EseaiiD cies Introduction and Case Study Lets Review P2 10.1 Polynomials and Their Operations Pa 10.2 Division of Polynomials PS 10.8 Remainder Theorem Pt 10.4 Factor Theorem and its Applications pa wa 405 The G.0.D. and the LOM, of Polynomials P26 we 10.6 Algobraic Fractions P30 Chapter Summary Pat Revision Exercise P38 Enrichment Mathematics P48 Sections Flow Chart 101 703 0m NC XN? N | * toamr 2 omialls) More, about;Polyno Learning Objectives + Torevis uD \ vision algoitim Introduction) In our daily lives, polynomials can be used to represent the rel: ms between different variables. For example, to fall an object at rest from a certain height, the distance travelled x by the object after time can be described by a polynomial x = 51°, For a sphere of radius»; its volume V can also be described 3 by a polynomial V =~Ifthe volume of each pillar is 22 500m em’, how ‘an we find the radius of the spherical par? ‘We need to use a polynomial to represent the volume of he pillar By solving the equation obtained, we can find the radius. In the above example, we can use polynomials to express the volume of the spherical part and the volume of the square prism in terms of r, where ris the radius of the sphere. Since we know the total volume of the pillar, we can then set up an equation containing r. After solving the equation, we ean find the radius of the spherical part. However, equations involving volumes in terms of radii are usually of degree 3, which are not easy to solve. We are going to learn a method to solve such kind of equations in Section 10.4. yom ~~ Set up an equation to relate the volume of the pillar with radius r. What is the degree of the resulting equation? Suggested Answer 67 500 = 4+ 240 + 607 — 16875 =0 Degree =3i | chapter 10 NUE SAD FD CT ge 1, Function and Function Value 8 Tips for Students ; a ln Sections 10.3 and 104, we have to ‘Consider the function fi) = 3x7 + 4x7 = Ta +2. besa tees hea Whenx=1, functions. FO) =3U1Y +40) 1) 42 (Meroe Reference to Book 4 344-742 7. For more details about function and its =p, properties, teachers can refer to Section 3.1 (pp. 74 ~ 83), (@) (a-bYat bea - 6 {Lamar Ol jective in Ky Stag 3 (b) (a+b aa? + 20b +B + Toundersiand factorization 8-4 reverse process of expansion © (a-bPmab~2ab +b? + To fctorize polynomials by using @) (atte -ab+ Pea +h ‘common factors and grouping of 2. Important Identities + To factorize polynomials by using identities including the difference of two squares; the perfect square expressions; the difference and sum ‘af two cubes x= 8416 + To fact For example, (x — 4)(x + 4) = (x44 ax? + 8x4 16 way (4 4e-4r4 Fav 44 (rae + ar + a 4 polynomials by cross 3. Quadratic Formula Consider a quadratic equation ax? + by += 0, where a # 0. ‘We have: pile tae (Across Reference to Book + Tre fmt is derived from the aa ‘method of completing the square. For details, teachers can reer to Section 2.3 (p. 38) For example, consider x* ~ 4x ~ 2 = 0. a A ENE? ~ 40-2) 20) AE iia =2+V6B Polynomials in One Variable In junior forms, we discovered that an algebraic expression, like x° — 2x? + 3x-5, is an example of polynomials in one variable. The general form of a polynomial in one variable of degree m is as follows: where @)_ mis a non-negative integer, Gil) the coefficients 4,,a,_), .- (ii) a; is called the constant term of the polynomial, +4, are real numbers and a, #0, 8 Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication of Polynomials Let us revise the fundamental operations of polynomials including addition, subtraction and multiplication in this section. Camp 1 Add 2x4 2° + 5x?—2x—8 and x*~ 5x7 + 9x47. Add Te!— 11x 6~ 1 and Seay? 44012. Solution: ax! — x3 + 5x? - 20-8 » 5x? +947 Ans: Se 3x18 60-13 47x re Add 4x5 + 3x° — Lx + 6 and -a° - 8x4 +937, QREEID 17 10 answer Qs.1 ~3 on ps. Se = S049 = 1 +6 constant term WOH Tips for Students > The degree of the polynomial isthe same as the degre of the highest degree term, > We usually write the polynomials in descending order of the degrees of terms. (Moire Refrence to Book ot) For more examples of distinguishing polynomials, teachers can refer to Section 4. (p46), e Tips for Students: [Remove the brackets and group the like terms together.f Chapter 10 ple | Subtract 32° + 6x? —x— 11 from 7x3 — 2x? = 13, & Tips for Students Solution: ‘Subtract from B means B~ A eam 13 EmmmreD Subtract —3x°— 10y? + L4y— 2 from ma 60 + 151-8, a 3x8 +67-x-11 4x° - 8x7 + x -2 Ans: 2s! 100° = 6x 486 Eee (78 ~ 2x? = 13) - Gx? + 6x? - x - 11) § Tips for Students = Tx = 2x -13-3x- 6x7 +411 ‘ 4 Remember to change signs when =(7-3)e + (2-6)x2 +x -13411 removing brackets for subtraction, Subtract 3x4 — 2° 441° — 15 from 2x* = 5x7 = 13x43. ox! +0 90 = 1+ 8 QRETD 1 10 arse On.4 60m ps. OReemigley ~) mm 2x? - Sx +3 by 3x-2. Multiply x’ Gmina Solution: Multiply =x" = 71° 4 by 7-28 w= d= Sr43 » 3x-2 Ans 3x4 -6x° - 1537 + 9x 4) = 2x + 4x7 + 100-6 3x" 1x? +19x-6 (8 = 2x? - 5x +3) x (3x - 2) = (x? - 2x? — 5x + 3)3x) + (x? - 2x? - 5x + 3X2) = 3x* - 6x? — 15x” + 9x — 2° + 4x7 + 10x - 6 ux = 8x3 = 11x? + 19-6 Multiply 2x* +x” -— 7x + 1 by 2x-3. x'— y= 1764 230-3nD ‘More about Polynomi ake Level of difficulty | Levelt [Level | Exercise 101) Addition of polynomials Q1-3 | [Susraction of polmomiais | Qs.4—6 11 | — Mukiptication of polynomials | _Qs.7=10 = AT sopertons of polynomials 2-17 Simplify each of the following expressions (1 ~ 6) and give the answer in descending powers of x. 1. (0-227 - Gr +5) + (40° - 5x7 + Lx - 3) Sr’ - Te 4 S42 2. Gxt—x— Tx 12) 4 (Bx 2x7 + 21x48) ay 20-204 14-4 3. (CIs + 5x3 — 2x + 15) + Ox! — 3x7 +227 x6) aut +2V 42-3049 4. (3x7 —4x +11) — (Sx? — 13x 6) GeampiaOD) 20° +9¢+17 8. (Ox) + 13x? — Tx 14) — 2x? + 6x — 17-18)’ +70 + 10044 6. (-3x4-2e? — 4 $1) - (5x4 - 2 427 2x44) 220-3 Expand each of the following expressions (7 — 10) and give the answer in descending powers of x Te 372 —6x— 11) G*~ 180-33 B. x= 4 4)Qx= 1) Ge Se 490-4 9 (x4 1-5) P90 + 1s 425 10, (4x -2)e+2) P-4e ar + 16 11. Given two polynomials P and Q. If the result of subtracting P from Q is 3x? — 2 — 10, what is the result of subtracting Q from P? 3x +2x +10 i Expand and simplify each of the following expressions (12 ~ 17) and give the answer in descending powers of x. 2x(Bx—4) + 3x(5 — Tx) 150° 47 13. (2x4 1)Gx= 1) + (= 3) 4x) 20+ 14-4 14. (2-27 -Gr-4)@+1) ae 3048 15, (= 2e=1)3-6x— 7x7) txt +8 +22"-3 16, x(x 3)(e- 1) + Gx? - Sx —4x-3) 17, Bx? +2x-1)X—2)-@? — 4 +2)@—3) av 4319+ 8 Sy’ —226 4178412 AEE Amn=x=> Division of Polynomi = a Division of Polynomials by Monomials In junior forms, we learnt that when a polynomial is divided by a monomial, the result can be found by cancelling out the common factor. 4x? - 6x _ 2x(2x-3) For example, (4x? ~ 6x) + 2x = 2x 2x =2x-3 ‘The result 2x ~3 is called the quotient of the division. quotient CUFind the quotient of each of the following divisions of polynomials. (a) (64x! + 16x? 4yy+ 4 lee + 4e-1 (b) (24x? = 14x) + (2x) 1287 ® Long Division of Potynomials In some cases, the method of cancelling out the common factor cannot be used in calculating the divisions of polynomials. For example, when 12x — 17x - 8 is, divided by 4 ~7, the above method will not work, In this case, we have to use the method of long division. Let us first consider the division of numbers. Consider 987 + 13. 15 > 13)987 om 1 65 12 <= Remainder In the above process, 987, 13, 75 and 12 are called the dividend, the divisor, the ‘quotient and the remainder of the division respectively. Divisor: ‘Note that the remainder is always less than the divisor. method oflong division BK dividend MERRIML CHBRIC)— divisor BRC (BRC) remainder WU (is) a Tips for Students 45~7 is nota factor of I2¥— 174-8. a Tips for Students, Although 987 = 13 x74 +25, itis ‘neorreet to say 25 i the remainder of the division since 25 is larger than 13,‘More about Polynomials For the divisions of polynomials, we can perform the long division in a similar ‘way. The following demonstration illustrates the steps involved in the long division of polynomials. SP pbibRetation Find the quotient and the remainder when 12x” ~ 17x ~ 8 is divided by 4x ~7. Solution: “3x Step 1 de 7)? sare a8 Re : a I serm ofthe viene) by 4 (in the divisor), ie, 2 = 3. * 12x ee & 3x sf 122 ates obtained by muldpiying 4x —7 and 3x Then 4x Bis obtained ‘Sine aes | sy subtracting 124 — 21x from the dividend 12x? ~ 17x 8, Note that the | =P pd al He +] dezree of 4v—8 (degree = 1) is NOT less than that ofthe divisor (degree =1). | 12x? ~ 21x Penne a LAN Fre peepee We aceaane 4x-8 ee laser ae ae | gE ~ ‘Thesecond erm + nthe quotient is obiained by dividing (the next Teading 4 3x41 1 Steps B= a8 175-8 Brauer |iemafrthe fin sbeaion ty Annie dhieyiew em 4s | | tax? 21x 4-8 ay ie Se Sane pi | #7 is obtained by muliplying 4¢—7 and 1. Then 1 is obtained by | 3x41 aliractng Wei fn 42 Be Wecast ho itd because lie degree eT ie Sips de Ue clout | 12x? = 21x 4r-8 4x-7 < -1 Hence we obtain the quotient 3x + 1 and the remainder ~1. ets Practise the quotient and the remainder in each of the following divisions of polynomials. 1. (7+ 5x—11) + (x= 1) quotiem =1+6, remainder 4, remainder = 14 2. (? —3x+10)+(x+ 1) auotient 3. (2x? +3x+5)+(2x— 1) quotient= +2, remaindej Chapter 10 Coreg aD Find the quotient and the remainder when 27x" + 39x" + 5 is divided by 3x + 3. Solution: [ ivisor of depos 1 oo 3x + 3)274 Hence the quotient is 9x? + 4x ~4 and the remainder is 17. Find the quotient and the remainder when 18x’ + 58x" — 50 is divided by 290+ 2x+6. Quot Solution: We stop because the degree of the remainder is less than that of the divisor. From the above, the quotient is 3y~ 1 and the remainder is ~4x +3. Find the quotient and the remainder when 2x? +x +7 di QUID 1-10 answer 05.18 —24 0n pt 9x24 dx- 4<- 39x + Ox+ 5 12x? + Ox+ 5 ~ 6, romainde QED 19 10 cnswer O5.9~ 14 on pp.t0- 11 OSeramvreg ley = Find the quotient and the remainder when 2x — § + 6x" divides 8 — 21x + 18x". 3x = 1 <~aiaien] [divisor of degree 2} 6x? + 2x — S)18x3 + Ox? — Dlr +8 18x + 6x7 = 15x. Quotient = 55 — 4, remainder Gxnrzp Find the quotient and the remainder when St’ ~6x ~9is divided by 4y ~ 2. ‘Ans: Quotient s Tips for Students ‘The missing term, Ox, should be added ito the dividend to avoid making ‘mistakes in te calculation, UST) The following website proves ‘another way to carry out the division of polynomials. htt ywwwtamu.ed’ academie/annsimps! ‘math mathlab/col_algebral col_alg_1ui37_syndivhtm s Tips for Students A divides B means B + @ finalysis ‘Before performing long division, ‘we need to rearrange both the terms in the dividend and the divisor descending powers of x GIInninss Find the quotient and th when | +143 divides 4~ 22¢°~ 128aan @ Division algorithm of Polynomials In the previous section, we discussed the division of two integers (987 + 13). Note that gh Bais ie eee dividend divisor quotient remainder Actually, we have similar relationship in the divisions of polynomials. The dividend can always be expressed as the sum of the product of its divisor and quotient and its remainder, that is, Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder From Example 10.4 and Example 10.5, we have 2 +30" +5 3x43 Ov + 4x + "7 18x) 21x +8 642-5 | x | 3e- n4e+3 Table 10: ‘The above relationship is called the division algorithm of polynomials. (Stet practise 1. Ifa polynomial is divided by 5x” +2, the quotient and the remainder are 3x—2 and 7 respectively. Find the polynomial. —151°— 100 +603 2. Ifa polynomial is divided by 5x — 2x ~ 14, the quotient and the remainder are x +4 and 7 respectively. Find the polynomial, sx’ + 1&r°- 22-49 division algorithm Bid F936i 10 | Chapter 10 @QyErampreg is» om SE Ifx’ +x7 +x +2 is divided by a polynomial, the quotient and the remainder are x’ +2x +3 and 5 respectively. Find the polynomial. Solution: By the division algorithm of polynomial, Paints a dividend = quotient x divisor + remainder. remainder are 2x’ ~ 7x + |4.and ~44 tx? +242 = (7 +2043) x divisor +5 eee P4xtx—3=(7+2x 43) x di isor am Bre ors (0 +27 +43) +(x? +243) By long division, 5 YP 42x43) 84 24 x w+ 2x7 43x -Y-2-3 QED ~ xt -2e-3 aoe Level of difficulty a Level [Level +. The required polynomial is x—1. [Find the quotients in the divisions of polynomials Qs1-6 [Fen aw ative in hei Oy iy | guia SD [Apniy division algorithm ofpaiynomiais | Osis 16 | Qs25~30 If? + 7x + 5 is divided by a polynomial, the quotient and the remainder are x+5 and —S respectively. Find the polynomial. x +2 DD 1 10 answer 08-29-3000 ptt Find the quotient in each of the following divisions of polynomials (1 ~ 6). 1. P= 14x 9-11 2. (14x? = 20x? = 22x)-= 2x Tx’ =10r— I 3. (4x? 20x + 16)4(¢— 4) av—4 4. (15x? 431x410) + (5x42) Sees 5. (x7 — 4x4 6) + (43) 2042 6. (x — 10x" + 11x + 10) + (v= 2) 8-5 Find the quotient and the remainder in each of the following divisions of polynomials (7 ~ 14), 1. (nF = Te 6) 4.x Auolen= Te =Teremainder=6 g 15.24 204 44)-+ 5x Wehien=—Be-+ 4 emainder = 4 9. (4x +20x-6) +(x +6) Gampeioa 10, (12x? — 23x — 6) + (4x-+3) Quotient = 318, remainder = 18 ‘Quotient = 4 —4, remainder = 18, UL. (= 11x? + 19e +8) + (x2) 12, (2x = 7x7 - 4x — 16) + (2x +1) Quotient =x" ~ 9x + 1, remainder = 10 Quotient =x" ~ dx, remainder = -16‘More about Polynomials 13. (+ Gr +5) +(x-2) 14, (6x3 $3 +5)+(2e—1) Quotient = 3x +201, remainder = 6 Quotient = + 21-10, remainder = 25 15, Ifa polynomial is divided by 2x ~ 5, the quotient and the remainder are 3x + 1 and 7 respectively. Find the polynomial, 6: ~ 130-+2 16. If a polynomial is divided by 3x” + 5x + 2, the quotient and the remainder are 3x— 1 and 4 respectively. Find the polynomial, 9'+ 120° +.+2 OO Find the quotient and the remainder in each of the following divisions of polynomials (17 - 24). 17, (2x? — 3x? - 131-4) + (2x6) 18, (2? +2 +46 43x) + (x? 3x +6) Quotient =2e-+ I, remainder= +2 Quotient = 35 + § remainder = 7x2 19. (45y7 + 16-4) +(1- 5p) 20. (-6y— 6 — 10)" + 15y*) + 3y-2) ‘Quotient =-9y ~ 5, remainder = | edie 9/0: vealnr-10 2. (k-14-7h)+(1+h) 22. (17 + 15k — 64°) + (6 ~ 34) Quotient =24 + 4k-+3, remainder= -1 Quotient =F + 7k 6, remainder = 23. Gr-2+2r')+(r-142°) 24, (5 +4x° - 2x7) + (2x? 3) Quotient =2r— 1, remainder = 6r+2 Quotient=2s~ 2, emainder=7x—4 Find the quotient and the remainder in each of the following divisions of polynomials (25 ~ 28). Express the answers in the form of n algorithm of polynomials, i.e., ‘dividend = divisor x quotient + remainder’. Quotient = 6x’ + 7x ~ 5, remainder =~, ' pI2e = Noe =45n+ 21 = Ox 5y6r +785) 25, (4v—3x°+5)+(1—3x) 26, (12x* — 16x” — 45x +21) +Qr~5 ‘Quotient =~ 1, remainder = 6, (4x— 31° +5)=(1- 3x) +6 (Quosient = 8y'+ y+ Zp 1 a ee 7 reminder =0, 16}"— 1 =(2)~ 1)y"+4y7 #2y +1) 27, (24y —S2y" + 159°) + (1 + Sy) 28, (16*— 1) +Qy- 1) Quotient = y°~ 11y+ 7, remainder=~7, 24y ~ 52)? + 15)'= (1+ 5999? ly# 7) 7 *29, If —4x’ + 29x* + x — 3 is divided by a polynomial, the quotient and the remainder are 4x ~ | and —1 respectively, find the polynomial we 41842 *30. Ifa polynomial divides 5x* + 7x* — 1, the quotient and the remainder are =x ~ 1 and x respectively. Find the polynomial, -S:°=2e+1 => Ga Remainder Theorei =p The notations of function we learnt in Book 4, Chapter 3 like f(x), g(x), P(x) and Q(x) can also be used to denote a polynomial. For example, P(x) = x° - 2x°-3x+1 When x=, the value of the polynomial P(x) is denoted by P(a), For example, P(1) = 1° ~2(1)’- 3(1) +1 1-2-341 33, where ~3 is the value of the polynomial when x = 1Consider a polynomial P(x) @ (@ Find PL). (ii) Find the remainder when P(x) is divided by x - 1 (il) What can you observe from the values obtained in parts (i) and (ii)? Thy te el ©) @ Find P(-2). =) (ii) Find the remainder when P(x) is divided by x + 2. (ii) What can you observe from the values obtained in parts (i) and (i)? They From the above results, we observe that when a polynomial P(x) is divided by 2¢~ a, where a is a constant, then the remainder 2 is P(a). Actually, we can prove the above results by using division algorithm. ‘We have learnt thatthe degree ofa on-2ero remainder must be less than When P(x) is divided by xa, we have ‘that of the divisor when P(x) is divided by x—a, Since the divisor is a linear polynomial of degree 1, the degree of the remainder must be Zero, ie, R ‘must bea constant, POX) = (= a) * Q(X) + Revs"), Dividend = divisor x quotient + remaindse where Q(x) is the quotient and the remainder. In fact, (*) is an identity which means that the equality holds for all values of x. Substituting x =a into (*), we have P(a)=(a-a)* Q(a)+R =0-0()+R =R R= Pla) Asa result, we have the remainder theorem as follows: & Tips for Students [By using the remainder theorem, we are able to find a remainder without actually carrying out the long division =a, the remain ‘of polynomials. However, we cannot find the quotient throughout the process‘More about Polynomials Similarly, when the polynomial P(x) is divided by mx ~ mn, we have PCR) = (mx =) + OR) ER’ ne*) where Q(x) is the quotient and R’ is the remainder. "43}- HG) ee} =0. o(2) +R into (**), we have ‘Therefore, the remainder theorem can be generalized as follows: 1. Let P(x) =3x°—7x+ 11. Find the remainder R when P(x) is divided by each of the following divisors. (a) x-1 (b) 2x-1 Solution: (a) By the remainder theorem, (b) By the remainder theorem, R= PO) (1 — 70) + =114 | Chapter 10 2. Let P(x)=x' - 2x +5. Find the remainder R when P(x) is divided by each of the following divisors. (a) x+1 (b) 2x41 Solution: (@) vy x+1=x-C)) (b) ~ 2x41 =2x-(1) By the remainder theorem, By the remainder theorem, R= PCI) L i = P{-+ C1)? = 2-1) +5 5 3 ae eo (EL as 2 az = +} +145 Al, Pua (ee Practise Find the remainder in each of the following divisions of polynomials. 1. (8-3 +11) #(e-2) 7 2 (+6r-2)+ Gr-1) + 3. @-we(et) 1 4. *-DeQrey 8 OQSeamig ip on Find the remainder when (x + 1)(2x~ 1) +5 is divided by (a) x+1, (b) 2x=1 Tips for Students - Teis not necessary to expand and Solution: simplify the polynomial when Let P(x) = (x + 1)2x— 1) +5. By the remainder theorem, we have epng te eenciitcoee (a) remainder = P(-1) =Cl+D2C)-1]+5 Find the remainder when =0x(-3)+5 (0 = 22x + Iv + 1) +3 is divided by 8 @s-2, i 2061 (b) remainder = p{ + 2 Ans: (a) 3 1 1 (b) 3 =(44i}faft]-1 (+)-]-sFind the remainder when (x — 2)(2x + |) — 3 is divided by (a) x-2, -3 (b) 2x+1, -3 EID 11 10 answer Qs.9- 10, 19- 200n p16, OSeamg > on ‘When the polynomial x* — 2x + k is divided by x — 2, the remainder is 8, Find the value of k. Solution: Let P(x) =x" - 2x + &. By the remainder theorem, we have PQ)=8 (2) - 2) +k 44k k When the polynomial 2x° + kar ~ 4 is divided by x + 3, the remainder is 5 Find the value of k. 3 AED 1 10 ans" Q.11- 1600 pt ‘When the polyno: the value(s) of a. 2x? — 3x 1 is divided by 2x+ a, the remainder is 1. Find Solution; Let P(x) = 2x” — 3x — 1, By the remainder theorem, we have a +3a-4=0 (a+ 4Xa-1) a= -4orl ‘More about Polynomials Emma When the polynomial x! + a? — x is divided by x +1, the remainder is 3 Fi the value off Ans: 3 Analysis Emon ‘When the polynomial 3° +2x~ 5 is vided by x ~a, the remainder is 3. Find the value(s) of 4 Ans: —2or 4Chapter 10 Ea When the polynomial 2x” + ax — 4 is divided by x +a, the remainder is 5. Find the value(s) ofa. 3 =D Taclof dite QMEEID 1 10 answer Qs.21 ~23 om pp. 16-1 ise Theme Level | Level? : stoct ap | Q217—20,23,27 | Exercise (103) ame (|: Hemost Use the remainder theorem to Find remainders | Qs.1 —10 a liseuc osama neomon Tne ~ oer find knowns [Ost To [Qed = 22. 24-268] Using the remainder theorem, find the remainder for each of the following divisions of polynomials (1 - 10). 1. (° -3x7 + 6x - 5) + @- 3) 2 Glee -GP +2041) 4043) 5 3. (4x? - 81° +2) + Qx+1) 4. —x+DeGr—1) 2 5. (27x? - 6x? — 4) + Bx-2) 6. (4x° — 10x? — 6x + 1) +(2x+3) 26 7 (847-12 +2)e3x 2 8 Qx'-35+ 7-4) + (40) 4 % [@- DQ? + 2x45) j+@- TGranee ToD 10. {a+ 12x? +3)-14]+(x+2) - 11. When x? + Sx + m is divided by x - 5, the remainder is 40. Find the value of m.Gampe10®) -10 12, Let P(x) = 2x7 — 9x + 2a. When P(x) is divided by x — 3, the remainder is -19. Find the value of a. -s 13. Find the value ofp such that when 3x* + px’ — 3 is divided by x —2, the remainder is 25. —s 14. Find the value of k such that when x° — 6x + k is divided by x +3, the remainder is 2.11 15, Find the value of g such that when gx’ ~ 3x* ~ Sx is divided by 3x — 1, the remainder is —1 16. Find the value of r such that when 4x° — 4x” + rx +7 is divided by 2x + 1, the remainder is 6. —| Using the remainder theorem, find the remainder for each of the following divisions of polynomials (17 - 20). 17, Qs'430—4y-7)+ 2-2) 2 18, O24? 40-43) eC 34) IS 19, (4 2)QP-3e+ G+ 20 Br? +NGr-1) + 2x-3) 21, When 2x" + ax — 4 is divided by x —a, the remainder is a. Find the value(s) ofa. oe 4 22, If 3x” - 6x — 2 and 4x” + x + 4 have the same remainder when they are divided by x—a, find the value(s) ofa. 6 or 1‘More about Polynomials 23. When the polynomial ax” ~ 2x" — 18x is divided by x +2, the remainder is 4. (a) Find the value of a. 3 (b) Find the remainder when the polynomial is divided by x-4. ss 24, When the polynomials x° - 6x + 4 and x” — x + are divided by x - a, the b=sora=4,b=-6 remainders are —4 and 6 respectively. Find the values ofa and b. «= 25. When.x? + 4x7 + ax + b is divided by x — 2 and.x +2, the remainders are 13 and 9 respectively. Find the values of a@andb, #=—3,b=-S 26, When mx’ — 4x” + nx + 6 is divided by 2x + 1 and 2x ~ 3, the remainders are 5 and 21 respectively. Find the values of m and m, —m=8,1=—2 27. When a polynomial P(x) is divided by x —3, the quotient is 2x” — 5x - 6 and the remainder is —3. (a) Find PQ). (b) Find the remainder when P(x) is divided by x + 1 =U +9¢4 15 “28. When a polynomial P(x) is divided by x +a, the quotient is 2x— 1 and the remainder is—S. When P(x) is divided by x ~ 2a, the remainder is a. Find the value(s) ofa. 1 or $ “29, When a polynomial P(x) is divided by x + 1 and x + 2, the remainders are =7 and 25 respectively. Find the remainder when P(x) is divided by (+ EFD. sees "30, Let P(x) = 20° = 5x7 4x4 k, (a) When P(x) is divided by x + 2, the remainder is -30. Find the value of k. 8 (b) What is the remainder when P(2x + 1) is divided byx- 1? 20 UE (LLZD Factor Theorem and tts Applications my Ba Factor Theorem According to the remainder theorem, when a polynomial P(x) is divided by x -a, the remainder is P(a). Thus, if P(a) = 0, that is, the remainder is 0, it means that P(x) is divisible by x ~ a, that is, x ~ a is a factor of P(x). Actually, the above result is called the factor theorem of polynomials. Factor Theoremi 18 | chapter 10 ‘The factor theorem can also be extended as follows. Let P(x) =x" + 6x" — 9x — 14. Using the factor theorem, determine whether each of the following is a factor of P(x). @ x-2 ves (b) x1 ves (©) x+2 No Oe ee Let P(x) =x — 4x7 $46, (a) Using the factor theorem, determine whether each of the following is a factor =m of Pi). “The long division i used o fn the @ x-1 (i) x41 (i) x-2 Guatient but not the remainder, (b) Hence factorize P(x) completely. Solution: Let Pix) = 2° =x" = Br + 12, (@) Using te acter here, determine @ @ + PO)=()-4ayr +146 wheter ech ofthe foloving ia =1-44146=440 eee x= Lis nota factor of P(x) ae eit i) PCI = CHAI +I) +6 (b) Hence fatorize tx) completely: aal=A=1+6=0) ‘Ans: (a) x~2 is the only factor of Pts). 2. xt Lisa factor of P(x). () 27 +3)‘More about Polynomials 3 any PQ) =(2) 42) +246 § Tips for Students =8-16+2+6=0 xin Srt6 ave x6 x= 2isa factor of P(x). (b) By the method of long division, we have P(x) = (x + IXx? - 5x +6) + Ia = 2x = 3) Remark: ‘The factor x~2 can also be chosen to be the divisor in the long division. The final Fer polynomial with degree 3, thre pratt eye reais are at most three factors. Ths, both 2+ Lend. —2 are tw posible factors OFF Let P(x) = 2x5 — 11x" — 12x + 36. (a) Using the factor theorem, determine whether each of the following isa factor of P(r). ) x-2 (iy x42 (i) x= 4 Onlyx+2 isa hetorof Pe) (b) Hence factorize P(x) completely. (x-+2)(x~ 62-3) Try to.answer Qs.7 ~8 om p.23. CBee “vem Hf2e—1 isa factor of Px) = 20 — 5x°+ hr +3, (a) find the value of k. Bates ras 7 (b) Hence factorize P(x) completely. (a) find the value of &. acid (0 Hence facorize Po) completely oe 08 (a) Since 2x— 1 isa factor of P(x), (3) 0. ) Ge+ Nee +2¥= 1) Sst 2 (3) Z 4) + (2}- 320 2 2 2 15k : & Tips for Students 1-54+2k4+12 2k =-8 Boor} i ar Pase aS De (b) By the method of long division, we have 4x8 4043 wax? + 2x P(x) = (2x - 1x? - 2x - 3) ieadl 2x - ax 3x +1) 6543i 20 | chapter 10 ies It is given that 4x + 1 is a factor of P(x) = 4x° + ke? — 14x —3 (a) Find the value of &. —7 (b) Hence factorize P(x) completely. (4+ 1K Hie 3) MEET 11 0 en ver 009. 30- 320m pp24-25 (® Applications of Factor Theorem Before going through this section, let us finish the following Inspiring Task first. = The following Inspiring Task ean help Inspiring Task 10.1 ceeded a é . . __ Listing all Possible Linear Factors of Polynomials a © 1. Consider a cubic polynomial P(x) = 2x3 — 3x7 — 8x — 3. Let ax +b be a factor of P(x) and © c px’ + qx+rbe its quotient, where, a, b, p,q and r are integers and a> 0, Cc £ (a) Write down the above relation using the division algorithm. o is P(x) = 20 — 3x — By 3 = (ar He + ge4r) be ° . c (b) By comparing the coefficients of like terms of P(x) in (a), we have ap =_2_ and c ic 2 Sy c £ (0) Since a, b, p,q, rare all integers, the possible values ofa are 12, and. e S the possible values of b are 4.=3, Land 3 as . (@ From (©), write down all the possible linear factors ax-+ b of P(x) ° ° ae x43 243 c c c © 2. Let O(x) = 3x°— 15x7 + 2x— 10. List all possible linear factors of Q(x). c ° c So Loxm Lex 2.4 2x S.r— So + 10, WO 30+ 1 Be 30+ 2,38—2, 4S, We §, 30+ 10,310 > ° ° Actually, we can make use of the factor theorem to verify which of the above are the factors of the polynomial in Inspiring Task 10.1. Let us illustrate how to apply the above technique in finding factors of polynomials,Cama oo Let P()= x? - 4x? -x +4, (a) Factorize P(x). (b) Solve the equation P(x) = 0. ‘Solution (@) Pa)= (1-4-0) +4=0 By the factor theorem, x — 1 is a factor of P(x). By the method of long division, we have P(x) = (x = I(x? = 3x- 4) (x= Der+Na-4) () Po)=0 (x= Det I@-4)=0 Follow-up Let P(x) =° = 2x7 - 5x +6. (a) Factorize P(x). (~ 1jor+ 210-3) (b) Solve the equation P(x) =0. 2, 1 or3 Try to answer Qs.19- 20.00 p.26 CSmqghyy — = Let P@)= 20° +327 = x= 1. (a) Factorize P(x) into linear or quadratic factors with integral coefficients. (b) Solve the equation P(x) = 0. Solution + By the factor theorem, 2x+ 1 is a factor of P(x). By the method of long division, we have P(x) = (2x + 12? + x= 1) ‘More about Polynomials Let P(x) = = 100+ 31x ~30, (2) Factorize Pi (©) Solve he equation Ps) =. Ans: (a) (v= 2)er~3)ee= 5) (0) 2,30r5 Example 10.137 Let P(x) = 31° + Sr ~ Rr +2. (a) Factorize P(x) int linear oF ‘quadkatie factors with intogral coefficients (b) Solve the equation P(x) =0, Ans: (a) (Bx ~ 1) +2x-2) borin & Tips for Students ‘The possible linear factors of P(x) are wt ]2et 1 a Tips for Students x ¢x~ | will not be further factorized because it does not have factors with integral coefficients.f 22 | Chapter 10 () Px) =0 Qx+ NG? +x-1)=0 Qwt1=0 Let P(x) =—4x" + Sx-2, (a) Factorize P(x) into linear or quadratic factors with integral coefficients. 2r~ 1)(-2 — +2) or(1-292¥ +x-2) (6) Solve the equation P(x)=0. 2 op =t#viT AEN 1 10 ansver 05.36 ~ 37 om p25. io The following are the limitations of the factor theorem oy Limitation of the Use of Factor Theorem 1, ttean only be applied to factorize polynomials with rations From the above example, we might infer that when a polynomial docs not have coefficients, any linear factors, or the coefficient of that factor is not rational, we cannot apply > Iteanonly be applied to factorize oe olyomials with Hiner actors the factor theorem, Now, let us further investigate it by finishing the following 1"™" ene sieni Inspiring Task. complicated. . Inspiring Task 10.2 {= This ous limitation of the factor theorem, Exploring the Limitation of Using the Factor Theorem in Finding Factors of Polynomials Let P(x) =x4 + 3x7 +2. (a) List all possible linear factors of P(x). 31/5) ollosolo IS hee ge L x2 (b) By using the factor theorem, check whether the listed linear factors in (a) are factors of P(x). PU =()' +30 +2=640 PCI =CD' ICI +2=620 PQ)=Q)' +30) +2 =3020 C2) = (-2)'+ 2 +2= 3020 ‘There is no linear factor in Ps) 4595 BR BIR 5IR 5 5 5 5/5 515 Aiea 5More about Polynomials (©) Let y=a°, can P(x) be factorized? ‘Yes, because Pay= W300) 42 =y't3y42 =0+ 1042) = +142) (@)_From this task, state the limitation of the use of the factor theorem. [f there is no linear facior in a polynomial, we cannot apply the factor theorem to fectorize the polynomial ooo lo Dibloiooi Som eep oss Ineach of the following questions (1 ~ 4), determine whether the linear polynomial in brackets is @ factor of the polynomial P(x). 1. PQ) =x - 6x + IIx-6 [e-2] Yes 2. P(x) =3x +107 +7x-30 [x +3] No pee eee aes Qs1-4 - 3. PO)=5E +1924 1Ix-3— [Sx— I] Yes ee =. a aS 4. PQ)=4e + 5x43 ——O—————E—— =m 2x +4x-+ k, find the value of k. -21 5. Ifx—3 isa factor of P(x) 6. If 3x? - (3a — 1x? — x ~ 6 is divisible by x — a, find all the possible values ofa, 203 7. Let P(x) = 2x’ - 5x° — 59x- 28, Grampa 010 (a) Using the factor theorem, determine whether each of the following is a factor of P(x). @ xt+4 Yes (i) x-7 es x4 No (b) Hence factorize P(x) completely. (r+ 4\~7)2+1) 8. Show thatx +2 isa factor of P(x) = 8x" + 10x” ~ 11x + 2, and hence factorize PG) completely. (+2)4x— 2-1)| 24 | chapter 10 Let P(x) = 4x3 + 2-0 46, (a) For what value of kis x2 a factor of Px)? -9 (b) Factorize P(x) completely. (x 2\(v~ Iyi4v +3) Factorize the following polynomials (10 ~ 17) into linear factors with integral coefficients by using the factor theorem. 10. P= 1027-13422 ce=oee2Ke=11) Me +27 = Sx-6 r+ NO-2K+3) 12, PTH TIS (+ IKE 310-5) 13, x) + 4x7 — 11x30 4200-3045) 14, 20° 43x7—3x-2 +2 HOV+D 15, 2x) — Ma? +20x— 12-27 2x3) 16, 4x + 1x + 1Or+3 (oF 1 (de +3) 17. 58-92? +3041 = 1 Ger) "18, Let P(x) =a° + ax’ + bx! tox tak tex tf Iffis a prime number, how many distinct linear factors with integral coefficients can P(x) at most have? 3 19, Let P(x) =x5 + 3x? =x ~3. (a) Factorize P(x). (+ 1)ue~Dr+3) (Bb). Hence solve P(x) =0. 3, -1 or 20, Let Q(x) =x) - 3x? +3x-1 (a) Factorize 00). (v1) (b) Hence solve Q(x) =0. «= 1 (AT 21, If2v—1 andx +3 are the factors of P(x) = 2x° +x” + mx +n, find the values ofmandn, m=-I3,0=6 22, If x +3 is a common factor of f(x) = 4x" + x7 - 3ax + b and (2) = @" + 23x? + ax — b, find the values of @ and b. #=9.h=18 23, If 2x3 is a common factor of f(x) = ax’ ~ 17x? + 14x +b ~ 5 and g(x) = bx’ = 5x” =x +a, find the values ofa and b. -b Factorize the following polynomials (24 — 29) into linear or quadratic factors with integral coefficients by using the factor theorem. 24. bP e421 Gr D2e+ HOT) 25, 3x 420° —3x—2 (e+ Ie He +2) 26, x8 4x7 = 18x 9 (2e—3)2e4 3/241) DA. Ix + 36x* = 12x— 16 Gr- 2980 +2\G+4) 28, ax ax-2 (1-2 FFI) 29, WTP 10-4 Ge¥ Ie H2e—4)‘More about Polynomials 30, Itis given that 3x —2 is a factor of P(x) = 3x* ~ 8x" + kx + 16. (a) Find the value of k. ~0 (b) Hence factorize P(x) completely, (3x 2)(r+2\s~4) 31. Itis given that x— 1 and 2x-+3 are the factors of P(x) = 2x* + ax” + by + 15. Find (a) the values ofa and b, 4 =-9,)=-8 (b) the remaining factor of P(x). s~5 32, Itis given that x —2 is a factor of P(x) = 2x’ + px* + gx +8, When P(x) is divided by x + |, the remainder is 27. Find (a) the values of p and q, Is (b) the remaining factors of P(x). 2r—Landx+4 Solve each of the following equations (33 ~ 35). 33, P-x-10r-8=0 -2,-10r4 uM P_ar44=0 tor 35, 6 —S¥-2r41=0 -4, 4 orl 36. Let P(x) =2° + 4x" — 8x15. (a) Factorize P(x) into linear or quadratic factors with integral coefficients. (r+ Sy" -x-3) (b) Solve P(x) = 0. (Leave the answers in surd form if necessary.) -S or 37. Itis given thatx— 2 is a factor of P(x) = 2x" + kx” + 2ke + 8. (a) Find the value of k and factorize P(x) into linear or quadratic factors with integral coefficients. $=)3,, 2y2r 4x4) (b) Hence solve P(x) = 0. (Leave the answers in surd form if necessary.) 2 2/3 38. Itis given that 3x — 1 is a factor of P(x) = ax’ + bx” + 23x ~ 10. When P(x) is divided by x + 1, the remainder is -16. (a) Find the values of @and b, 0 =3, (b) Solve the equation P(x) = 0. 39, Ib is given that P(x) =u? + Sx — Tx + vis divisible by x? +x— 2. (a) Find the values of wand vy, v=4, (b) Solve the equation P(x) = 0.The G.C.D. and the L.C.M. of Polynomials In junior forms, we have learnt the G.C.D. and L.C.M. of numbers. For example, consider the two numbers 30 and 42, 30=2%3x5 and 42=2x3x7 G.C.D, of 30 and 42 =2x3=6 L.C.M. of 30 and 42 =2x3x5*7=210 For two or more polynomials, we can also find their G.C.D. and L.C.M. Find the G.C.D. of the following polynomials. 1 yay 2. 31°y, Gy? eee 3. (v= 3)' +2), @— 3) +2 4. + DED + YO-YO + De DF {greatest common divisor KA HIS a Tips for Students G.CD is also known as HCE (highest common factor). ‘This topic is newly added inthe NSS compulsory part. However, it is also included in the 1985 Syllabus for Mathematies.‘More about Polynomials | 27 2 Tips for Students Common multiples of two or more polynomials ae polynomials divisible by all the given polynomials. Find the L.C.M. of the following polynomials. 1 xt x? cece aeseeeeeeeg 2. ary, ar’yt ge 3. +5)" +3), + 5x43) ce Gene ber SE yer 2)° AL (e+ 2)(e- 27, +2" e+ WMe—2) LD Sometimes, we have to factorize the given polynomials before finding their G.C.D. or LCM, and factor theorem may be used if necessary. CReeengigy cm Find the G.C.D. and the L.C.M. of x° ~ 5x +4 and 2° - 9x +4. Solution: Scene Given two polynomials, Pes = PoSrt4eG-He-1) Seog 2? 9x44 = (Qe 1)—r—4) (a) Factorize P(x) and Ox). (b) Find the G.C.D, and the L.C.M. of Pix) 42-2 6 GCD=x-4 and 060. H(e— 4x = Dax 1) AM © PU)=C+4\e-3), LCM. = (x = 4)(x = 1X2x- 1) O68) =(e 3) + ae +9) ()GCD.=x-3, eee Given two polynomials, P(x) =x" + 2x ~ 8 and Q(x) =x" + &x + 16. (a) Factorize P(x) and Q(x). Ptx)= (+ 4\r—2), OH) =(e + 4° ETD 1 10 answer Qs.5- 10.0n p.29. (b)_Find the G.C.D. and the L.C.M. of PQ) and 0@).__G.CD.=s +4, LOM. -2) least common multiple IAAF +4)28 @Qeerampey o> ~~ Given two polynomials, P(x) =x” — x ~ 6 and Q(x) Chapter 10 (a) Factorize P(x) and Ow). (b) Find the G.C.D. and the L.C.M. of P(x) and Q(x), Solution: @ P@)=P-x-6 2) “s O(-2) 4x" (b) G.CD. = (+20 (x= 3 +2) 4(-2)°- 3-2) +18 By factor theorem, x +2 is a factor of Q(x). Olx) = ¥ 2 3x 418 (x +2Xx? - 6x +9) = (e+ 2 3y 3) LOM. SM (a) Factorize P(x) (b) Hence find the G.C.D. and the L.C.M. of P(x) and Q(x). QTD 1 0 answer 08.17 — 19.0 Os erampley yr com 7 First factorze the polynomials. Find the G.C.D. and the L.C.M. of a? — 2ab + 5? and a” ~ b? ~ 2a + 2b. ‘Then compare their factors, Solution: @~2ab +B =(a-by @ 8 ~2a+2b =a? —B - (2a 2b) EMIaaLD =(a+ba-)-2(a-b) Find the G.C.D. andthe L.CM. of @’~ab—20? anda — 4 =(a+b-2\(a-b) Ans: G.C.D.=0 = 26, LCM. =(a-+ bua + 2bKa~ 26) LCM.= (a 2) Find the G.C.D, and the L.C.M. of a” + ab +3a+3b anda” +2ab+67. 6.CD.=a+ LOM =(o+byla +3) 2 Sx Try woanswer Os IT (x + 2)x- 37 + Te—3 and Q(x) = 16 onp.29. 4x — 3x + 18. () Factorize Pex) and Quo, Ans: (a) Pls) = 2x tx) =~ 3+ Bee + 2) = x= 1B 6and Owy=x' +20 - O18, () G.CD.= (1 +21¢-3), LOM. =(r+ 2)0¢- 3) r+ Ik #3) Tos torsuents xn 6r+ 9 a¢2)P ods —30418 42s! ~6x* = 3x4 18 GOD. =(e- 300 DLCM. = (x 89x + 103, P= (r= 3Me~ OUI = 9+ 18 9x4 18 @ fnatysis: (b) Hence find the G.C.D, and the LOM. of Pts)More about Polynomials ara | Exercise 105) "x= fined n Gea ania QED [Ht te G.CD and the LCM of porynomials| Qs 10 | Qs 16 (ETc Integrated problems =e CE) Find the G.C.D. and the L.C.M. of the following polynomials (1 — 4). 1 @bab GCD=0b.LCM=a') 2% 100°, 1Sa°bt G.C.D.=Sa’d?.L.CM.=300'd" 3. («-1)e+4), @- 17 @ 43) 4. Wx + 2) — 3), 60x + 2) = 3)? GCD.=5-1LCM.=(r-Veet deed) GCD.=3(r+2\0~ 3), LOM. = 180+ 2) -39 Find the G.C.D. and the L.C.M. of the following polynomials (5 ~ 10). 5. Ax? + Gx, Bx + 12 6 P= 9x7 4 +3 GCD.=2-3,LOM.=tx-3kr#3)0- 1) G.CD.=2(2x+3),L.CM.= 4102843) 7. P+ 8r+ 16,1? 16 BP 420-24, + CCD. =r +6. LOM =rte+ 6Ur~4) GCD=r+ 4 LOM= 0440-4) 9, Ptx-12,x7+ 6x48 10. x@7-2x+1),x° GCD.= x44, LOM.=(0+2Kx+4¥e-3) 1 GCD.=x-1,LOM.=ae- Yee +x +1) lOO Find the G.C.D. and L.C.M. of the following polynomials (11 ~ 16). 11, a0", a? ~3ab 467 12, a -9ab?,ab+3b? GCD.=0+3b,L.CM.=ala+ 3bKa~30) G.C.D.=4+ b, LCM. =(a—bxa+ bNa~4b) 3x = 10,7 = 4,2 + 2x7 +2, LOM. See 360+ 290" 2) 13. a?—2ab-8)7,q°+2ab+3a+6b = 14. G.CD.=a+2, LEM.=(a+26{0~4b\a+3) | GC. 15, x + 6x +9, x? =e 15,29 - 10? + 25x G.CD.= 1, LOM. =atr4 3) 5? a 2 16. a +2ab+ Ba -Bya +8 GCD.=a+b,L.CM.=(a~bxa+h)y(u'-ab+5') 17. Given that P(x) =x° + 2x? ~ Sx ~ 6 and O(x) =x? + 3x ~ 10. (a) Show that x 2 is a factor of P(x). (b) Hence factorize P(x) completely. (x 2x + Iie 3) (© Find the G.C.D. and L.C.M. of P(x) and Q(x). G.CD.=¥-2,LOM.= (= 2+ Ie +3 +5) 18. (a) Expand (x—2), (b) Factorize x° — 2x” + 3x — 6 into linear or quadratic factors with integral coefficients. (x ~2)(x' +3) (©) Hence find the G.C.D. and L.C.M. of x° = 6x7 + 12x 8 and PH2P43e- 6. GCD.=x-2, LOM. = (0-2/0 +3) 6x + 12v-8 19. (a) Factorize a® — 85° and a’ — 4ab” into linear or quadratic factors with integral coefficients. (b) Find the L.CM. of a? ~ 85? and a? 4ab?. a) 8b! =(a~ 2bya + 2ah + 4b), —4ab' = ala +2b\(a~ 2) (a 2b\a + 2b\a +2ab-+46°) 20. (a) Consider P(x) =x" + ax —b and Q(x) =x" + Sax + 3b. If.x—2 is the G.C.D. of P(x) and Q(x), find the values of a and b. a=-1 (b) Hence find the L.C.M. of P(x) and Q(x). (x=3)0°=2)0r+ 1)j 30 | Chapter 10 Ss Caza igebraic Fractions An algebraic fraction is a quotient of two polynomials where the denominator is, an not equal to zer9, for example, — ‘ xt? -x+3 Remark: Ifa function R(x) is defined as the quotient of two non-zero polynomials P(x) and PO) —*. , we call the function a rational funetion. Ox) OC), Le. R(x) = B) Muttipiication and Division of Algebraic Fractions ‘The multiplication and division of algebraic fractions are just like the multiplication and division of fractions that we can just cancel the common factors. For example, Gera — 1), __ 40rb3) A= 1) OG) GF DES) OGD" @Serampley ep — w-9 mate ‘Simplify =———— * * mien +a-12 atl Solution: 3a-9 ye 2a 8 Xa-3) » 2a+ 4) Pea-l atl (@+4ya-3)” atl SE 3x+12_ 2x48 a Simplify ag on Weed IMD iy 10 answer 05.14 on p32. OFrawg ys — comme ? —3ab—10b? a? — 25h? 3a + 6b oa Simplify ‘ational function #7 EH MLC: Reienc to Mose 1) For the details of simplification and sifferentiaton of rational functions, teachers ean refer to Book 1, Section 3.2 (pp. 74-76), (MCs Reirence to Mose 2) For the details of simplification and differentiation of rational Functions, teachers ean refer to Book 1, Section 42 (pp. 136-140) 3s Tips for Students x+2and.x-+3 are common factors of ‘the numerator and denominator, @B hnalysis First factorize the expressions, Then cancel the common factors. Example 10.177 Nl ea” eH a4 ab Simpl - _ ee ‘Ans: (a~Dya~26)‘More about Polynomials Solution: = 3ab - 1057 2 25b? _ (a+ 2bYa - 5b), (a - SbXa + 5d) 3a + 6b Se See 2B) 9a (a+ 2Ka = 58) 9a 3(a+ 2b)” (a— SbXa + 5b) __a © a+ 5b ra 5 OS A sae Simplify 2 = 250" aa ~ Sb) ne a +Sab a-b a-b QIN 19 10 ans007 08.13 16 0n p33, © Aadition and Subtraction of Algebraic Fractions — g ws tens Algebraic fractions can be added or subtracted. When the denominators of two Ifa, ,p and gare polynomials not algebraic fractions are equal, we can add or subtract them, However, when the pte denominators are not the same, we have to make the denominators equal which “ can be done by finding the L.C.M. of the denominators. and P-3 = Pet (ltetermetice Simplify each of the following expressions. equal to zero, then 2 pig ti eh oy Stl ed Qe x+2_ “ yt2 > x42 x+2 " g-1 2-1 x+3 34x x+3 ee tt gs, 243 = 2 +3e-6 12 _as2pet * e-2 Box "x2 x43 HMEHD " b+2> a-3 _F2Ka-9 Simplify v-9 Solution: « + x43) (x+3Kx-3) a. (r+ 3x x+2x-6 (e+ 30-3) 3x-6 (e+ 3-3) 3x2)i 32 | chapter 10 ea ax Simplify x-4 QED 110 answer Qs8- 120m p38. Qyerempiegey oo 16 simpy +4 56 edee 2 +e-2 Solution: axed 6 Bx+4 6 See ee e342 x ex-2 C+D +2) (-DOE+2) =1)+ 6x +1) (x — Ia + Ifa + 2) 4+6x+6 _ Gr+ 4X _ xt (& a + Ne + 2) _ Bt Te $2 * = Det DG +2) = 423 +) © @ =D + DE) 3x41 ~ Gee) x 4 « =25 x? -2x-15° QIEID 1 0 answer Qs.17 200m p33. Simplify SE 4 Ged Question Analysis ‘Theme @ Analysis -Factorize each of the denominators ‘and find their LOM. Simplify Fo F—te As: +2) _ Gale) & Tips for Students Simpiity the expression to its simplest form, Level of di Level | ‘Simplify algebraic lractions Gi Tntewrated problems ‘Simplify each of the following expressions (1 — 12). 3x-9 (e+ D4) 4x4 x-3 Grample 0. 2. 2 Sx -4x (243) (-2Ke-4)‘More about Polynomials 2 1 4 4b-3a-11 & yaa ae4 © el 6-2 erO-> a base x 1 ay . - 8. + a-b ath @-¥ yea Grae SD Ted 3a 1 z 2 x 10. ‘Simplify each of the following expressions (13 - 22). 2 te 7 =F 4. = = 46x49 x weet oe mH 1, Go (+ 16, 2-9, PHg-3 pragss x? = Bay + 2y? may -2y? amy ptq-2 pear CampieO2D 18. aa a= Hee iw a= 2Xa +2) 19. x-4 2x41 it 286 7 (Gx 2Ke - 3 Goeth FAH G xe De 3 OMe 2Ne td) a. (= -} 2 3Qx=NGe+1) 2x- 1) 23, fa= P+, express a+ intermsofs, 30°=26+3) b-2 @ (b+ 1Kb=2) th. Wye 2a), expr 324 interme, SEBS TED PE ya SoberExample 1 Onan er eet expressed as Atay pt hae Faye t ayy () (+ Ne-3)- 28-5) where yy yyy -o+y pare real numbers with a, 0 SS 590-5 42-7 P 2x42 Example 2 division. Solution: 3x10 xt)? - Tee 1 ax? + 3x = 10x41 Ox ~ 10 i Example 3 Tee rR oN Find the polynomial. Solution: Simplify or expand the following expressions and A polynomial in one variable of degree n can be ive the answers in descending powers of x. (@) (Ax? ~~ x4) + (Sx - 4x? + 8-3) (a) (4x3 =x? ~ 7x 4) + (5x? — 4x? + 8-3) = 4 + 5x5 2? - 4x? - T+ Bx 4-3 (D) (x + 1X - 3) - (2x7 - 5) = (8 -3x+x-3)- (2x -5) =x -2x-3-2x° +5 Find the quotient and the remainder of, (3x — Tx + 1) + (+ 1) by using the method of long ‘Thus, the quotient is 3x-~ 10 and the remainder is 11. Ifa polynomial is divided by 4x” +x—11, the quotient and the remainder are 2x ~3 and ~ 5 respectively. By the division algorithm of polynomial, we have dividend = (4x? + x - 11) x (2x - 3) + (-5) = 8x) 42x? — 22x 12x? — 3x + 33-5 = 8x° ~ 10x" — 25x + 28Example 4 If P(x) =x* +x— |, find the remainder when P(x) is divided by x - 2. es cin ea ence Solution: By the remainder theorem, we have P(2) = QQ) +(2)-1 remainder Example 5 If P(x) = 2x° — 3x7 + 2x — 1, show that x ~ 1 is polynomial and P(2) = 0, then a factor of PG). factor of P(x). Con 1 factor Solution: PC) = 2(1)° ~ 3(1)° +201) = 1 De TE PG) is enolvdomial and =2-3+2-1 de =0 Since P(1) = 0, x~ 1 is a factor of P(x). Example 6 Find the G.C.D. and L.C.M. of the following, polynomials. 18+ D3, 127 + 1) Solution: G.CD.=6x'@+1)* LCM, =36e%+ 1)'=1) Example 7 Simplify + pe Solution: @20e=a G25 An algebraic faction is a quotient of two polynomials where the denominator is not equal to zero. We can (clon) perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and (+ ax — ay division for algebraic fractions. 2a (a + ax — a) x 2ar +a?Ghai Integrated Example Example 8 Consider P(x) =x° — 4x? +x+6. (a). Find the remainder when P(x) is divided by x +1. (b) Hence factorize P(x). (©) Solve the equation P(x) = 0. uid Yy Solution: (@) Poa 4 4x46 The remainder = P(-1) | _________ =(-1) 4-1)? + CI) +6 =0 (b) Since P(-1) = 0, x + 1 isa factor of P(x). By the method of long division, i x? = 5x +6 Ae + x46 xt + -5 + 146 = 5x? 5x 6x +6 6x46 P(x) = (x + 1)Q? - 5x +6) = (+ 1)@—2)x-3) (©) From the result of (), 0 0 -1,20r3 PC (e+ I -2)-3) Example 9 Consider the polynomial Q(x) = ax” — 7x + b. When it is divided by x — 1, the remainder is 3. When it is divided by x — 2, the remainder is 14. (a) Find the values of a and b. (b) Ifa polynomial is divided by O(x), the quotient is 2x +5 and the remainder is 3x — 1. Find the polynomial.Solution: (a) When Q(x) is divided by x~ 1, the remainder= Q(1), << -14b ie, 10 a) ‘When O(a) is divided by x — 2, the remainder = 02), ie, 14=4a-14+b 4atb=2B i 2) (2) - (1), we have 3a=18 a=6 ‘Substituting a = 6 into (1), we have b = 4. (b) By the division algorithm of polynomial, we have dividend = Q(x) x (2x +5) + 3x = 1 <——___. = (6x? = Tx +4) x (2x +5) 43x—1 = 12x? — 14x? + 8x + 30x7 — 35x + 20432 —1 = 12x? + 16x? — 24x +19 Example 10 (a) Find the L.C.M. of the following polynomials. Bag : 2 1 Hence simplify ——-—— - — Cli a Solution: 10 G.C.D. and th (@) 2-3x-2=(2x+1)@-2) M. of =x-2=(@—2)@+1) LOM. =(2x+1)(e-2)@r+1) Polynomials 2 1 =x? Qxtifx-2) (24) __2@+1)- Gx +1) © Qx + Ie 2Xe +1) ge 1 © Qx+ Ie — 2% +1) +— 10[ Chapter 10 Revision Exercise Bret sanc MRSS, Oncing Assesment Pcie ‘Simplify cach of the following expressions and give the answer in descending powers of x. (a) (5x7 + dx" 7x4 5) + (2° + 6x7 3x8) Ax! 9x'+ Lx? 3-3 (b) (225 31-11 +5) + (07-9 = B= 1) ts 10 Se 4 (0) (2 + 7x) “14x — 8) — (Go? = 30° = 6x + 13) 10x 5x°—8v-21 torf— @) Ox = 12x +4) 4x? = Sx 7° + 15) 6 1478 — 11 2. Expand each of the following expressions and give the answer in descending powers of x. (a) (=x 43)3x—5) 3x Se 3x4 Me 15 (b) (2x2? + 3x 1)(Sx—3) Me 11 + 18Y 1443 3. Expand and simplify each of the following expressions and give the answer in descending powers of x. qa (a) (24+ 32 = x)(4—x) + (Sx = 2x4 =x) Ar + e104 248 (b) (4x2 + Tx + 3) + 2) — Bx? = 2x + DQ = 1) 20 +2207 + 137 - 4. Find the quotient and the remainder in each of the following divisions of polynomials. i = 2x43) y= 39, remainder=-19 Quotient = 2x + 1, remaindey Quote (a) (18x* = 15x? ~ 15 ~ 10) + (2-1) (b) 2x) = 3x? +4043) +6 (©) Ge +27 + 360-50) + (0 +6) (@) (Hx= 17 $18 10) +07 +5) Quotient = x + Se~6, remainders —14 Quotient = x~ 1, remainder = 6x —5 102 Ifa polynomial is divided by 4x ~ 3, the quotient and the remainder are 3x°+4 and 5 respectively. Find the polynomial. 12-9. + 16-7 6. If Sx” — &x +4 is divided by a polynomial, the quotient and the remainder are.x~1 and I respectively. Find the polynomial. sx~3 7. Using the remainder theorem, find the remainder in each of the following divisions. (@) Qe -7+9x-10)+@-1) 0 () (16x 4x? — 6) + Qr-1) -S (©) GP +3x-2)0x +8) +Bxr+1) 26 — @) (x - 2x44) +41) 8 103 8. When the polynomial P(x) = 17x° + kx? + 5 is divided by x— 1, the remainder is 30. Find the value of k. 8 9. When the polynomial P(x) = 3x? ~ 2kr— 3 is divided by x —&, the remainder is 6, Find the values of &, 43‘More about Polynomials 10. When the polynomials x* + 3x7 + 4x +7 and.x° + 2x” — Sx— 11 are divided by x+a, the remainders are equal. Find the possible value(s) of a. 3 0r6 11. When the polynomial x* + ax” + bx +5 is divided by x + 1 and x ~3, the remainders are 3 and -13 respectively. Find the values ofa and , @=—#,b=-3 12. If the polynomial 8x° + ax” + 5x + 22 is divisible by x—2, find the value of a. -24 13. Ifx+ kis a factor of the polynomial x* + kx” + kx + 1, find the values of k, +1 14. Factorize the following polynomials. 104 (@) x= 4x7 = 50r=25 +5)0"-9r-5) DY P+ 107 + 32e+32 HAF e+) 15. Find the real root(s) of the following equations. () 204178 +272=18=0 3002 (b) 2x x —3x-6=0 2 16, Solve the following equations and leave the answers in surd form if necessary. (a) 20 -5e+3=0 soe teh (b) 20° +797 2e-15=0 Sor 17. Find the G.C.D, and L.C.M. of the following polynomials. os bh @ By Bt 0) 6-247), 0-247 GD. =40y,L.CM.= 2404 GCD.=6-29047,LOM=6- 27047 18, Find the G.C.D. and L.C.M. of the following polynomials. 2 2g gy GED AHA, 2_g GCD=2-3, Wy Parra, Pear OSDAAtH (wy (et 5H2e-3,47-9 CEPA Ay © (-3),°-9,.0-27 (@) P= 3x42, 4.742041 GCD.=4=3,LCM.= (0-374 3) +3849) G.CD.=1,LCM.= ie r= 2)er+ Yee + 1)? 719. Simplify each of the following expressions. a (a) a -25 4 1 a-2 at4 (a= 2¥a+5) — ets. i © Foa-n a6 ©2079 a’ +2a 20. Simplify each of the following expressions. 106 4 3 ; @ 9 x43 GOED | 5 ¥ (sree gy __* x x | © (a= Ka-9) 2 a-4 (a-2Xa-4) (b) + GFE) 2x10 2-H Posx4d Vo des3 E-DE-IE-D Lan, (a) Factories © 2-35 @-» (i) 4 2e-15. @- 345) 2 mx+5 wa Bx x + 2x— 15 MASKS) (b) Simplify{ 4% | chapter 10 22, Find the quotient and the remainder when —12x" ~ 13x” + 13x + 16 is divided by—4r-3. Quotient =30+5—4, reminder =4 23, Find the quotient and the remainder when 12x” ~ 42x° — 21x is divided by 3+6x*, Quotient “1s + 2, remainder = 6 24. Ifa polynomial is divided by ~3x* — 5x +9, the quotient and the remainder are 2x ~ 1 and ~5 respectively. Find the polynomial. 13° — 13x ~ 14 28. Ifx' +7x* + 10x+3 is divided by a polynomial, the quotient and the remainder are —x — 1 and 2x + 1 respectively. Find the polynomial. _,°— q —> 26. (a) Factorize a* — 2a—15 and a’ + 27 into linear or quadratic factors with WA integral coefficients. (a ~5)u+3),(a+3\a'~3a-+9) (b) Hence find the G.C.D. and the L.C.M. of @”~2a—15 anda’ +27. Gc =a43, LOM.=(a~5Sxa+3\a~3a+9) 27. (a) Show that x +1 is a factor of x° - 7x6. (b) Hence factorize x — 7-6. (s+ 110+ 2)6r=3) (©) Find the L.C.M. of x? — 7x ~6 and (x +2)'(— 4). (e+ Ir 2)'0—3)0—4) 28. (a) Factorize x° ~ Gx" + 9x and 2x” — 18. x ~ 6x +9r=a(e~ 3), 20 — 18 = 2004 3)v—3) (b) Hence find the G.C.D. and the L.C.M. of x° ~ 6x" + 9x and 2x” ~ 18, G.C.D.=¥~ 3, LOM. = 2st 3043) 29. It is given that 6x’ + ax” + bx + 18 is divisible by x + 6. When it is divided by x-+2, the remainder is $2. Find the values of a and b, «= 43,=43 30. Consider the polynomial P(x) = a(x + 1)° + 26. When P(x) is divided by x+ 1, the remainder is ~10; when P(x) is divided by x—2, the remainder is 44, Find the values of a and b. u=2,b=-5 sn that f(x) = ax? + bx” ~3, where a and b are constants. (a) When f(x) is divided by x1, the remainder is 0; when itis divided by x41, the remainder is ~2. Find the values of@ and b, «= 1,b=2 (b) Find the remainder when f(x ~ 1) is divided byx~1. -3 @az@2D 32. It is given that f(x) = 2x” + ax +b. (a) If /lx) is divided by x—2, the remainder is 0; if flx) is divided by x + 1, the remainder is ~3. Find the values ofa and, @=-1,6=~6 (b) Solve f(x) =0. 33, If 2x+ | andx~2 are the factors of P(x) = 2x° + ax” + br + 14, find (a) the values ofaand b, (b) the remaining factor of PG). 7‘More about Polynomials 34. Let P(x) =k — 9x7 — 15+ 50, (a) If2r +5 isa factor of P(x), find the value of k. 2 (b) Factorize P(x) completely. (y-2){x -5)2s4 5) 35. It is given that x +2 is a factor of P(x) = 9x" + ax + 64x + (a 10), (a) Find the value ofa, 42 (b) Solve the equation P(x) =0. 2 or -+ 36. It is given that P(x) = 2x" + mx” + nx 6 is divisible by x + Sx +6. (a) Find the values of mand n.—m=9,n=7 (b) Factorize P(x) completely. (+2, +3,2"- 1) 937. If? 1 isa factor of P(x) = 2x’ = 33° + rx +, find (a) the values of rand s, =3 (b) the remaining factor of P(X). 2—3 38, Find pandg ifx+2 and x—3 are factors of x* — px’ + gx — 18. Hence factorize the polynomial completely. p=-2, 9568 +2K6-30+3) ? ? ? +20 39, If x= Ot) = 20" ccrress | 4) in forme ofan, — 2 2» xy Gar Oa= 2h) a . 40. (a) Using the factor theorem, find one factor of Gx’ + Sx? ~ 12x44. Then factorize the expression completely. («+ 2)22r— 1)(3x-2) 35x? 12044 | 9x7 (b) Hence simplify 2x? + 3x-2 ax+2 41. Let R(@x)=x +x-2, (a) Show that x — 1 is a factor of R(x). (b) Factorize Rx). (= Hoe +s +2) 28 (©) Hence simplify R(x) x 270% 4 x, sie ve x -Sxt4 42. Let Plx)= x" +." 8x6, (a) Find P(3) and P-3). 70 (b) Hence find a linear factor of P(x). «+3 Paya 0 (©) Solve P(x) = 0 and leave the answers in surd form if necessary. —3 or 14 V3 43, Let P(x) =a? 4247-4, (a) Express P(x—1) in terms ofx.¢— (b) Find the remainder when P(x ~ 1) is divided by x—3. 12i 2 | chapter 10 44, 45. 46. 41. 49. P+ 1. Ibis Consider two polynomials P(x) = 4x° + ax” + bx ~ 5 and Ol) given that P(x) is divisible by x+ 1 and 2x +1 (@) Find the values of a and b, a=-4,b=-13 (b) Find the quotient and the remainder when P(t) is divided by Q(x). Quotient = 4x ~4, remainder = “17-1 (©) Solve (8x 1)Q(x) - 2P(x) - 9 = 0. -% or Suppose P(x) = 2x - kx? — 37x + 12k, where kis a constant and P(5) = 0. (a) Find the value of k, 5 (b) Factorize P(x) completely. (2x-3)(x+4Xx~- 5) (©) Solve the following equations: @ P@=0 ~, ors 2 (i) PQ)=4x?+ 10x-24 4,3 or7 Suppose P(x) = 4x" + ax” + (6 -4)x— 9 and O(a) = 12° — 37x? + bx - 15a, where a and b are constants. Its given that x ~ 3 is a common factor of P(x) and OG). (@) Find the values of @ and 6, «=—4,=-17 (b) Factorize P(x) completely. (2+ 3)2«+ 1)r-3) (©) Factorize Q(x) completely. (3x—4y4r-+5)(e-3) (@)_By using the results in (b) and (c), solve the equation PG) - O) =-6B — 2). or3 8 ‘When the polynomial P(x) = ax’ + 2x7 + 22x + 12 is divided by —2v-+4, the quotient is 4x° + br +3 and the remainder is 0. (a) Find the values ofa and b,«=-8. (b) Factorize Px). (-2e+4\4x+3)0+ 1) Let P(x) be a polynomial. When P(x) is divided by x ~ 1, the remainder is 7. When P(x) is divided by 3x + 1, the remainder is ~5. If P(x) is divided by (e— Gx + 1), the remainder is ax +b, Find the values of a and b. a=9. Let P(x) = 2x" + Qk= I? + (8-4. (@)_ Show that 2x — 1 is a factor of Px). (b) Find kif +2 isa factor of PQ). 4 (©) Solve the equation P(x)=0. 2 or 1 Suppose P(x)=(2x~1)(x+2) and Olx) = ax +b, where a and b are constants. ‘When P(x) + O(x) is divided by 2x1, the remainder is 2. When P(x) + Otx) is divided by x + 2, the remainder is 17. (a) Find the values of @ and b. (b) Find the remainder when P(x) ~ Q(x) is divided byx-3. 38 b=s‘More about Polynomials SI. (a) Show that x +3 is a factor of (x +2)"** integer. (b) If is a positive integer, determine whether 2008*? + 1 is divisible bby 2009. Explain your answer. Yes, using the result of (a), lt. x = 2006 + 1, where 7 is a positive 52. (a) Factorize @ 2-25, r-2) Gi) = 6 +8. 20-4) eee ~ox+8 GD () Simplify (HKCEE 1992) 53. When (x +3)(x — 2) +2 is divided by x ~ k, the remainder is . Find the value(s) of. 4 (HKCEE 1994) Gulbis Ley) = value of 1). = Se | and find the 54. Show that x + 1 is a factor of x* =37 = 3x=1 ). (Leave your answers in surd form.) x=~I or 1 V2 (HKCEE 1996) Hence solve x° = x= 3x— Extended Question “55, (a) Show that.x"— 1 is divisible by x+ 1. (b) Find the quotient when x*— | is divided by x41. 0 28408440 (©) Show that 11°— 1 is divisible by 12. EEE 56. Fora polynomial P(x) =x* - 7x" + 2x + 4, find a polynomial Q(x) which satisfies the following conditions: when P(x) and Q(x) are divided by x ~ 1 respectively, their remainders are the same, when P(x) and Q(x) are divided by x+ 1 respectively, the remainders are also the same. Obs) = ax + 3+ (-3 ~ a), where ais any real number (or other reasonable answers) 57. Find a polynomial P(x) such that 2x ~3 and 4x ~ 1 are its factors and the remainder is 4 when itis divided by x— 1. P(x)= ~4,2x— sx4x~ 1) (orether resonable ansvers) jultiple-choice Questions |. Which of the following polynomials has a constant 2, What is the degree of the polynomial ‘term of 2? (P+xe- I+ 2)? AL Gx-2)° Al B. x(Q2x?-6x+2) B. 2 C. &=1)'@+2) G3 D. @-De+lP+2 D4 »Df 4 | Chapter 10 3. Which of the following expressions is a/are polynomial(s)? 3x? avr +3 TL. 2x° — 3x? — y6x? -1 A. Tonly B. Ionly C. Mlonly D. Land tlonly —B (1-32) = Qr=5)r+4)= A. 92—9x-421 B. 7x?-9x+21 C. Th 49x=21 D. Ie=11x-19 Bb 5. If 4x’ - 7x +2 is divided by x +2, then A. quotient = 4x +1 and remainder =0. B. quotient = 4x ~ 15 and remainder = 32. C. quotient = ax + 15 and remainder =—28, D. quotient = 4x 15 and remainder =28. 6. When a polynomial P(x) is divided by 2x + 3, the quotient and the remainder are 2x?— 7x — 1 and -6 respectively. Find P(x). A. 4x) = 817 - 23-9 B. 4x'= 87 19-3 ©. ax 8x74 230-9 D. 2x'=8=23r-9 A 7. If P(x) isa polynomial and P| -4) =0, which of the following expressions must be a factor of P(x)? 2 xed 3 ML 3x42 MI, 2x43 Lonly Monly Tand Il only Mandi ¢ poR> 10. 12. Find the remainder when x° — 4x ~ 12 is divided by a-2 A. -12 B+ c. 6 Dla Which of the following polynomials is NOT Aivisible by x ~ 1? A, 0-20-4342 B. xv 43y-x-3 C Sas 42041 D. 8 46r-8r41 ¢ Find the remainder when the polynomial P(t) = (2x — 3x* -15x ~ 8) is divided by x +2. A. 36 B. 64 c. 81 D. 144 4 Which of the following is a/are factor(s) of asf aat ta? 27 Lox-l We ox+l Mme -1 A. Tonly B. only C. and I only D. [Mandi p Ifx+2 isa factor of x* — ax” + 2b, then at b-1= AL 2. B. 3. «4 DS. 6‘More about Polynomials 13. If P(x) is divisible by 3x° - x — 2, then 18. S — by? + ex + dis divided by x +2, a the remainder is R. If P(x) is divided by x ~ 2, is »(2)-rw=0 then the remainder is, 2 AR B. (-2}-re=0 aia 2 Cc. dR a AS ae 2 D. 2(-2}-nep=0 B 19. If P(e + 1) isa polynomial and x is a factor of P(x+ 1), which of the following expressions is a 14. Ifa polynomial x? + ax? + bx +3 is divided by x — 1, fete OLE the remainder is 10. If'a polynomial Ax x} + bx? + ax—3 is divisible by x+ 1, then the value Pee of bis & ee Dox-2 B AL B. 3. ee Gs 20, When a polynomial f(x) is divided by x + 5, the Ba 6 remainder is R. Which of the following should be used to divide f(x ~ 1) in order to have the same 1S. Ifx?—9 isa factor of 2x° + ax” — 18x + 7b, find a Peer pair of possible values of a and b. fH i: B x-6 ei C. x46 c D. x#4 D. : 21, Ifa polynomial P(x) is divided by x a, then the remainder is R. If a polynomial P(x) — 2R is 2 16, When fix) = 10x 21x~ 10 and divided by xa , then the remainder is g(x) = 16x? — 6x? + kx — 9 are divided by ‘2x1, they have the same remainder, Find the value A. R. of k. B. -R AB Cc. OR B13 D. -2R B c. -17 : D -19 ~D 22. The L.CM. of P and Q is 18x"y*z* and the L.CM. WA of Mand Nis 24x'y’z, Find the L.C.M. of P,Q, M 17. The G.C.D. of (a+b), ab? and a’ +B? is and N. ie Gan ase AL aanhy'2 iA B. (a-bya+b). B 2167 C. (a—ba+ ba" - ab +8), GA D. 6y"2 D. (a-byat bya? —ab+b?). aDescartes’ Rule of Signs In this chapter, we apply factor theorem to find the real roots of polynomial equations. This should go through a long process before we find all the roots. ‘Moreover, in some cases, we only need to know the number of positive or negative roots of a polynomial equation, As a result, mathematicians try to find a faster way to achieve this goal. René Descartes (1596 — 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, He was the first person to use letters to represent unknown quantities. In addition, he formulated a simple rule, which is known as Descartes? rule of signs, for finding the number of positive and negative roots for any polynomial equations. This rule is especially helpful when we do not have any access to graphing software. For example, we try to determine the number of real roots of the following polynomial equation: +10 +97 - 2x +4=0, fies) = 2x8 — Ignoring the values of the coefficients of the polynomial, just looking at the signs: Sx) = 2x5 — 3x4 + Tx) + Ox? = De Ww Count the number of times that the signs change from positive to negative and from negative to positive. There are four sign changes and the number “four” is the maximum possible number of positive roots for the equation. However, some of the roots may be found by the quadratic formula, and they may not be real roots, Thus, the number of positive roots may be reduced by two. That is, the polynomial may have four, two or even no positive real roots. fix) = A-)8 - 3(-ay + Ta)? + 9(-x)? = 2) 44 =-28 3x4 Te) 4 7 + Oe When we count the number of sign changes, we notice that there is only one sign change, so there is exactly one negative root. In this case, the number of roots will not be reduced by two, because it would end up with a negative mumber. AS a result, there are 4, 2, ot 0 positive real roots, and exactly 1 negative real root. ae Descartes" rule of signs fi René Descartes 2 Tips for Students Betore counting the number of sign changes, we have to arrange the polynomial in descending or ascending powers of the variable. 2 Tips for Students Since the given polynomial can have at ‘most to quadratic factors with real coefficients, the numberof positive roots may be reduced by two oF fous That is, Fes) = (x a)(s— DMs 2) Pla) of Fes) = (=a) OG) Rlx) where Pe) =0, 2 and R(x) =O have no real root.If we use ‘Winplot’ to plot the graph of f(x) = 2x" — 3x‘ + 7x° + 9x7 — 2x +4, we can observe that the number of positive and negative real roots are 0 and 1 respectively. Fig. 10.1 ‘The proof of the Descartes” rule of signs is very complicated and beyond the scope of this level. You will learn it when you study calculus and some advanced topics in mathematics. am Consider the polynomial f(x) =x" ~ 5x° + 8x" — 2+ 11. Find the possible number of real roots for the equation f(x) Suggested Answer TST This website provides more details bout Descartes’ rule of signs: hupuliwwrweutthe-knot.org/fta! ROS2.shiml Inthe Teaching Resources Dise, teachers can find the related electronic files. For) there are 4 signs changes, thus there are 4,2 oF 0 positive real roots, Consider f(-»), f-x)=( 452 48x 4 204 LL Since there = 5-2) + 8x)? 2x) +11 no change of sign, there are no negative real roots ‘As result, there are 4,2 or O positive real roots and there are no negative real roots. C=