THIN CYLINDER

Object
To determine young’s modulus and poisons ratio of the material and study
the behavior of thin cylinder under internal pressure.
Scope
To understand the effect of pressure on pipes under internal pressure and behavior of
pipes of different material under internal pressure.

Explanation of Procedure
1. Procedure for the conduct of this experiment will be explained
in this section. We will learn what apparatus will be utilized in this
experiment, procedure adopted, the responses/ reading recorded and how
can infer useful information about the tested metal.
2. Showing Video clip pertaining to the conduct of this experiment will be very
helpful.

Apparatus
a. Thin cylinder.
b. Strain bridge.
c. 50-50 way lead.
Procedure (Open end condition)
a. Connect the thin cylinder to the strain bridge with the help 50-50 way lead.
b. Screw in the adjustment screw until it reaches the stop.
c. Take initial reading of gauge 1 and 6from the strain bridge at zero cylinder
pressure.
d. With the help of hand pump start pumping additional oil in the cylinder
this will result rise of pressure from 0 to a value indicated by pressure
gauge.
e. Note the strain readings from gauge 1 and 6 at each 0.5 MN/m2.Increment
of pressure up to a maximum of 3MN/m2.
Conduct of Experiment/ Lab
3. Student syndicates will perform this experiment in groups of 10 individuals at a time.
This experiment will be demonstrated to the syndicate, the students will take various
measurements by themselves and record data individually.
4.All students will show the recorded data to lab staff/ lab engr in person to get their
attendance marked for this particular lab.

Table No.1
Dia of cylinder (d) = 76.14mm
Thickness of cylinder (t) = 3.18mm
S.No Cylinder Measured Measured Hoop stress Actual hoop Actual
pressure(P) hoop strain hoop strain Pd/2t strain gauge hoop
MN/m2 gauge No.1 gauge No.6 MN/m2 No.1 strain
() () () gauge
No.6
()

Table No.2
S.No Gauge No Strain at 0 MN/m2 Strain at 3MN/m2 Actual Strain
Results
a. Determine young’s modulus from the result of table 1.
b. Determine poisons ratio from the result of table 2.
c. Draw graph between hoop stress and strain from the result of table 1
Precautions
a. Ensure that the adjustment screw is properly screwed in for open end
condition and is completely unscrewed for closed end condition.
b. Ensure that the strain bridge is connected and zero reading of each strain
gauge has been taken.
c. Do not exceed cylinder pressure from 3.5MN/m2 in any case.
d. Ensure that the return valve is closed before applying pressure to the
cylinder with the help of hand pump.
e. Release the pressure from the cylinder after the completion of the
experiment.
Comments
 HARDNESS TEST ON METALS

Object
To study the Brinell and Rockwell hardness tests and to determine the

hardness numbers of a given specimen.

Scope
Hardness is one of the properties of material to express its performance,
usually it denotes the force to resist the penetration of a rigid body, which
is harder than the specimen and is not subjected to elastic or plastic
deformation. It is a mechanical test of metallic materials, by this method
the hardness of the material can be approximately estimated with out
bringing any damage to the test piece
Explanation of Procedure
1. Procedure for the conduct of this experiment will be explained in this section. We will
learn what apparatus will be utilized in this experiment, procedure adopted, the responses/
reading recorded and how can infer useful information about the tested metal.
2. Showing Video clip pertaining to the conduct of this experiment will be very helpful.

Apparatus
a. Brinell tester with measuring microscope and depth gauge.
b. Rockwell hardness testing machine.
c. Specimens
d. 50 ton universal testing machine.
e. Steel ball penetrator 1/16” dia.
Procedure (Brinell hardness test)
a. Fix the 10 mm ball holder in the upper plate of the machine.
b. Fix the scale at 5 ton.
c. Start the machine and move stage of the universal testing machine upward.
d. Set the needle of the main scale at zero.
 e. Move the stage upward till it touch the ball holder.
f. Load up to 3000 kg and maintain this load for 15 seconds.
g. Release load by rotating dwell knob.
h. Remove the specimen
i. Fill the impression with chalk.
j. Note the dia of the impression by using micrometer microscope.
k. Repeat the procedure thrice for the specimen at a gap of 1 inch and record
average diameter.
Conduct of Experiment/ Lab
Student syndicates will perform this experiment in groups of 10
individuals at a time. This experiment will be demonstrated to the
syndicate, the students will take various measurements by themselves and
record data individually.
All students will show the recorded data to lab staff/ lab engr in person
to get their attendance marked for this particular lab.

Observations and Calculations

a. Diameter of ball (D) = 10 mm
b. Diameter of the impression (d) = mm
c. Area of the impression (A) =/2 D (D-- D 2 ---- d2 = sq mm
d. Load (P) = 3000 Kg
e. B.H.N = P/A
Procedure (Rockwell hardness test)
a. Examine the Rockwell hardness tester and get it ready for the test. Move
the operating handle as forward as it can go and see that the weight
marked 100 kg is in position.
b. Place the specimen upon the anvil of the machine. Raise the anvil and the
test specimen by means of elevating screw until the specimen comes in
contact with the ball. Continue to raise the anvil slowly until so much
initial load is applied that the needle of the small scale and large scale are
vertically and they coincide with the set mark position.
c. Release the operating handle so as to apply major load. Allow the
operating handle to move with out interference until the major load is fully
applied. When the needle stops moving gently bring back the operating
handle.
d. Read the position of the pointer on the red scale of the dial. This gives the
Rockwell hardness number.
e. Make five test on each specimen.

Results
a. Calculate Brinell hardness number.
b. Read the Rock well hardness number directly from the machine.
Precautions
a. Top and bottom surfaces of the specimen should be smooth and clean.
b. Increase the load gradually.
c. Always use dwell knob for releasing load.
d. Ensure that the surface of the specimen is free from any impression.
Comments
 MOHR’S STRAIN CIRCLE

Object
To ascertain measured value of strain through Mohr’s strain circle.
Scope
To understand the effect of pressure on pipes under internal pressure.
Explanation of Procedure
1. Procedure for the conduct of this experiment will be explained in this section.
We will learn what apparatus will be utilized in this experiment, procedure
adopted, the responses/ reading recorded and how can infer useful information
about the tested metal.
2. Showing Video clip pertaining to the conduct of this experiment will be very
helpful
Apparatus
a. Thin cylinder apparatus.
b. Strain bridge.
c. 50-50 way lead.
Procedure
a. Unscrew the return valve on the hand pump.
b. Unscrew the adjustment screw and push the cross piece to the left until it
touches the frame end plate.
c. At zero pressure note reading from strain bridge from gauge 1 to 6 by
suitable changing the channel provided on the strain bridge.
d. Close the return valve and operate the hand pump to pump oil in the
cylinder, increase the pressure up to 3MN/m2 and keep it constant.
e. Again note the reading from the strain bridge from gauge 1 to 6 by suitable
channel provided on the strain bridge.
Conduct of Experiment/ Lab
Student syndicates will perform this experiment in groups of 10
individuals at a time. This experiment will be demonstrated to the
 syndicate, the students will take various measurements by themselves and
record data individually.
All students will show the recorded data to lab staff/ lab engr in person
to get their attendance marked for this particular lab.

Observations and calculations

a. Cylinder pressure (p) = 3MN/m2
b. Young’s modulus (E) = 69GN/m2
c. Poision’s ratio (υ) = 0.33
d. Hoop stress (ƠH) = Pd/2t MN/m2
e. Longitudinal stress (ƠL) = Pd/4t MN/m2
f. Diameter (d) = 76.14mm
g. Thickness (t) = 3.18mm
h. Center of circle (c) = εH+εL/2
i. Radius of circle (R) = εH-εL/2
Table

Gauge Gauge Strain at Strain at Measured Strain calculated Error

No position zero 3MN/m2 strain by mohr’s circle
(Degrees) pressure () () () ()
1 180
2 90
3 30
4 45
5 60
6 180

Results
a. εH = 1/ E (ƠH- υ ƠL)
b. εL=1/ E (ƠL- υ ƠH)
c. Construct mohr’s strain circle.
Precautions
a. Apply pressure gradually to the cylinder.
b. Pressure should be maintained constant through out the experiment.
c. Do not increase cylinder pressure from 3.5MN/m2 in any case.
d. Reading should be taken very carefully from the strain bridge.
Comments

CRIPPLING LOAD WITH SLENDERNESS RATIO

Object

Variation of crippling load with slenderness ratio with pinned ended.

Scope

To ascertain suitability of a material for use as a member when it is

subjected to axial load.
Explanation of Procedure
1. Procedure for the conduct of this experiment will be explained in this section.
We will learn what apparatus will be utilized in this experiment, procedure
adopted, the responses/ reading recorded and how can infer useful information
about the tested metal.
2. Showing Video clip pertaining to the conduct of this experiment will be very
helpful

Apparatus

a. Strut testing machine

b. Numbers of Strut
c. Measuring tape

Procedure

a Ensure that the clamps of the specimen holders are tightened.

b. Select the required strut and adjust the rear specimen beam to the correct
position and insert the dowel pins.
c. Turn the dial gauge so that the stem does not impade the insertion of the
strut.
d. Examine the strut and carefully straighten it if necessery. Insert the strut
with it is ends in the vee grooves of the specimen holders .The strut will
rest the stop it the bottom of the holders .it may be necessary to unscrew
the loading knob to reduce the load after strut is inserted.
e. Lay the meter rule a cross the specimen holders in order to fined the mid
span point on the strut. Turn the dial gauge that its stem is perpendicular to
the strut and the foot (ball end) is on the axis of the strut. Release the two
locks on the central cross member and set it so that the dial gauge will
measure the mid span deflection on the strut.
f. Adjust the bezel of the dial gauge to indicate zero.
g. Load the strut so that crippling occorsaway from the dial gauge. Load till
the dial gauge read 60 divisions.
h. Record the crippling load from the load cell.
j. Compare the experimental crippling loads with those predicated by the Eular equation.

Conduct of Experiment/ Lab

Student syndicates will perform this experiment in groups of 10
individuals at a time. This experiment will be demonstrated to the
syndicate, the students will take various measurements by themselves and
record data individually.
All students will show the recorded data to lab staff/ lab engr in person
to get their attendance marked for this particular lab.

Observations and calculations

E = 200X109 N/m2

K =  I/A I = bd3/12 mm4 P’= 2 EI/L2

Breadth (b) = 20 mm
Thickness (d) = 3 mm
Area = 60 sq mm
Table

Strut Length Slenderness P’=2 EI/L2 P (N)

Number (meter) ratio (L/K) (N) Measured
Calculated
1 0.75
2 0.70
3 0.65
4 0.62
5 0.60
6 0.55
Results

a. Plot graph between P.P’ and L/K

Precautions

a. Deflection should be away from the dial gauge.

b. Examine the strut so that it is straight.

Comments
 THICK CYLINDER
Object

To study the variation of stresses and strain over the wall of a thick cylinder when subjected to an
internal pressure and to verify various analytical formulas for hoop and radial strain.

Scope

To understand the effect of pressure on pipes and behavior of pipes of different materials under
different internal pressure.

Explanation of Procedure
1. Procedure for the conduct of this experiment will be explained in this section.
We will learn what apparatus will be utilized in this experiment, procedure
adopted, the responses/ reading recorded and how can infer useful information
about the tested metal.
2. Showing Video clip pertaining to the conduct of this experiment will be very
helpful

Apparatus

a. Thick cylinder.

b. Strain bridge.

c. 50-50 way lead.

Procedure

a. Connect the thick cylinder apparatus to the strain bridge with the help of 50-50 way lead.
b. Obtain a reading for each of thirteen gauges at zero cylinder pressure.

c. Apply pressure to the cylinder by means of hand pump up to a desired test pressure and hold this
pressure steady.

d. Again take set of readings of thirteen gauges from Strain Bridge.

e. Enter values obtain from the experiment in table No.1

Conduct of Experiment/ Lab

Student syndicates will perform this experiment in groups of 10 individuals at a time.
This experiment will be demonstrated to the syndicate, the students will take various
measurements by themselves and record data individually.
All students will show the recorded data to lab staff/ lab engr in person to get their
attendance marked for this particular lab.
Results

a. Hoop Strain = P/ E (K2 – 1)  ( 1 + R22 / r2) -  ( 1 - R22 / r2) 

Hoop strain = P/1128.2x103 [(1+5625) - 0.33 (1-5625) ]

r2 r2

b. Radial Strain = P/ E (K2 – 1)  ( 1 - R22 / r2) -  ( 1+ R22 / r2) 

Radial strain = P/1128.22x103 [(1-5625) - 0.33(1+5625) ]

r2 r2

c. Longitudinal strain = - P/ E(K2 – 1)  ( 1 + R22 / r2) + ( 1 - R22 / r2) 

= - 2.925 X 10 –7 P [(1+5625) + (1-5625) ]

r2 r2

d. Hoop stress = P/15.435 (1+5625) MN/m2

r2

e. Radial stress = P/15.435 (1-5625) MN/m2

r2

e. Draw graph between radial stress and radius.

f. “ “ “ hoop stress “ “
g. “ “ “ radial strain “ “
h. “ “ “ hoop strain “ “
Table No.1

Radius 28 36 45 56 63 18 75
.5
(mm)

Gauge 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
No

Strain at
zero
pressure

Strain at
pressure

Actual
strain

Theoreti
cal strain

Type of           H  
strain H R H R H R H R H R L H

Error

Table No.2

Radius Calculated hoop stress Calculated radial stress

(mm) (MN/m2) (MN/m2)

28

36

45

56

63

18.5

75
Precautions

a. Apply pressure gradually to the cylinder.

b. Keep pressure of the cylinder steady during experiment.
c. Do not exceed cylinder pressure from the specified pressure.
d. Release the pressure from the cylinder after completion of experiment.
Comments

Flexural Rigitity

Object

Determination of Flexural Rigidity.

Scope

To ascertain suitability of a material for use as a member when it is

subjected to axial load.
Explanation of Procedure
1. Procedure for the conduct of this experiment will be explained in this section.
We will learn what apparatus will be utilized in this experiment, procedure
adopted, the responses/ reading recorded and how can infer useful information
about the tested metal.
2. Showing Video clip pertaining to the conduct of this experiment will be very
helpful

Apparatus

a. Strut testing machine

b. Numbers of Strut
c. Measuring tape
d. Deflection Dial Gauge
e. Hanger
f. Weights

Procedure

a Having selected required strut,set the knife edge to the correct position by
moving the rear specimen beam to a position that the strut can rest on knife edges
near to its ends.
b. attached the dia gauge to the vertical pillar remove the ball end from the dial gauge stem
and exchange it with the flat end which well be found screwed into the top of a stem.
c. release the central cross member and slide it to a position so that the dial gauge stem is
mid way between the knife edges.
d. rest the strut on the knife edges with equal over hang at each end and the dial gauge
positioned on its center line.
e. open the latch of the stirrup and thread it on to the strut. Close the latch and position the
stirrup so that the foot of the dial gauge rest on the flats cut out in the top of the
latch.atteched the weight hanger to the stirrup.
f. measure the span carefully in check that the dial gauge is it mid span. Adjust the dial
gauge to read zero that attached load to the hanger reading the dial gauge after each
increment. Tap the top of dial gauge stem gently before taking each reading.
g. plot a graph of load against dial gauge reading. From the slop of graph load vs deflection,
which should be linear passing through the origin, determine the value of EI and compare
this with the value assuming E=2x 1011

Conduct of Experiment/ Lab

Student syndicates will perform this experiment in groups of 10
individuals at a time. This experiment will be demonstrated to the
syndicate, the students will take various measurements by themselves and
record data individually.
All students will show the recorded data to lab staff/ lab engr in person
to get their attendance marked for this particular lab.

Observations and calculations

Breadth (b) = 20 mm
Thickness (d) = 3 mm
Area = 60 sq mm
Length = -------M
Load =_______Kg X 9.8
I= bd3 / 12 m4 = 4.5 x 10-11 m4
Deflection (Y) = mm
Flexural Rigidity (EI) = WL3/ 48 Y

Table

Load Dial Gauge Reading Deflection (mm)

(gm) (Division)
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Results

Draw graph bet load and deflection readings

From the graph which is linear the through the origin, determine the value of EI
and compare it with theoretical value E= 2 x 1011
Precautions

c. Tight the strut in the machine.

d. Put weight slowly on the hanger
e. Zero the dial gauge before starting the.experiment
f. Add the load upto 800 gm

Comments

Deflection of Curved Bar

Object

To Compare the measured deflection with theoretical value by the curved

bar apparatus.

Explanation of Procedure
1. Procedure for the conduct of this experiment will be explained in this section.
We will learn what apparatus will be utilized in this experiment, procedure
adopted, the responses/ reading recorded and how can infer useful information
about the tested metal.
2. Showing Video clip pertaining to the conduct of this experiment will be very
helpful

Apparatus

a. Curved Bar Apparatus

b. Hook
c. Deflection Dial Gaugs
d. Hanger
e. Weights

Procedure (Ring)

a The ring is suspended of a knife edged (A,C hook carries a load hanger for
applying.
b. A,C, hook carries a load hanger for applying a vertical load.
c. A permanently fixed dial gauge with a plate anvil measured the vertical
deflection.
d. the deformation on the horizontal diameter as measured by two removable
dial gauge which are fixed on the cross bar.
e. the load hanger weight is ignored because it acts as stabilizer.
Procedure (Semii circle)

A It is clamped to the base a special load hanger is suspended from pegs at

the free end of the test specimen in order to offer horizontal in vertical
faces for the dial gauges.
b. .The dial gauges should be fixed on a bracket to measure the vertical and
horizontal deflection of the free end of the specimen.
c. To stabilize the system two Newton weight is places on the load hanger,
and than dial gauge reading are taken is the zero datum.
d. Add load by increment of two Newton upto a maximum of 14 Newton
.

Procedure (Qurdent)

A It is the upper part of a davit specimen and is provided by tightening a

clamp at the springing of the curve.
b. The procedure as the same as in semi circle.

Conduct of Experiment/ Lab

Student syndicates will perform this experiment in groups of 10
individuals at a time. This experiment will be demonstrated to the
syndicate, the students will take various measurements by themselves and
record data individually.
All students will show the recorded data to lab staff/ lab engr in person
to get their attendance marked for this particular lab.

Observations and calculations

B = 25 mm
D = 3 mm
I = bd3 / 12 m4 = 56.25m m4 (for all)
E = 205000 N/mm2 (for all)
R = 150 mm
Table No.1 (Ring)

Load Load Vertical Horizental

(gm) (N)
DR (Div) Deflection DR(A) DR(B) AV Def =
(0.01xDiv (Div) (Div) (DR)
(mm) 0.01 x
AVDR
(mm)
 Table No.2 (Semi Circle)

Load Load Vertical Horizontal

(gm) (N)
DR (Div) Deflection DR (Div) Deflection =0.01x
(0.01xDiv
(mm) Div (mm)

Table No.3 (Quadrant)

Load Load Vertical Horizontal

(gm) (N)
DR (Div) Deflection DR (Div) Deflection =0.01x
(0.01xDiv
(mm) Div (mm)

Results

a. Draw graph between deflection and load for vertical and horizontal deflection
b. Compare theoretical deflection with experimental deflection.
c. Theatrical value for ring at P = 25 Newton, R = 150 mm for vertical deflection =
0.149 PR3/ EI, for horizontal deflection = 0.137 PR3/ EI
d. Theoretical value for Semi Circle at P = 10 Newton, R = 150mm for vertical
deflection = IIPR3/ 2EI, for horizontal deflection = 2PR3/ EI
e. Theoretical value for Quadrant at P = 10 Newton, R = 150mm for vertical
deflection = IIPR3/ 4EI, for horizontal deflection = 0.5PR3/ EI

Precautions

g. Fix the dial gauges in proper method .

h. Hang the load hanger in the ring and zero the dial gauges
i. Put weights slowly on the hanger
j. Take the reading carefully.

Comments