TERM PAPER

MACHINING TOOLS
By TAMAYO,EMMAN LOUIE C.

MACH 2 – MACHINING TOOLS

INSTRUCTOR: 3/E ROWEN M. SAMILLANO, MME
UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE
SIBALOM ANTIQUE
MARCH 1,2023
Questions
1.What are the different Safety measures in the using a Lathe machine?
 One should always be sure that all guards are in place before running the machine.
 Always clamp the work and tool properly with correct size of work and tool holding
device.
 Always keep the machine clear of tools.
 Machine should be stopped before making measurements or adjustments.
 Wear an apron or a properly fitted shop coat. Goggles should also be used.
 One should remove necktie, wrist watch and jewellery while working.
 One should not operate the lathe until he knows the proper procedure.
 One should check the work frequently when it is being machined.
 One should check the face-plate or chuck by hand to be sure that there is no danger of the
work striking any part of the lathe.
 Stop the machine and remove chips with pliers. One should not remove the chips by
hand.
 One should always be sure that all guards are in place before running the machine.
 Always clamp the work and tool properly with correct size of work and tool holding
device.
 Always keep the machine clear of tools.
 Machine should be stopped before making measurements or adjustments.
 Wear an apron or a properly fitted shop coat. Goggles should also be used.
 One should remove necktie, wrist watch and jewellery while working.
 One should not operate the lathe until he knows the proper procedure.
 One should check the work frequently when it is being machined.
 One should check the face-plate or chuck by hand to be sure that there is no danger of the
work striking any part of the lathe.
 Correct dress is important, remove rings and watches, roll sleeves above elbows.
 Always stop the lathe before making adjustments.
 Do not change spindle speeds until the lathe comes to a complete stop.
 Always wear protective eye protection.
 Never lay tools directly on the lathe ways. If a separate table is not available, use a wide
board with a cleat on each side to lay on the ways.
 Use two hands when sanding the workpiece. Do not wrap sandpaper or emery cloth
around the workpiece.
2.What are the different Safety measures in the using a Drill?
 Run drill at correct RPM for diameter of drill bit and material. Ask shop personnel for the
correct RPM.
 Always hold work in a vise or clamp to the drill table.
  Use a correctly ground drill bit for the material being drilled. Shop personnel can help
select the correct bit.
 Use the proper cutting fluid for the material being drilled. Ask the shop staff about the
appropriate fluid for the material you are machining.
 Remove chips with a brush, never by hand.
 Ease up on drilling pressure as the drill starts to break through the bottom of the material.
 Don’t use a dull or cracked drill. Inspect the drill before using.
 Don’t drill with too much pressure.
 Always try to support part on parallels or a backing board when drilling thru material.
 Never place taper shank tools such as large diameter drills or tapered shank reamers in a
drill chuck. Only straight shank tools such as standard drills can be clamped in chucks.
 Always clean drill shank and/or drill sleeve, and, spindle hole before mounting.
 Remove taper shank tools from spindle or sleeve with a drill drift and hammer.
 Never try to loosen the drill chuck while the power is on.
 Lower the drill spindle close to the table when releasing the drill chuck or taper shank
drill to reduce the chance of damage should they fall onto the table.
 Never clean a machine while it is in motion!!
 If the drill binds in a hole, stop the machine and turn the spindle backwards by hand to
release the bit.
 When drilling a deep hole withdraw the drill bit frequently to clear chips and lubricate the
bit.
 Always remove the drill chuck key, or, the drill drift from the spindle immediately after
using it.
 Wear safety eye protection while drilling.
 Let the spindle stop of its own accord after turning the power off. Never try to stop the
spindle with your hand.
 Plexiglas and other brittle plastics can be difficult to drill. Ask a shop technician for
advice on drill and coolant selection when drilling these materials
3.What are the different Safety measures in the using a Circular Cutter?
 Always wear eye protection when operating a circular saw. Wear a dust mask and ear
protection if the situation calls for it.
 Avoid loose clothing, hair or jewelry that can be pulled into the saw.
 Stand to the side when cutting to avoid potential kickbacks. Don’t overextend—move
your feet so that you are always balanced and in full control.
 Check the blade for sharpness—sharp blades work better and are safer. Check that the
blade cutting nut has not been over-tightened. Only change blades when the saw is
disconnected from the power source.
 Check the cutting surface for metal objects like nails or screws.
 Set the cutting depth as shallow as you can and don’t allow the blade to protrude more
than a little below the stock being cut.
  While you can use a circular saw with just one hand, always use with both hands for
maximum control. This also requires you to clamp down work pieces so that they don’t
move while you are cutting them.
 Always check your circular saw before use to ensure that it is in perfect working order.
 When replacing your equipment, always consult the new manual. Power-tool
manufacturers are continuously improving safety standards and these will only be
effective if you and your crew are using them correctly.
 Some workers alter the lower guard by tying or wedging it open. Do not do this—rather
leave the guard to pivot so that the blade is always safe.
 If your circular saw blade catches on thin-shave cuts or angled cuts, rotate and hold it
open with an extended fingertip while still keeping both hands on the saw.
 Always wait for the blade to stop moving before setting the saw down on your work
surface. Getting a circular saw with a blade brake will reduce your wait times.
4.What are the different Safety measures in the using a Pipe Bender?
 Always use protective gear like insulated gloves, goggles, long-sleeve shirts, close-toed
shoes, and long pants.
 Always inspect your equipment for any damages before each use, and if you find any
defects, have them fixed and closed before doing any work with the bender.
 Fully thread the hydraulic cylinder into the cylinder support block on the bending frame.
 Make sure that the saddle is fully threaded into the plunger fully hand tight.
 Make all hose connections between the cylinder and hydraulic pump. Make sure that the
coupler(s) are fully hand tightened.
 Select the appropriate bending shoe for the pipe size. Each shoe is marked for size. An
arrow indicates the center of the bend to be made.
 Insert and lock the bending shoe onto the cylinder plunger. Make sure to install the “U”
shaped lock pin.
5.What are the different Safety measures in the using a Milling Machine?
 Must obtain basic shop safety training and equipment-specific training before using this
machine. Must wear appropriate PPE and follow shop rules.
 Keep all guards in place while operating the machine.
 While operating the milling machine allow no one else to touch it.
 Keep hands away from moving cutting tools.
 Do not make measurements of stock while the milling machine spindle is rotating.
 Do not allow large quantities of chips to accumulate around the workpiece. After
stopping the machine, and moving the workpiece as far away from the tool as possible,
use a brush or paper towel to remove excess chips from the part being machined.
 Always use cutters that are sharp and in good condition.
 Use paper towel or Kevlar gloves to handle sharp cutting tools.
 Cutting tools must be securely fastened in the mill spindle, with the proper accessory.
  Make sure the cutting tool is clear of the workpiece before starting the machine.
 Make sure cutter is rotating in the proper direction before cutting material.
 Do not power machine to tighten or loosen cutting bits or tools.
 Workpieces and stock must be rigidly fastened to the mill table with clamps, a vise, or
special fixtures.
 Use appropriate speeds and feeds for the type and size of cutter being used and the
material being machined. Consult instrument maker for assistance.
 Always use the proper cutting fluids for the material being cut.
 Do not place anything on the milling machine table, such as wrenches, or precision tools.
 Always stay at the machine while it is running.
 Use the milling machine spindle brake to stop the spindle after the power has been turned
off.
 At the end of your work on the mill, when cleaning the machine table and vise, remove
cutter from spindle to avoid cutting yourself.
 After brushing chips off, wipe off excess oils and residue with paper towel.
6.What are the different Safety measures in the using a Vernier caliper?
 Before measurement, the measured parts and vernier calipers should be wiped clean.
Check whether the two measuring surfaces and measuring edges of vernier calipers are
flat and non-destructive; There should be no obvious gap when the two PAWS are
closely fitted, and the zero lines of the vernier and ruler body should be aligned with each
other.
 When moving the ruler frame, the activity should be free, not too loose or too tight, not to
shake. The reading of the vernier caliper should not be changed when fixing the ruler
frame with the fixing screw. When moving the ruler frame, do not forget to loosen the
fixing screws.
 During measurement, fix the measured part with your left hand, do not shake back and
forth, and grasp the measurement posture with your right hand.
 In order to obtain the correct measurement results, the same section of the part can be
measured several times in different directions. For longer parts, it should be measured in
all parts of the full length and take its average value.
 When measuring parts, the pressure should make the two PAWS just contact the surface
of the parts, and excessive pressure is not allowed, so as not to bend the PAWS, wear or
produce elastic deformation.
 Reading, should keep the vernier caliper level, in the direction of the light, so that the line
of sight and the vernier caliper as perpendicular to the surface as possible, so as not to
cause artificial reading error.
 In the process of use to take gently, it is strictly prohibited to throw the vernier calipers
randomly, affecting its performance.
 The metrological label is the identification of metrological verification/calibration.
Attention should be paid to protection when using it. In case of damage, the part-time
metrological staff of the workshop should be informed immediately to mark it again.
7.What are the different Safety measures in the using an outside and inside caliper?
 Before using calipers, wipe away dust and dirt on sliding and measuring surfaces with a
soft, dry cloth.
 Clean off the tool properly to remove any dirt, rust, or grease to avoid any error during
measurement.
 After using the caliper, wipe off the water and oil thoroughly. Then, lightly smear with
anti-rust oil and let dry before storing.
 When not in use, be sure to return the caliper to its storage case.
 Only use your caliper on stationary parts.
8. What are the different Safety measures in the using a micrometer?
 Before you rotate the thimble or the ratchet knob, unlock the locking lever.
 Make sure to clean the measuring faces with the help of a clean cloth before you begin
taking measurements.
 As you begin measuring, start rotating the ratchet knob (not the thimble).
9. What are the different Safety measures in the using a dial micrometer?
 Do ensure you always protect the spindle by keeping it clean.
 Do ensure the indicator hand is able to move freely.
 It must be able to move to its fullest extent as well as to the zero end of the scale in one
fluid movement.
 Do ensure you use your indicator correctly by securely affixing it to the holding device.
10. What are the different Safety measures in the using a feeler gauge?
 Feeler gauges should be cleaned with an oily cloth before storage to prevent rust
 Wonkee Donkee recommends that you keep the blades closed at all times, other than
when in actual use, to prevent damage.
 Open – Measure – Close.
 The blades should only be out for as long as it takes to measure or set the gap
 TERM PAPER

BASIC ELECTRONICS
By TAMAYO,EMMA LOUIE C.

ELECTRO 2M-BASIC ELECTRONICS

INSTRUCTOR:FRED LYNDON PACHUENCO
UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE
SIBALOM ANTIQUE
MARCH 27,2023
Questions:
1.Explain how is semiconductor is made to be positive or negative in producing a semiconductor
junction.
-To do that we need to create a “positive” and a “negative” pole within the silicon allowing
electrons and therefore electric current to flow out of the silicon. These poles are created by
doping the silicon with certain impurities
2.Explain the principle of operation for a diode and zener diode.
-Diodes are normally used for rectification, whereas Zener diodes are used for voltage
regulation.A Zener diode is a silicon semiconductor device that permits current to flow in either
a forward or reverse direction. The diode consists of a special, heavily doped p-n junction,
designed to conduct in the reverse direction when a certain specified voltage is reached.
3.Explain the principle of operation for a bi-polar transistor and field effect transistor.
-Bipolar junction transistors are bipolar devices, in this transistor, there is a flow of both majority
& minority charge carriers. Field-effect transistors are unipolar devices, in this transistor, there
are only the majority charge carriers flows. Bipolar junction transistors are current-controlled.
4.Explain the principle of operation of diac,triac,SCR and IGBT.
-DIAC stands for Diode for Alternating Current. As the name implies, a DIAC is a
semiconductor diode for conducting alternating current. Basically, it is a power electronic
bidirectional semiconductor uncontrolled switch that is capable of conducting the electric current
in both directions.TRIAC stands for Triode for Alternating Current. A TRIAC is a power
semiconductor controlled switch which can conduct the current in both directions. A TRIAC is a
four layer and three terminal power semiconductor device. The terminals of the TRIAC are:
main terminal 1 (MT1), main terminal 2 (MT2) and gate terminal.DIAC is a diode for AC which
allows the electric current to flow in both directions when a voltage greater than break-over
voltage is applied across it. TRIAC is a bidirectional SCR (silicon controlled rectifier) which is
capable of conducting in both directions when it is triggered by applying a gate pulse.A silicon
controlled rectifier (SCR) is a four-layer solid state current controlling device with 3 terminals.
They have anode and cathode terminals like a conventional diode and a third control terminal,
referred to as the Gate. An insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a three-terminal power
semiconductor device primarily forming an electronic switch. It was developed to combine high
efficiency with fast switching. It consists of four alternating layers (P–N–P–N) that are
controlled by a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) gate structure.