Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 1125

Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland

Advisory Editors
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
Rafael Bello Perez, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computing,
Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Hani Hagras, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering,
University of Essex, Colchester, UK
László T. Kóczy, Department of Automation, Széchenyi István University,
Gyor, Hungary
Vladik Kreinovich, Department of Computer Science, University of Texas
at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
Chin-Teng Lin, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chiao
Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Jie Lu, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,
University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Patricia Melin, Graduate Program of Computer Science, Tijuana Institute
of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
Nadia Nedjah, Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen , Faculty of Computer Science and Management,
Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
Jun Wang, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications
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Editors
Vijender Kumar Solanki Manh Kha Hoang
CMR Institute of Technology Hanoi University of Industry
Hyderabad, India Ha Noi, Vietnam

Zhonghyu (Joan) Lu Prasant Kumar Pattnaik

University of Huddersfield KIIT University
Huddersfield, UK Bhubaneswar, India

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-981-15-2779-1 ISBN 978-981-15-2780-7 (eBook)
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Contents

Assessment of the Heart Disease Using Soft Computing

Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Dharmpal Singh, Sudipta Sahana, Souvik Pal, Ira Nath
and Sonali Bhattacharyya
The Reasons for Rail Accident in India Using the Concept
of Statistical Methods: An Analytical Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Dharmpal Singh, Sudipta Sahana, Souvik Pal, Ira Nath,
Sonali Bhattacharyya and Srabanti Chakraborty
Automatic Music Genre Detection Using Artificial Neural
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Pratanu Mandal, Ira Nath, Nihal Gupta, Madhav Kumar Jha,
Dev Gobind Ganguly and Souvik Pal
Role of Ad Hoc and Sensor Network for Effective Business
Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Ishu Varshney and Sunny Prakash
Implementation of Integrated Security System by Using Biometric
Function in ATM Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Pushpa Choudhary, Ashish Tripathi, Arun Kumar Singh
and Prem Chand Vashist
DTSS and Clustering for Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor
Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Arpana Mishra, Shubham Shukla, Akhilesh Kumar Singh and Anika Gupta
Load Distribution Challenges with Virtual Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Neha Tyagi, Ajay Rana and Vineet Kansal
Mobile Ad Hoc Network and Wireless Sensor Network:
A Study of Recent Research Trends in Worldwide Aspects . . . . . . . . . 57
Ishu Varshney

vii
viii Contents

Comparative Analysis of Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor

Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Smriti Sachan, Mudita Vats, Arpana Mishra and Shilpa Choudhary
Concept of Cancer Treatment by Heating Methodology
of Microwave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Awanish Kumar Kaushik, Smriti Sachan, Shradha Gupta
and Shilpa Choudhary
Novel Approach to Detect and Extract the Contents in a Picture
or Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Awanish Kumar Kaushik, Shilpa Choudhary, Shashank Awasthi
and Arun Pratap Srivastava
LEACH with Pheromone Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless
Sensor Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Arpana Mishra, Shilpa Choudhary, Mudita Vats and Smriti Sachan
Industrialization of IoT and Its Impact on Biomedical
Life Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Aritra Bhuiya and Sudan Jha
Parts of Speech Tagging for Punjabi Language Using Supervised
Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Simran Kaur Jolly and Rashmi Agrawal
Development of Decision Support System by Smart Monitoring
of Micro Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Laxmi Kant Sagar and D. Bhagwan Das
Gender Recognition from Real-Life Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Apoorva Balyan, Shivani Suman, Najme Zehra Naqvi and Khyati Ahlawat
Applications of Raspberry Pi and Arduino to Monitor Water Quality
Using Fuzzy Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Padmalaya Nayak, Chintakindi Praneeth Reddy and Devakishan Adla
Developing a Smart and Sustainable Transportation Plan
for a Large-Sized City: An Approach to Smart City Modeling . . . . . . 145
Sushobhan Majumdar and Bikramjit Sarkar
Improved Data Dissemination Protocol for VANET Using Whale
Optimization Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Bhoopendra Dwivedy and Anoop Kumar Bhola
A Novel IoT-Based Approach Towards Diabetes Prediction
Using Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Riya Biswas, Souvik Pal, Nguyen Ha Huy Cuong
and Arindam Chakrabarty
Contents ix

Technical Solutions to Build Technology Infrastructure

for Applications in Smart Agricultural Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Nguyen Ha Huy Cuong, Souvik Pal, Sonali Bhattacharyya,
Nguyen Thi Thuy Dien and Doan Van Thang
Edge Detection Through Dynamic Programming in Ultrasound
Gray Scale Digital Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Anju Mishra, Ramashankar Yadav and Lalan Kumar
Impact of Heterogeneous IoT Devices for Indoor Localization
Using RSSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Bhagwan Sahay Meena, Sujoy Deb and K. Hemachandran
Indoor Localization-Based Office Automation System Using IOT
Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Bhagwan Sahay Meena, Ramin Uddin Laskar and K. Hemachandran
Ensemble Based Approach for Intrusion Detection Using Extra
Tree Classifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Bhoopesh Singh Bhati and C. S. Rai
Fourth Industrial Revolution: Progression, Scope and Preparedness
in India—Intervention of MSMEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Arindam Chakrabarty, Tenzing Norbu and Manmohan Mall
Call Admission Control in Mobile Multimedia Network Using Grey
Wolf Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Sanjeev Kumar and Madhu Sharma Gaur
Feature Classification and Analysis of Acute and Chronic
Pancreatitis Using Supervised Machine Learning Algorithm . . . . . . . . 241
R. Balakrishna and R. Anandan
RUDRA—A Novel Re-concurrent Unified Classifier for the Detection
of Different Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
S. Sridevi and R. Anandan
Health-Care Paradigm and Classification in IoT Ecosystem
Using Big Data Analytics: An Analytical Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Riya Biswas, Souvik Pal, Bikramjit Sarkar and Arindam Chakrabarty
Human Activity Recognition from Video Clip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Rajiv Kumar, Laxmi Kant Sagar and Shashank Awasthi
A Framework for Enhancing the Security of Motorbike Riders
in Real Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Yash Khandelwal, Sajid Anwar, Samarth Agarwal, Vikas Tripathi
and Priyank Pandey
x Contents

Fisherman Communication at Deep Sea Using Border

Alert System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
N. R. Rajalakshmi and K. Saravanan
Promoting Green Products Through E-Governance Ecosystem:
An Exploratory Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Arindam Chakrabarty, Mudang Tagiya and Shyamalee Sinha
Intervention of Smart Ecosystem in Indian Higher Education
System: Inclusiveness, Quality and Accountability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Arindam Chakrabarty, Mudang Tagiya and Shyamalee Sinha
A Study of Epidemic Approach for Worm Propagation in Wireless
Sensor Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Shashank Awasthi, Naresh Kumar and Pramod Kumar Srivastava
Adaptive Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Controller-Based PMSM Fed
Four Switch Three Phase Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
K. Balaji and R. Ashok Kumar
Design of Multiplier and Accumulator Unit for Low Power
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
J. Balamurugan and M. Gnanasekaran
Design and Implementation of IoT-Based Wireless Sensors
for Ecological Monitoring System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
G. Santhosh, Basava Dhanne and G. Upender
Enhancing Security in Smart Homes-A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Bhuvana Janita, R. Jagadeesh Kannan and N. Kumaratharan
Accident Detection Using GPS Sensing with Cloud-Offloading . . . . . . . 371
D. Srilatha, B. Papachary and N. Sai Akhila
Non-linear Correction of Transient Authentication System
for Cloud Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
S. Shanthi and R. Jagadeesh Kannan
Automatic Nitrate Level Recognition in Agriculture Industry . . . . . . . 387
Md. Ankushavali, G. Divya and N. sai Akhila
Edge Detection-Based Depth Analysis Using TD-WHOG Scheme . . . . 397
P. Epsiba, G. Suresh and N. Kumaratharan
Friend List-Based Reliable Routing in Autonomous
Mobile Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
C. Sivasankar and T. Kumanan
Construction of Domain Ontology for Traditional Ayurvedic
Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
M. Gayathri and R. Jagadeesh Kannan
Contents xi

Systolic FIR Filter with Reduced Complexity SQRT CSLA Adder . . . 427
M. Gnanasekaran and J. Balamurugan
Design of Digital FIR Filters for Low Power Applications . . . . . . . . . . 433
Gunasekaran and G. P. Ramesh
Reduced Frequency and Area Efficient for Streaming Applications
Using Clock Gating and BUFGCE Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
N. Lavanya, B. Harikrishna and K. Kalpana
Survey on Modular Multilevel Inverter Based on Various Switching
Modules for Harmonic Elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Varaparla Hari Babu and K. Balaji
ANFIS-Based MPPT Control in Current-Fed Inverter for AC Load
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Shaik Mohammad Irshad and G. P. Ramesh
Dynamic Load Balancing Using Restoration Theory-Based Queuing
Model for Distributed Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
P. Sheeba Ranjini and T. Hemamalini
Design of Tree-Based MAC for High-Speed Applications . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Joseph Prabhakar Williams, M. Madan and Narendra Prasad
A Survey of Workload Management Difficulties in the Public
Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
K. Baskar, G. K. D. Prasanna Venkatesan and S. Sangeetha
A Review on Multiple Approaches to Medical Image
Retrieval System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Lakshmi R. Nair, Kamalraj Subramaniam
and G. K. D. Prasannavenkatesan
Efficient FPGA-Based Design for Detecting Cardiac Dysrhythmias . . . 511
S. Kripa and J. Jebastine
Light Fidelity System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
N. Noor Alleema, Aadil Khatri, Ankur Gupta and Devika Senapatil
Link Quality and Energy-Aware Metric-Based Routing Strategy
in WSNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Vijayabaskar and T. Kumanan
Genetic Algorithm-Based PCA Classification for Imbalanced
Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Mylam Chinnappan Babu and Sangaralingam Pushpa
Radix-2/4 FFT Multiplierless Architecture Using MBSLS in OFDM
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
G. Manikandan and M. Anand
xii Contents

Multipath Routing Strategy for Reducing Congestion in WSNS . . . . . 561

M. Jothish Kumar and Baskaran Ramachandran
Cascaded Multilevel Inverter-Fed Soft-Start Induction Motor
Using DTFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
R. Murugesan and R. Karthikeyan
Analysis of Digital FIR Filter Using RLS and FT-RLS . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
N. C. Sendhilkumar Prasad and G. P. Ramesh
Analysis of Interline Dynamic Voltage Restoration
in Transmission Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
M. Padmarasan and R. Samuel Rajesh Babu
Polariton Modes in Dispersive and Absorptive One-Dimensional
Structured Dielectric Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
N. Chandrasekar and G. P. Ramesh
QoS-Based Multi-hop Reverse Routing in WSNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
G. Elangovan and T. Kumanan
Mitigation of Power Quality in Wind DFIG-Fed Grid System . . . . . . . 615
P. T. Rajan and G. P. Ramesh
Detection and Avoidance of Single and Cooperative Black Hole
Attacks Using Packet Timeout Period in Mobile Ad hoc Networks . . . 625
S. G. Rameshkumar and G. Mohan
Brain Image Classification Using Dual-Tree M-Band Wavelet
Transform and Naïve Bayes Classifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
A. Ratna Raju, Suresh Pabboju and R. Rajeswara Rao
Comparative Analysis of Cascaded Multilevel Inverter with Switched
Capacitor-Fed Single-Phase Multilevel Inverter for Improving
Voltage Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Shaik Nagulmeeravali and K. Balaji
Review on Induction Motor Control Strategies with Various
Converter and Inverter Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Meera Shareef Sheik and K. Balaji
EROI Analysis of 2 KW PV System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
Harpreet Kaur Channi and Inderpreet Kaur
Suggesting Alternate Traffic Mode and Cost Optimization
on Traffic-Related Impacts Using Machine Learning Techniques . . . . . 673
M. S. Manivannan, R. Kavitha, R. Srikanth and Veena Narayanan
Rare Lazy Learning Associative Classification Using Cogency
Measure for Heart Disease Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
S. P. Siddique Ibrahim and M. Sivabalakrishnan
Contents xiii

Intensify of Metrics with the Integration of Software Testing

Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
S. Vaithyasubramanian, P. M. S. S. Chandu and D. Saravanan
Petri Nets for Pasting Tiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
M. I. Mary Metilda and D. Lalitha
Ad Hoc Wireless Networks as Technology of Support for Ubiquitous
Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Amjed Abbas Ahmed
An Experimental Study on Optimization of a Photovoltaic Solar
Pumping System Used for Solar Domestic Hot Water System
Under Iraqi Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Mahmoud Maustafa Mahdi and A. Gaddoa
A Novel Technique for Web Pages Clustering Using LSA
and K-Medoids Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Nora Omran Alkaam, Noor A. Neamah and Faris Sahib Al-Rammahi
Enhancement in S-Box of BRADG Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Ahmed J. Oabid, Salah AlBermany and Nora Omran Alkaam
A SECURITY Sketch-Based Image Retrieval System
Using Multi-edge Detection and Scale Inverant Feature
Transform Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Alaa Qasim Rahima and Hiba A. Traish
Smart Photo Clicker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
N. Noor Alleema, Ruchika Prasad, Akkudalai Priyanka
and Archit Bhandari
Design of VLSI-Architecture for 128 Bit Inexact Speculative . . . . . . . . 767
Peddi Ramesh, M. Sreevani and G. Upender
Investigation of Solar Based SL-QZSI Fed Sensorless Control
of BLDC Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
A. Sundaram and G. P. Ramesh
Design of Hybrid Electrical Tricycle for Physically
Challenged Person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789
S. Swapna and K. Siddappa Naidu
Intravascular Ultrasound Image Classification Using Wavelet
Energy Features and Random Forest Classifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
A. Swarnalatha and M. Manikandan
xiv Contents

Adaptive Thresholding Skin Lesion Segmentation with Gabor Filters

and Principal Component Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
Dang N. H. Thanh, Nguyen Ngoc Hien, V. B. Surya Prasath,
Uğur Erkan and Aditya Khamparia
Simple Model for Thermal Denaturing of Proteins Absorbed
to Metallic Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Luong Thi Theu, Van Dung Nguyen, Pham Thi Thu Ha
and Tran Quang Huy
Trajectory Tracking Sliding Mode Control for Cart
and Pole System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
Gia-Bao Hong, Mircea Nitulescu, Ionel Cristian Vladu,
Minh-Tam Nguyen, Thi-Thanh-Hoang Le, Phong-Luu Nguyen,
Thanh-Liem Truong, Van-Dong-Hai Nguyen and Xuan-Dung Huynh
Online Buying Behaviors on E-Retailer Websites in Vietnam:
The Differences in the Initial Purchase and Repurchase . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
Nguyen Binh Minh Le and Thi Phuong Thao Hoang
Combination of Artificial Intelligence and Continuous Wave Radar
Sensor in Diagnosing Breathing Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
Nguyen Thi Phuoc Van, Liqiong Tang, Syed Faraz Hasan,
Subhas Mukhopadhyay and Nguyen Duc Minh
An Adaptive Local Thresholding Roads Segmentation Method
for Satellite Aerial Images with Normalized HSV and Lab
Color Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
Le Thi Thanh and Dang N. H. Thanh
Flexible Development for Embedded System Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873
Phan Duy Hung, Le Hoang Nam and Hoang Van Thang
Trajectory Tracking Pid-Sliding Mode Control for Two-Wheeled
Self-Balancing Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
Anh Khoa Vo, Hong Thang Nguyen, Van Dong Hai Nguyen,
Minh Tam Nguyen and Thi Thanh Hoang Le
Evaluating Blockchain IoT Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899
Le Trung Kien, Phan Duy Hung and Kieu Ha My
An Improved Approach for Cluster Newton Method in Parameter
Identification for Pharmacokinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
Thang Van Nguyen, Tran Quang Huy, Van Dung Nguyen,
Nguyen Thi Thu and Tran Duc Tan
Contents xv

An Efficient Procedure of Multi-frequency Use for Image

Reconstruction in Ultrasound Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
Tran Quang Huy, Van Dung Nguyen, Chu Thi Phuong Dung,
Bui Trung Ninh and Tran Duc Tan
Intelligent Rule-Based Support Model Using Log Files in Big Data
for Optimized Service Call Center Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
Hai Van Pham and Long Kim Cu
Hybrid Random Under-Sampling Approach in MRI Compressed
Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943
Thang Van Nguyen, Tran Quang Huy, Van Dung Nguyen,
Nguyen Thi Thu, Gian Quoc Anh and Tran Duc Tan
Dynamics of Self-guided Rocket Control with the Optimal Angle
Coordinate System Combined with Measuring Target Parameters
for Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951
Le Hai Ha, Nguyen Quang Vinh and Nguyen Tang Cuong
An Approach of Utilizing Binary Bat Algorithm
for Pattern Nulling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963
V. L. Tong, Manh Kha Hoang, T. H. Duong, T. Q. T. Pham,
V. T. Nguyen and V. B. G. Truong
An Application of WSN in Smart Aquaculture Farming . . . . . . . . . . . 975
Thong Nguyen Huy, Khanh Nguyen Tuan and Thanh Tran Trung
A Newly Developed Approach for Transmit Beamforming
in Multicast Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
T. D. Thong, D. D. Vien and L. T. Hai
Post-quantum Commutative Deniable Encryption Algorithm . . . . . . . . 993
Nguyen Hieu Minh, Dmitriy Nikolaevich Moldovyan,
Nikolay Andreevich Moldovyan, Quang Minh Le, Sy Tan Ho,
Long Giang Nguyen, Hai Vinh Nguyen and Cong Manh Tran
Indoor Positioning Using BLE iBeacon, Smartphone Sensors,
and Distance-Based Position Correction Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
Anh Vu-Tuan Trinh, Thai-Mai Thi Dinh, Quoc-Tuan Nguyen
and Kumbesan Sandrasegaran
Assessing the Transient Structure with Respect to the Voltage
Stability in Large Power System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017
Luu Huu Vinh Quang
Cellular Automata Approach for Optimizing Radio Coverage:
A Case Study on Archipelago Surveillance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
Tuyen Phong Truong, Toan Hai Le and Binh Thai Duong
xvi Contents

Smart Bicycle: IoT-Based Transportation Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037

Vikram Puri, Sandeep Singh Jagdev, Jolanda G. Tromp and Chung Van Le
LNA Nonlinear Distortion Impacts in Multichannel Direct RF
Digitization Receivers and Linearization Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045
Ngoc-Anh Vu, Thi-Hong-Tham Tran, Quang-Kien Trinh and Hai-Nam Le
Modified Biological Model of Meat in the Frequency Range
from 50 Hz to 1 MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055
Kien Nguyen Phan, Vu Anh Tran and Trung Thanh Dang
A Research on Clustering and Identifying Automated
Communication in the HTTP Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
Manh Cong Tran, Nguyen Quang Thi, Nguyen The Tien,
Nguyen Xuan Phuc and Nguyen Hieu Minh
Sequential All-Digital Background Calibration for Channel
Mismatches in Time-Interleaved ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1081
Van-Thanh Ta and Van-Phuc Hoang
Comparison BICM-ID to Turbo Code in Wide Band Communication
Systems in the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1091
Do Cong Hung, Nguyen Van Nam and Tran Van Dinh
A Design of a Vestibular Disorder Evaluation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105
Hoang Quang Huy, Vu Anh Tran, Nguyen Thu Phuong,
Nguyen Khai Hung, Do Dong Son, Dang Thu Huong and Bui Van Dinh
About Model Separation Techniques and Control Problems
of Wheeled Mobile Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119
Dao Phuong Nam, Nguyen Hoang Ha, Vu Anh Tran, Do Duy Khanh,
Nguyen Dinh Khue and Dang Van Trong
Fuzzy Supply Chain Performance Measurement Model
Based on SCOR 12.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129
Debasish Majumder, Rupak Bhattacharjee and Mrinmoy Dam
Lightweight Convolution Neural Network Based on Feature
Concatenate for Facial Expression Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1141
Xiaohong Cai, Zheng Yan, Fang Duan, Di Hu and Jiaming Zhang
Design and Issues for Recognizing Network Attack Intention . . . . . . . 1149
Anchit Bijalwan and Satenaw Sando
Web-Based Learning: A Strategy of Teaching Gender Violence . . . . . 1157
Jyotirmayee Ojha and Deepanjali Mishra
A Deep Neural Network Approach to Predict the Wine Taste
Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1165
Sachin Kumar, Yana Kraeva, Radoslava Kraleva and Mikhail Zymbler
Sequential All-Digital Background
Calibration for Channel Mismatches
in Time-Interleaved ADC

Van-Thanh Ta and Van-Phuc Hoang

Abstract To achieve high performance, time-interleaved analog-to-digital convert-

ers (TIADCs) require channel mismatches calibration. This paper presents a sequen-
tial all-digital background calibration technique for three derivations encompassing
offset, gain, and timing errors in TIADCs. The average technique is used to remove
offset mismatch at each channel. The gain mismatch is calibrated by calculating
the power ratio of the sub-ADC over the reference ADC. Timing skew is calibrated
by using Hadamard transform for error correction and LMS for estimation of the
clock skew. The numerical simulations of the proposed technique show that the
performance of TIADCs has significantly improved.

Keywords Time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter · Channel mismatches ·

All-digital background calibration

1 Introduction

Time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters (TIADCs) are known and widely used

in high-speed wireless applications. It increases the sampling rate by using multiple-
channel ADC that samples an analog signal in a time-interleaving method [1].
However, channel deviations including offset, gain, timing, and bandwidth mis-
matches have reduced the performance of TIADCs [2]. Therefore, correcting these
mismatches is a very essential requirement.
There have been several works on compensating mismatches in TIADC [3–9], in
which, several works calibrate in the all-analog domain [3]. All-analog calibration
techniques can be performed with any input signal, but analog estimation is difficult
to implement and is not suitable for CMOS technology. Several works calibrate in
the mix-signal domain [4]. Mixed-signal calibration techniques require low power
consumption and small chip area. However, its correction is inaccurate and requires an
additional analog circuit. Therefore, it reduces the resolution of TIADC and increases

V.-T. Ta (B) · V.-P. Hoang

Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 1081

V. K. Solanki et al. (eds.), Intelligent Computing in Engineering,
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 1125,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2780-7_112
1082 V.-T. Ta and V.-P. Hoang

the calibration time. Moreover, they are not suitable for CMOS technology. Thanks to
the sinking of CMOS technology, all-digital calibration is currently being developed
[5–10]. The authors focused on calibration gain and timing mismatches but not
adjusting the offset one. Different from [5–8], this paper proposes a sequential all-
digital background calibration technique for three deviations: gain, offset, and timing
skew errors to further enhance the calibration efficiency in TIADC with M channels.
First, we calibrate offset mismatch by averaging the samples output of sub-ADC and
then correct gain by calculating the power ratio of the sub-ADC with the reference
ADC. Finally, timing skew is calibrated by using Hadamard transform and LMS
algorithm as in [7].
The simulation results of the proposed technique show that the calibration time
is shorter and the performance is higher than the previous techniques. The proposed
technique uses only an FIR filter with a fixed coefficient and does not require a
look-up table, thus significantly improves hardware resources.
This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the time-interleaved
converter model with channel mismatches encompassing offset, gain, and timing
skew errors. The proposed technique is described in Sect. 3. Section 4 discusses the
simulation results of the proposed technique in Sect. 3. Finally, the conclusion is
carried out in Sect. 5.

2 System Model

Consider the TIADC M channel, which includes the three mismatches (offset oi , gain
gi , and timing errors ti , i = 0, 1, . . . , M − 1) shown in Fig. 1. Without considering
the quantization effects, each channel ADC digital output can be expressed as

yi [k] = gi x((k M + i)T − ti ) + oi . (1)

(nM+0)T - t0
o0 g0
ADC0
gi (nM+i)T - ti
Analog input oi Digital output
x(t) ADCi MUX y[n]
fs=1/T
(nM+(M-1))T - tM-1
oM-1 gM-1
ADCM-1
TIADC

Fig. 1 Model of TIADC with channel mismatches (offset, gain, and timing skew errors)
Sequential All-Digital Background Calibration … 1083

Assume that the input signal has bandlimited such that X ( j ) = 0, with || ≥
B and B ≤ Tπs , then the TIADC output including the errors: offset, gain, timing
mismatches is expressed as

+∞
 M−1 
 jω  1  1  ωs 2π
  ωs 
Y e = gi e− j (ω−k M )ti .e jki M j ω−k
T k=−∞ M i=0 M
+∞ M−1 
1  1  2π ωs 
+ oi e jki M δ ω − k . (2)
T k=−∞ M i=0 M

This expression shows that the gain and timing skew errors depend on input
frequency ωin and appear at each ωin ± kω
M
s
frequency. However, the offset mismatch
is spurious tone independent of the signal at each kω
M
s
.

3 Proposed Method

3.1 Offset Mismatch Calibration

The offset mismatch calibration scheme is illustrated in Fig. 2. Let us assume ôi is the
offset’s estimation value of the ith sub-ADC. When the offset mismatch is estimated, it
is subtracted from each channel ADC output to get the corrected signal. By assuming
the input signal is wide-sense-stationary and its expected value is approximately zero,
the estimated offset values are expressed as

N −1
1 
ôi = yi [k]
N k=0
N −1
1 
= gi x((k M + i)T − ti ) +oi ≈ oi . (3)
N k=0

 
≈0

The offset mismatch is calibrated by subtracting estimated offset values from the
sub-ADC output as follows

Fig. 2 Diagram of offset x(t) yi[k] + ADC i output

mismatch calibration ADC i є
-
ôi
Estimation
1084 V.-T. Ta and V.-P. Hoang

Fig. 3 Gain mismatch y0 [ k ] = g 0 x ( ( kM + 0 ) T − t0 )

calibration technique for ADC0
each sub-ADC g 02 Px(t )
average
x(t )
divisor g0
gi
average
gi2 Px(t )
ADCi
yi [ k ] = gi x ( ( kM + i ) T − ti )
g 0 x ( ( kM + i ) T − ti )

ŷi [k] = gi x((k M + i)T − ti ) + oi − ôi

= gi x((k M + i)T − ti ). (4)

3.2 Gain Mismatch Calibration

The signal after calibration of offset mismatch is expressed in (4). Assume gi denotes
the gain mismatch of ith sub-ADC. To estimate gain mismatch, we need to determine
the correlative gain between each single ADC with a reference ADC, that is, gg0i .
Assume that the reference channel is the first channel (ADC0 ). By calculating the
average power of the ith ADC and ADC0 , the relative gain can be calculated as

1 N −1
N k=0 y02 [k] g02 Px(t) g02
N −1 = = . (5)
1
N k=0 yi2 [k] gi2 Px(t) gi2

This ratio is then taken the square root and multiplied by each sub-ADC output
to produce the corrected one. This output has the same gain mismatch of ADC0 as
illustrated in Fig. 3. Therefore, the gain error among sub-ADCs is the same. Since
the proposed gain calibration technique requires multipliers and adders running at
the sampling rate of sub-ADCs, it is efficient for the hardware implementation in
terms of area and power consumption.

3.3 Timing Mismatch Calibration

Timing mismatch calibration includes two steps of correction and estimation.

(a) Timing mismatch correction
After the offset and gain errors were calibrated, the ADC output contains only timing
mismatch. Thus, the ADC output can be expressed as
Sequential All-Digital Background Calibration … 1085

Fig. 4 The timing mismatch

x(t) ADC to yt [ n] + ŷ [ n ]
calibration diagram in calibrate +
sub-ADC -

Timing
Hadamard yt′ [ n ] ωˆ ti
Mismatch
hd[n]
transform Estimation

yti [k] = x((k M + i)T − ti ) (6)

The proposed correction technique uses the Hadamard transform to generate an

error signal and eliminate it at the output of each ADC as illustrated in Fig. 4. Let us
assume the total timing mismatch of sub-ADC is zero t0 + t1 + · · · + t M−1 = 0. The
overall output spectrum of the TIADC is expressed as

+∞
 M−1 
 jω  1  1  − j (ω−k ωs )ti jki 2π   ωs 
Yt e = e M .e M X j ω − k . (7)
T k=−∞ M i=0 M

Without loss of generality, we consider a TIADC with M channels and without

any quantization noise. Fk ( jω), k = 0, 1, . . . , M − 1 are channel responses, where
−π < ω ≤ π . Since Fk ( jω) have only the timing mismatch, these channel responses
are expressed as

Fk ( jω) = e jω(k−ti ) . (8)

To calibrate timing mismatch, we use Hadamard transform multiplied by the ADC

output signal. This signal is called the error signal which is used to remove timing
skew.

y′ t [n] = (yt [n]H[n]) ∗ h d [n], (9)

where H[n] is the Hadamard matrix of order M, h d [n] is the impulse response of the
derivative filter.

0 (n = 0)
h d [n] = cos(nπ ) . (10)
n (n = 0)

The corrected timing mismatch signal is calculated as follows

ŷ[n] = yt [n] − ωti y′ t [n]. (11)

We multiply the exact coefficients and the Hanning window function to get the fil-
ter coefficients. The coefficients ωti are calculated based on the sign of the Hadamard
matrix as follows
1086 V.-T. Ta and V.-P. Hoang

Fig. 5 The timing mismatch δ [ n]

estimation block f [n]
yt [ n] ωˆ ti
Correlator
Hadamard yt′ [ n ]
hd(n)
transform

   
ωt0 t0

 ωt1 
 1 
 t1 

 .. ≈ H .. , (12)
 .  M  . 
ωt(M−1) t M−1

where ti , i = 0, 1, . . . , M − 1 is much less than 1 and ωti = 0.

(b) Timing mismatch estimation
This section presents the structure of the timing mismatch estimation block as shown
in Fig. 5. The timing mismatch estimation block uses the LMS algorithm to determine
the timing skew coefficients ω̂ti . The estimated error signal ŷt′ [n] is created by using
the timing mismatch coefficients as (15). This signal is then subtracted from y[n] to
obtain the restored signal ŷ[n] as

ŷ[n] = yt [n] − ŷt′ [n], (13)

where

ŷt′ [n] = ω̂ti ȳt′ [n], (14)

with ȳt′ [n] generated by the FIR filter f [n] and Hadamard transform H [n] as in (15).
This technique uses only one filter for M-channel estimation. Thus, the circuit area
is reduced.

ȳt′ [n] = ŷ[n]H[n] ∗ h d [n] ∗ f [n]. (15)

Timing mismatch coefficients ω̂ti are calculated from the correlator by the LMS
algorithm.

ω̂t [n] = ω̂t [n − 1] + µȳt′ [n]δ[n], (16)

where µ is the step-size parameter for LMS algorithm, whereas δ[n] is yt [n] signal
delayed versions of after the filter f [n]. Notice that f [n] is a high-pass filter.
Sequential All-Digital Background Calibration … 1087

Table 1 The channel mismatch values in four-channel TIADC

Sub-ADC Channel mismatches
oi gi ti
ADC 0 0.091694 −0.0262 0
ADC 1 −0.11294 −0.0087 0.0014465
ADC 2 0.043109 0.0069 −0.00052667
ADC 3 0.015938 0.0716 0.00040721

4 Simulation Results

We simulate by using the MATLAB software to illustrate the proposed techniques.

We use a 33-tap correction FIR filter, 11-bit ADC quantization, and a sampling fre-
quency of 2.7 GHz. The correction FIR filter uses the Hanning window for truncation
and delay. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed calibration technique, we
have simulated a 60 dB SNR, 2.7 GS/s four-channel TIADC with channel mis-
matches. Assume that channel 0 has no timing skew. The channel mismatch values
are given in Table 1. The input signal is bandlimited with a variance σ = 1 and
218 samples. The adaptive step of the LMS algorithm is µ = 2−16 . The four-channel
TIADC output spectrum before and after offset, gain, and timing mismatches calibra-
tion is shown in Fig. 6. The proposed technique eliminated all channel mismatches.
The SNDR and SFDR are increased from 27.93 and 28.73 dB to 67.22 and 84.29 dB,
respectively. Thus, the TIADC performance has significantly improved.
The convergences of correlation output oi and ωti for offset and timing mismatches
are illustrated in Fig. 7a and Fig. 7b, respectively. The convergence time of the offset
coefficients oi is very fast, only after 25 samples as in Fig. 7a. After about 105
samples, the timing coefficients ωti have converged.

5 Conclusion

This paper has proposed a sequential all-digital background calibration technique

for three deviations: offset, gain, and timing skew errors in M-channel TIADC. To
calibrate offset mismatch, we take the average of output samples of each channel in
TIADC. The gain mismatch is compensated by calculating the power ratio of the sub-
ADC with the reference ADC. Finally, timing skew is compensated by combining
the LMS adaptive algorithm and the Hadamard matrix. The simulation results of a
four-channel TIADC have demonstrated a significant improvement in both SNDR
and SFDR. In future work, we will consider bandwidth mismatch to further improve
the TIADC performance.
1088 V.-T. Ta and V.-P. Hoang

Fig. 6 The four-channel TIADC output spectrum before/after calibration

(a) (b)

Fig. 7 The convergence behavior of channel mismatches: (a) offset, (b) timing mismatch

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Van-Thanh Ta was with the Faculty of Telecommunications Technologies, Telecommunications

University, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam. He is currently with the Faculty of Radio-Electronics Engineer-
ing, Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam (corresponding author to provide phone:
+84977227667; e-mail: [email protected]).