CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The president declared a state of public health emergency throughout the

Philippines as stated on his proclamation No. 922 due to the threat of Covid-19 in the

industry. These closure affects more than 28 million learners in the Philippines according

to the UNESCO (2020). The learning should not get interrupted (Chua et.al). With this the

Philippine Commission on Higher Education (CHED) advisory No.6 advised the HEIs to

start adopting flexible learning modalities to ensure the safety of the Filipino learners. This

leads to the implementation of E-learning classroom in Higher Educational Institutions in

the country amidst the pandemic.

According to Alipio (2020) some of the developing countries like the Philippines have

attempted to embrace the new learning platform midst the pandemic, however,

acceptance factors remain to be a problem that could limit its potential use. Abisado

(2020) also stated that due to a lack of access to secure internet connection most of the

Local College and Universities struggled to design flexible learning methods to mitigate

the spread of the virus, but the traditional universities have no choice but to become

adaptive to the “new normal”.

With this, the Palawan State University released a memorandum from the office of

the University President Series of 2020 stated that the official learning platform shall be

the Google classroom, modules, and other instructional materials shall be distributed

online. These changes to the way of learning had a big impact to the students. It changes

the way learning in higher educations should be. The face to face meeting of the students

with teachers at school was replaced by virtual meetings held at home.

1
 Students were asked to use gadgets, have cellular load and have strong internet

connection in order to cope up with online learning. Online learning emphasizes internet -

based courses offered Synchronous and Asynchronous classes. Synchronous classes

are when teachers are going to teach students about the topics, give exercises, have

quizzes etc. while asynchronous classes are where teachers don’t teach students but

rather leaves students tasks to do on the time intended for the subject.

Although this was the case were there are times that some students cannot attend

for their online due to some reasons. Although online classes started years ago, still there

are some students who are struggling coping up with the stress brought by online learning.

Many are still having difficulty to adapt to the new mode of learning that affects their

physical and mental health. These are the cases that are very rampant nowadays wherein

students are having a hard time dealing with these changes that sometimes they are

pushing themselves to the limit that affects their health not just physically but mentally as

well.

There are many things that the students are struggling with. Some were struggling

looking for money to purchase gadgets and some are in struggle purchasing load. Another

struggle that is out of their control and the main problem of many is looking for a strong

internet connection.

It is important to bear in our mind every student is in a different situation. Other

students were privileged; others are not when it comes to education especially in today’s

generation and this is one reason why other students are struggling coping up with online

learning.

In this study, the researches intend to know the impact of online learning to the

mental and physical health of some Criminology students of Palawan State University that

can provide suggestions and recommendations to the students and teachers to improve

2
 the quality of online learning methods and the ways we can use that can help students

cope with the stress of online learning to continue studying at Palawan State University.

Statement of the Problem

This study focuses on the impact of online learning to the mental and physical health

of Criminology students of Palawan State University.

It particularly aims to answer the following questions.

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents who will respond to the

analysis based on their;

a. Age

b. Gender

c. Year Level

2. What are the primary factors that can affect the mental and physical health of the

respondents in terms of;

a. Type of devise used

b. Time allotted in using devise

c. Frequency in using online learning site per day

d. Other factors that affect mental and physical health

3. What are the other factors that affect mental and physical health of the criminology

students?

Significance of the Study

This qualitative case study will present an understanding of the student’s struggles

and how the online learning affects the physical and mental health of the Criminology

students of Palawan State University. These will help the University’s faculty and

3
administrators to understand and be inform of the impact of the online learning to their

students mental and physical health in order to learn effectively in this new set up. These

will be a source of information to the university administrators about the struggles and how

these struggles affect the mental and physical health of the students in order to minimize

the impact to the other learners.

This study will serve as a foundation for further research that can be used as a

reference for further related studies. Furthermore, it will provide suggestions for the

university course providers to better design online course contents and instructions to meet

the student’s need and expectations and to ensure their learning success in online platform.

Scope and Delimitation

The researcher assume that all participants will answer the questions honestly and

with the best of their abilities. Further, it also assumes that the sample participating in the

study represent the Criminology students of Palawan State University who are enrolled in

the first semester of the Academic Year 2020-2021 which are using online platform for

learning.

This study will be conducted at the Palawan State University- College of Criminal

and Justice Education main campus only which is located at Barangay Tiniguiban, Puerto

Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines.

This study is limited to 100 participants only who are from the 1 st year students to 4th

years students of the College of Criminal and Justice Education. The researcher will get 25

respondents per each year level to complete to total number of students. Research

questions focused on the impact of online learning to the mental and physical health of

Criminology students of Palawan State University.

4
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE

Foreign Literature

This section reviews some of the current literature relevant to the issue of student

mental wellbeing. However, firstly, and importantly, a note on terminology. For this study,

we adopt the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of mental health: a state of well-

being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal

stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to

her or his community (WHO, 2014).

Regarding well-being as a key aspect of mental health is difficult to reconcile with

the many challenging life situations in which well-being may even be unhealthy. Some says

that People in good mental health are often sad, unwell, angry or unhappy, and this is part

of a fully lived life for a human being. For some sort, students may be challenged by these

life situations because at home there are many obstacles in studying well. Students are not

able to keep up at learning because household chores were there and the surroundings

may not suitable for studying that is why there are students who cannot cope up to the

stress of the environment, a lot are suffering from stress which leads to uncomfortably

stress which leads to anxiety coping up with learning stress.

We use the terms mental health and mental wellbeing in this paper with slightly

different connotations; we use mental health as a broad term that can signify positive

mental health, mental health as a societal issue, or can prefix a difficulty, issue, problem or

condition. We use mental wellbeing to describe the positive state described in the WHO

definition. Finally, we include both ‘common’ mental health issues, such as depression or

anxiety, and also more ‘severe’ issues, such as schizophrenia or psychosis, in our definition

of mental health conditions (Davies, 2013).

5
 According to Lozano et al., 2012, mental health is a worldwide concern and

according to Davies, 2014; WHO, 2013), there is an increasing awareness of the need to

take a proactive approach to mental illness prevention and mental health promotion, as

well as treatment, recovery and rehabilitation. This combined proactive and responsive

approach has been well received in higher education, and various white papers have arisen

supporting the need for a greater emphasis on proactive approaches.

Traditionally, higher education institutions have adopted a reactive approach to well -

being and mental health issues; with responsibility for reacting to issues when they arise

being placed on the student support team and mental health counsellors (P.J. Jones et

al., 2018).

Local literature

Despite the conveniences of online distance learning, challenges also are

encountered by students and teachers. Distance education provides students much more

freedom in how and when they interact; however, Sun & Rueda (2012) argued that their

ability to regulate learning becomes critical. Amadora (2020) also pointed out that wi th the

lack of interaction during online classes, students tend to get distracted easily on

smartphones, pets, deliveries and many others rather than the ongoing online class.

Because face-to-face interaction is absent, it is theorized that students will experience the

lack of interest in the online class. On the other hand, Tuckman (2007) found out that

students may lack opportunities to collaborate and receive feedback and social support

while Rost (2019) found that online environments can generate a feeling of anonymity to

students which makes it easier for students to withdraw or participate minimally or

completely disappear from the course. These theories showed that students in online

learning suffered from anxieties that lead to lack of participation. In contrast to Tuckman,

Greenberg (1998) asserted that students in online learning often feel less pressure to

6
perform individually, and more pressure to collaborate and be part of the team. When this

is not taken into consideration, the participation is generally low and dialogue is absent

(Palloff & Pratt, 2000). The theories pointed out that online learning puts pressure on

students to work more in groups and requires more participation and engagement.

Throughout the literature, there is a consistent evidence that online distance learning

brought challenges to students.

Foreign Studies

The emergence of the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in December

2019 in Wuhan, China, and a global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020

have resulted in an unprecedented lockdown of national economies and social distancing

restrictions, which had far-reaching economic, political, and social (Bretas and Alon,

2020; Nicola et al., 2020) but also educational consequences. The nationwide closures of

educational institutions in 143 countries (UNESCO, 2020) have led to the transition from

the conventional to the online learning mode, which dramatically changed studying and

working patterns (de Haas et al., 2020).

This pandemic had brought so much stress not only to the students but also to all

people but we can’t change the fact that students are really affected by this pandemic. Face

to face classes has been cut and was changed to online learning and this becomes the

reason why a lot of students have suffered from different stresses which leads to mental

and physical health problems to the students.

Although studies show positive working-from-home experiences (e.g., Dubey and

Tripathi, 2020), students' experience is generally described as disrupted and leading to

feelings of insecurity, anxiety, and hopelessness (Hajdúk et al., 2020; Wang and Zhao,

2020). Students express concerns about economic implications for society, health

implications for their families and society, and their own educational and career plans

7
(Cohen et al., 2020). Studies present the pandemic as a disruptive event causing stress

that negatively affects students' learning performance and psychological well-being. For

example, studies show such adverse effects of lockdowns as increased levels of students'

social avoidance (Al-Rabiaah et al., 2020), anxiety (Kaparounaki et al., 2020; Kapasiaa et

al., 2020), and a decreased quality of general life (Kaparounaki et al., 2020). Moreover,

self-isolating college students suffer from physical and mental health problems (e.g.,

insomnia, depression) more than those who do not self-isolate (Tang et al., 2020; Zhao et

al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020).

Local Studies

The social and mental health aspects of student welfare in tertiary level institutions

have gained more attention from stakeholders of education in the Philippines, wherein

college students are still considered in the adolescent youth bracket. News reports have

revealed college students involved in violent acts, such as murder transpiring within (GMA

News, 2012) and outside university premises (Baclay, 2010; Pedrosa, 2013). Also, there is

an increase in incidence of suicide committed by college students through various forms

such as jumping from a building (Manila Bulletin, 2013) and shooting self with a gun

(PHnews, 2013). Experts have reported that there is one suicide referral made per day

among the youth (Tomacruz, 2018). Commentaries from various journalistic publications in

the Philippines argue that these destructive exhibitions of social and mental problems

among the youth can be attributed to both social and academic factors, and that addressing

these problems requires a holistic approach coming from various social institutions such as

the family, the school and policy-making bodies (Cruz, 2013; Salaverria, 2013;

Sauler, 2013; Tomacruz, 2018).

In the context of the recently enacted Mental Health Act in the Philippines (RA

11,036), and the dearth of literature situated in the Philippine context on the mental status

8
among college students, the present research aims to examine the relationship among

student involvement, mental health status and quality of life among college students in a

selected university in the Philippines.

Theoretical Framework

According to John B. Watson, Behaviorism, as its name implies, behaviorism

focuses on how people behave. It evolved from a positivist worldview related to cause and

effect. In simple terms, action produces reaction. In education, behaviorism examines how

students behave while learning.

In this study, the effects of online learning to the mental and physical health of the

students, the behaviorism theory has a major role in this research. One of the major benefits

of behaviorism is that it allows researchers to investigate observable behavior in a scientific

and systematic matter.

More specifically, behaviorism focuses on observing how students respond to

certain stimuli that, when repeated, can be evaluated, quantified, and eventually controlled

for each individual. The emphasis in behaviorism is on that which is observable and not on

the mind or cognitive processes.

According to Jean Piaget, Cognitivism has been considered a reaction to the “rigid”

emphasis by behaviorists on predictive stimulus and response. Cognitive theorists

promoted the concept that the mind has an important role in learning and sought to focus

on what happens in between the occurrence of environmental stimulus and student

response. They saw the cognitive processes of the mind, such as motivation and

imagination, as critical elements of learning that bridge Theories and Frameworks for

Online Education: Seeking an Integrated Model 168 environmental stimuli and student

responses.

9
 Cognitive learning encourages students to take hands-on approach to learning. This

helps students build transferable problem-solving and study skills that they can apply in

any subject upon previous knowledge and ideas.

The learners according to cognitivists are active participants in the learning process.

Students use varies strategies to process and construct their personal understanding of the

content to which they are exposed.

Students are well aware of their surroundings, they can easily response to the

things around them especially in education but this time where there’s only online learning,

does students still manage to keep up? That is why nowadays it is really important to know

the health conditions of the students.

Conceptual Framework

The main objective of this study is to know the Impact of Online Learning to the

Mental and Physical Health of some Criminology Students of Palawan State University. It

uses the Dependent and Independent Variable model. In Independent variable, it presented

the qualified persons to answer the survey who studies at Palawan State University taking

up Bachelor of Science in Criminology. The Dependent Variable covers the data gathered

by the researchers about the impact of online learning to the mental and physical health of

some criminology students of Palawan State University.

10
Research Paradigm

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

What are the socio-

demographic profile of the

a. Age Physical Health of Some

b. Gender Criminology Students of

c. Year Level Palawan State University

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Research Hypothesis

In this research study, the researchers are expected to gather information which will be use

to assess the students on what are the possible effects of the online class to their mental and

physical health. Since, the student has been cultured shocked because of the unpreparedness

when pandemic came (COVID-19). Furthermore;

The researchers hypothesized that:

To analyze what are the other factors that affects the students online learning scheme. Yet

to know the answers on what are the possibilities that may affects their ways of learning during

this time of pandemic. The possible answers to those questions will be used to improve their

learning scheme of the student and it may help them to overcome and easily adjust their mental

and physical health status. The outcome of this study would provide as a basis of information

11
and awareness to the students that might help them to be equipped and be prepared towards

on how to handle the stress mentally and physically brought by the pandemic.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were theoretically defined to provide a better understanding of the

study.

Impact - Have a strong effect on someone or something.

Learning - The acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, study, or by being taught.

Pandemic – (of a disease) prevalent over a whole country or the world.

Health - The state of being free from illness or injury.

Occurring issue - An important topic or problem for debate or discussion. That is relevant and

timely.

Factors - A circumstance, fact, or influence that contributes to a result or outcome.

Qualified Person - A person that is officially recognized as being trained to perform a particular

job; certified.

Rigid - Not able to be changed or adapted.

Flexible Learning - a set of educational philosophies and systems, concerned with providing.

learners with increased choice, convenience, and personalization to suit the learner. In particular,

flexible learning provides learners with choices about where, when, and how learning occurs.

12
 Chapter III

RESEARCH METODOLOGY

This chapter seeks to present the following contents: Research design that will be

use by the researchers for the entire study; Determination of Sample size; Sampling design

and technique; The subjects; Research instrument; Validation of the research instrument;

Data gathering procedure; Data processing method and; Statistical treatment that will be

used to assess the results.

Research Design

The descriptive research design will be used in this study in order to know the

number of students experiencing mental and physical stress caused by online learning.

This will help the researchers to easily know and process data that will be gathered.

Research Population and Sample

This study will be needing 100 respondents from Criminology students who will

answer the questionnaires given. Students will be chosen on purpose according to the

criteria of the study. Only those who may answer are criminology students and/are studying

at Palawan State University. Only 100 respondents from College of Criminal Justice

Education students from Palawan State University will be interviewed which the survey will

be taken online. Students will answer the questions that will be given by the researchers

online.

As we can see students that will be interviewed are from Palawan State university

and from College of Criminal Justice Education only because those are the people who are

covered in our study. We should not let other students from other school with the same

13
course take the survey. We will be responsible in giving questionnaires only to the qualified

people.

Research Instrumentation

The five (5) item survey questionnaires was utilized. It consists of multiple item

choices which are disseminated to the Criminology students of Palawan State University.

The Researchers will conduct the survey through online by sending questionnaires to the

target respondents of 100 students from Criminology students from Palawan State

University, but before giving them questionnaires we will ask them first if they can spare us

some time in answering the questions we will asked them to answer. All researchers were

tasked to gather data for fast and easy data gathering. Researchers will check thoroughly

the answered questionnaires to make sure that researchers will have all the details needed.

In order to gather data, the researchers use survey questionnaires written in English

language and distributes to the respondents by sending it to their social media accounts as

face to face meeting were not yet allowed and researchers are following the guidelines in

time of pandemic given by authorities and many students have returned to their

municipalities as there is no face to face learning, only online learning.

The information was acquired utilizing a quantitative method. The researchers use

table to describe the result because it is simple to use and understand.

Data Collection Procedure

Researchers submitted a thesis proposal to the research adviser and upon approval,

the researchers are now able to gather more data related to the study. Afterwards, the

researchers asked the target respondents through online if they could spare some time

answering the questions that the researchers will be giving them. Once the respondents

14
approved to be interviewed, the researchers are now going to give the questionnaires and

let the respondents answer the questions. After the respondents answered the

questionnaires, the data were now collected and gathered by the researchers. The

researchers tallied the data gathered from the respondents and now ready for statistic

report. Based on the interpretation, the researchers formulated the conclusions of the study

and provided recommendations for the students, faculties and the school.

Statistical Treatment

The data gathered form the respondents of the study were tabulated and analyzed

by the researchers employing statistical method such as taking the percentage of the

respondent’s responds to the answer from the total number of respondents.

Locale of the Study

The study was conducted through online because face to face classes are not yet

allowed at Palawan State University, but this place was selected (PSU) because it is our

school and we know that if we in lined our study here at school, we can easily gather data

as we already knew our target respondents and we can easily contact them because they

are our colleagues and others are our classmates.

15
Figure 2.1 Map of Puerto Princesa City
16
Figure 2.2 Map of Barangay Tiniguiban, Puerto Princesa Palawan
17
Figure 2.3 Map of Palawan State University, Main campus
18
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22
 APPENDIX A

Dear Respondents,

We, the 4th year students taking BS in Criminology of Palawan State University-Main

Campus, will be conducting research entitled “THE IMPACT OF ONLINE LEARNING TO THE

MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH OF SOME CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS OF PALAWAN

STATE UNIVERSITY”. This study aims to collect information about the demographic profile of

the respondents and to determine the problems they encounter in online learning to their mental

and physical health.

With this, we would like to ask for your support by being one of the respondents of this

study. We believe that your qualifications will contribute to the success of this study. Rest

assured that the confidentiality of the information that you will provide will only be used for the

entirety of this study’s purpose.

Thank you and we are looking forward to your approval and participation in this study.

Respectfully yours,

The Researchers

23
 APPENDIX B

Survey Consent Form

I, ___________________ hereby agree to participate in the research study entitled

THE IMPACT OF ONLINE LEARNING TO THE MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH OF SOME

CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS OF PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY”. I certify that my

participation in this study is voluntary and the information that I will disclose are accurate and

reliable enough to come up with valuable results.

_______________________ _________________

Signature of Respondent Date

24
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name : Mualim G. Salleh

Age : 21 Years Old

Gender : Male

Civil Status : Single

Date of Birth : June 10, 2000

Place of Birth : Balabac, Palawan, Philippines

Contact Number : 09176342972

Email Address : [email protected]

Address : BM Road, Brgy. San Pedro,

Puerto Princesa City

EDUCATIONAL HISTORY/RECORDS

Elementary : Balabac Central School

SECONDARY

Junior High school : Balabac National High School

Senior High School : Systems Technology Institute

Tertiary : Palawan State University (MAIN)

25
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name : Jean Aeschyl T. Yebes

Age : 22 Years Old

Gender : Male

Civil Status : Single

Date of Birth : March 20, 1999

Place of Birth : Puerto Princess City

Contact Number : 09083691754

Email Address : [email protected]

Address : Brgy. Irawan, Zone 2,

Puerto Princesa City

EDUCATIONAL HISTORY/RECORDS

Elementary : Valentine Macasaet Sr. Elementary School

SECONDARY

Junior High school : Irawan National High school

Senior High School : Irawan National High school

Tertiary : Palawan State University (MAIN)

26
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name : MIA V. DALIVENANCIO

Age : 23 Years Old

Gender : Female

Civil Status : Single

Date of Birth : May 30,1998

Place of Birth : BRGY,New Guinlo, Taytay, Palawan

Contact Number : 09507930463

Email Address : [email protected]

Address : BRGY. New Guinlo, Taytay, Palawan

EDUCATIONAL HISTORY/RECORDS

Elementary : New Guinlo Elementary School

SECONDARY

Junior High school : NEW Guinlo National High School

Senior High School : Central Taytay Senior High School Stand-

Alone

Tertiary : Palawan State University (MAIN)

27
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name : Daisy Rose H. Aurelio

Age : 22 Years Old

Gender : Female

Civil Status : Single

Date of Birth : December 26, 1998

Place of Birth : So.Calabadian Beton Taytay, Palawan

Contact Number : 09464878569

Email Address : [email protected]

Address : Bantulan Taytay, Palawan

EDUCATIONAL HISTORY/RECORDS

Elementary : Julio Arzaga Memorial Elementary

School

SECONDARY

Junior High school : Central Taytay National High School

Senior High School : Central Taytay Senior High School

Stand-Alone

Tertiary : Palawan State University (Main)

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 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name : Philip Andrew Archedera

Age : 24 Years Old

Gender : Male

Civil Status : Single

Date of Birth : August 1 1997

Place of Birth : Puerto Princesa City

Contact Number : 09213735435

Email Address : [email protected]

Address : Brgy New Canipo, San Vicente, Palawan

EDUCATIONAL HISTORY/RECORDS

Elementary : New Canipo Elementary school

SECONDARY

Junior High school : New Canipo National high school

Senior High School :

Tertiary : Palawan State University (MAIN)

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 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name : Freddie Sangumay Jr

Age : 22 Years Old

Gender : Male

Civil Status : Single

Date of Birth : October 17, 1999

Place of Birth : Puerto PrincesaCcity

Contact Number : 09213735435

Email Address : [email protected]

Address : Brgy. San Manuel,

Puerto Princesa City

EDUCATIONAL HISTORY/RECORDS

Elementary : Tagumpay Elementary school

SECONDARY

Junior High school : Santa Maria Dumaran National High School

Senior High School : Mandaragat Senior High School

Tertiary : Palawan State University (MAIN)

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