I (25)
t:.Fo298'I6-'-394,228 ±58 into j mole-I. (26)
I The three other modern determinations or the heat of combustion or carbon monoxide. by Awbery and
Griffith, [251. Fennlng and CoHon [261 . and Roth snd Banse [271. yield values In accord with e'l 17 snd 18
within their estimated limits or uncertainty, namely, :1:480, ::1:210, and ::1:840 J/mole, respectively. See
rererence [281.
 ... - ..

412 Journal oj Research oj the National Bureau oj Standards ltol.S1

Combination of eq 18, 23, 25, and 26 with 17 and 24 yields for the
formation of carbon monoxide from its elements in their standard
states
C (c, graphite) + 1/2 O2 (g)=CO (g) (27)
t:..Ho29S'16= -110,413 ± 129 into j mole- ' (28)
t:..Fo29S'16 = -137,158 ± 133 into j mole-I. (29)
7. WATER-GAS AND PRODUCER-GAS REACTIONS

Values of the heat and free energy of the water-gas reaction may
be obtained by combining eq 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, and 23:
H 2 (g)+CO z (g)=H 2 0 (g)+CO (g) (30)
6Hoz9S'16=41, 154 ± 127 into j mole- I (31 )
6FoZ98'16=28,504 ± 130 into j mole-I. (32)
Similarly, from eq 17, 18, 23, 24, 25, and 26, there is obtained for
the producer-gas reaction
C (c, graphite)+COz (g)=2 CO (g) (33)
6HoZ9S'16=172,529 ±244 into j mole- ' (34)
6Fo298'16= 119,911 ±248 into j mole-I. (35)
III. SUMMARY
A summary of all the values of t:..HoZ9S'16 and t:..Fo298'16 is given in
table 3, together with values of 6H'O, calculated from the values of
D.H°29S'16 and the appropriate values of HOZ9S -16-Hoo from table 2.

l_
 - I

TABLE 3.-Summary of thermodynamic values S'

~
Reaction 6H°2t8.JI5 Alf'Oftl.16 tJ.Hoo
""
into j mole-I cal & mole- 1 into j mole-I cal" mole- 1 into jmole-1 cal- mol~-l
H,(g)+1/20.(g)=H,O(liq) __ ___ ___ ___ _____ ____________ _ - 285, 795 ±40 -68,318. I ±9.6 -237, 163 ±47 -56.692.8 ±ll. 2 ___ _____ ______ ________ .
H.O(liq)=H,O(g) _______ _____ _________ _____ ______ _____ _ 44,007 ±13 10,519.7 ±3.1 8,597 ±4 2,055. I ±1. 0 __ ______________ ___________ ____________ _
H,(g)+1/20,(g)=H,O (g) _______________ ____ _____ __ ____ _ - 241,788 ±42 -57,798.4 ±IO.O - 228, 566 ±47 -54,637.7 ±11. 2 -238,900 ±42 -57,108.0 ±JO.O
OO(g)+ 1/2 O,(g) =OO,(g) ____________ ____________ ____ __
o (a, graphite)+1/2 O, (g) =OO(g) _______ _____ ____ ______ _ -282,942
-110,413
±120
±129
-67,636.1
-26,393.8
± 28. 7
±30.8
- 257,069
-137, 158
±121
±133
-61,451. 2
-32,787.0
±29.0
±31. 8
-279,315 ±120
-113,703 ±130
-66,769.1 ±28. 7
-27,180.2 ± 31. 1
~
H,(g)+OO,(g)=H.O(g)+OO(g) ________ ________________ _ 41,154 ±127 9,837.7 ±30.4 28,504 ±130 6,813.8 ±31. I 40,415 ±127 9,661. 0 ±30.4 ~
O(c, graphite)+OO,(g)=2 OO(g) ___ __________________ ___
~
172, 529 ±244 41, 242. 3 ±58. 4 119,911 ±248 28, 664. 2 ±59. 3 165, 612 ±244 39, 588. 8 ±58.4
O(c, graphite)+O.(g) = OO,(g) _________________________ _ - 393,355 ±46 -94,029.8 ±II. 0 - 394, 228 ±58 -94,238.5 ±13.9 -393,018 ±48 - 93,949. 3 ±1l.5

• The calorie is defined as 4.1833lnt. j.

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 -
414 Journal oj Research oj the National Bureau oj Standards Voi £f

IV. REFERENCES
[1] G. N. Lewis and M. Randall, Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of
b ,""' Chemical Substances (McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, N. Y., 1923).
[2] F. D. Rossini, Chem. Rev. 18, 233 (1936).
[3] J. A. Beattie and O. C. Bridgeman, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 63,229 (1928).
[4] J. A. Beattie and O. C. Bridgeman, Phys. Rev. 32, 699 (1928).
[5] F. D. Rossini and M. Frandsen, BS. J. Research 9, 733 (1932) RP503.
[6] E. W. Washburn, BS. J. Research 10, 525 (1933) RP546.
[7] W. E. Deming and L. E. Shupe, Phys. Rev. 38, 2245 (1931).
f8] S. C. Collins and F. G. Keyes, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 72,283 (1938).
[9] N. S. Osborne and C. H. Meyers, J . Research NBS 13, 1 (1934) RP691.
[10] N. S. Osborne, H . F. Stimson, and D. C. Ginnings, Forthcoming paper in
J. Research NBS.
[11] F. D. Rossini and R. S. Jessup, J. Research NBS 21, 491 (1938) RP1141.
[12] C. J. Jacobs and G. S. Parks, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 56, 1513 (1934).
[13] H. L. Johnston and M . L. Walker, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 55, 172 (1933); 57,
682 (1935).
[14] L. S. Kassel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 56, 1838 (1934).
[15] J. O. Clayton and W. F. Giauque, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 56, 2610 (1932); 57,
5071 (1933).
[16] L. S. Kassel, J. Chem. Phys. 1, 576 (1933).
[17] H. L. Johnston and C. O. Davis, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 56, 271 (1934).
[18] W. F. Giauque, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 52, 4816 (1930).
[19] H. L. Johnston and E. A. Long, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 389 (1934).
[20] G. P. Baxter, O. Hiinigschmid, and P. Le Beau, J. Am. Chern. Soc. 60, 737
(1938).
[21] F. D. Rossini, BS. J. Research 6, 1 (1931); 7, 329 (1931).
[22] F. D. Rossini, BS. J. Research 6, 37 (1931); 7, 329 (1931).
[23] A. R. Gordon, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 65 (1934).
[24] E. B. Wilson, Jr., J. Chem. Phys. 4, 526 (1936).
[25] J. H. Awbery and E. Griffiths, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) [A]lH, 1 (1933).
[26] R. W. Fenning and F. T. Cotton, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) [A] 141,17 (1933).
[27] W. A. Roth and H. Banse, Arch. Eisenhutten 6, 43 (1932-33) .
[28] F. R. Bichowsky and F. D. Rossini, Thermochemistry of the Chemical
Substances, (Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, N . Y., 1936).
WASHINGTON, January 20, 1939.