REVIEW – MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING, AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Matrices Transpose
Interchange the values in the rows to the
Matrix – rectangular array of numbers columns and the columns to the rows.
arranged in rows and columns. This is Example:
commonly used to solve a system of linear 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨 = � �
equations with high number of unknowns. 𝟗𝟗 𝟖𝟖 𝟕𝟕
0 9
The size of a matrix is the number of rows 𝐴𝐴𝑇𝑇 = �1 8�
by the number of columns. 2 7
Example:
Adjoint
1 −5
�3 7 � To get the adjoint of the matrix, first
get the cofactor, then transpose.
8 −2
There are 3 rows and 2 columns. Hence, a
3x2 matrix. Identity Matrix
An identity matrix is a matrix with a
Addition and Subtraction determinant equal to 1.
1 0
Note: Two matrices A & B can be added or 2x2 Matrix = � �
subtracted only if they have the same 0 1
size.
3 −1 9 3+3 2−1 5+9
1 0 0
3 2 5
� �+� �=� � 3x3 Matrix = �0 1 0�
−6 2 7 5 0 3 −6 + 5 2 + 0 7 + 3
0 0 1
6 1 14
=� �
−1 2 10 Determinant
Determinant of a 2x2 Matrix:
Scalar Multiplication 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
We can multiply a matrix with a number If 𝐴𝐴 = � �
𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑
(also called a scalar). For scalar
multiplication, we multiply each element Then det 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
of the matrix by the number or scalar.
Determinant of a 3x3 Matrix:
Multiplication 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐
Two matrices can be multiplied only if the If 𝐴𝐴 = �𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓 �
number of columns of the first matrix is 𝑔𝑔 ℎ 𝑖𝑖
equal to the number of rows of the second
matrix. Then det 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 − 𝑓𝑓ℎ) − 𝑏𝑏(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓) + 𝑐𝑐(𝑑𝑑ℎ − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒)
Example:
𝑢𝑢 𝑣𝑣
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥 �
Inverse of a Matrix (for Multiplication)
� ��
𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦 𝑧𝑧
The inverse of a matrix is a matrix that
when multiplied to the original will
(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
=� � produce the identity matrix I. It is equal
(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓) (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓) to the Adjoint over the Determinant.
Division
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏
Division of Matrices is not allowed. When Matrix A = � �
𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑
However a matrix can be divided by a 1 𝑑𝑑 −𝑏𝑏
scalar. 𝐴𝐴−1 = � �
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 −𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎
Cofactor Sample Problems:
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 1. Given that the following matrices are
Cofactor �𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓 � equal, find the values of x, y and z.
𝑔𝑔 ℎ 𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 + 3 −1 6 𝑦𝑦
𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 � �=� �
⎡+ � � −� � +� � 4 5 𝑧𝑧 − 3 5
ℎ 𝑖𝑖 𝑔𝑔 𝑖𝑖 𝑔𝑔 ℎ⎤ 5 2 −11 0
⎢ ⎥ 2. � 4
𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 ⎥ 9 �+� 7 1 �=
⎢
= −� � + �𝑔𝑔 𝑖𝑖 � − � �
⎢ ℎ 𝑖𝑖 𝑔𝑔 ℎ⎥ 10 −3 −6 −8
𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐 2 3 6 9
⎢ 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 ⎥ 3. Given, 𝑘𝑘 � �=� �find the value of
+� � − �𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓 � + � � 5 6 15 18
⎣ 𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 ⎦ k.

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4. Find C = AxB. The polar form of a complex number can be

3 1 expressed as:
1 2 −1
𝐴𝐴 = � � &𝐵𝐵 = � 0 −1� x + yi = r(cos θ + isin θ)
2 0 1
−2 3 where:
r = absolute value or modulus
5. Calculate the values of x and y for the r2 = x2 + y2
following simultaneous equations: θ = argument of the complex number
2x – 2y – 3 = 0 tan θ = y/x
8y = 7x + 2 x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ
1 0 − 1 2  The other two ways to write the polar form
0 1 2 1 
of a number are as follows:
 rcisθ
6. Given, A = , and ,
3 − 2 0 0  r∠θ
 
1 0 4 − 1 De Moivre's Theorem
 12 x − 7 10  It states that to get the nth power of a
 18 − 21 − 11 y  complex number, take the nth power of the
A−1 =   modulus and multiply the argument by n.
− 5 6 3 − 4 That is If z = r(cos θ + isin θ) and n is
 
 − 8 10 z − 7 a positive integer, then
Find the value of x, y and z. zn= [r(cos θ + isin θ)]n
= rn(cos nθ +sin nθ)
Complex Numbers
A complex number is a number that can be Euler's Formula
expressed as a + bi (rectangular form). This formula relates trigonometric
"a" as the real part and "b" as the functions and complex exponential
imaginary part and i is the square root of functions. Taylor's series can be used to
-1. derive Euler's equation which is:
eix = cosx + isinx
Addition and Subtraction of Complex
numbers Sample Problems:
To add two complex numbers, we add each 1. Perform the indicated operation
element separately, that is the real part a) (3 + 2i) + (4 +3i)
+ the real part, and the imaginary part + b) (2 + 3i)(1 - 7i)
the imaginary part. c) (1 + 4i)(3 + 4i)
d) (60-25i)/(7-4i)
Multiplication of Complex numbers e) (3+4i)/(2-3i)
To multiply two complex numbers, each part f) (4 + 7i)9
of the complex number should be multiplied g) (2 - 5i)5
to each part of the other number. h) Evaluate eiπ
(a + bi)(c + di) = ac + adi + bci + bdi2 2. Convert the answers from a to c above
into polar form.
Conjugate 3. Evaluate i201.
A conjugate is where we change the sign 4. Evaluate i27.
between the real part and the imaginary 5. Evaluate ii.
part (the sign in the middle). Note: The 6. Find ln(-9).
complex number should be expressed first
as a + bi. Vectors
Scalar quantities are quantities that have
Division of Complex numbers only magnitudes such as time, area and
To divide two complex numbers, first get distance.
the conjugate of the denominator, and then
multiply this to both the numerator and Vector quantities are quantities that have
the denominator. both magnitudes and directions such
velocity (speed and direction), force and
Polar Form of Complex numbers acceleration.

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A vector can be represented by a directed The vector product of two vectors P & Q is
line segment, whose direction is given by defined as the vector V which states the
the arrow and the length shows the ff. conditions:
magnitude of the vector. 1. The line of action of V is
perpendicular to the plane containing P
The vector can be denoted by �����⃗
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 or simply and Q.
AB, where A is the initial point and B is 2. The magnitude of V is the product of
the terminal point. the magnitudes of P & Q and of the sine of
the angle θ formed by P & Q (the measure
The magnitude of a vector is the length of of which will always be 180° or less);
the corresponding segment. The magnitude thus we have , V = PQsinθ.
�����⃗| or simply |AB|.
is denoted by |𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

Or simply,

Vectors Addition
Addition of 2 vectors is Commutative
�����⃗ + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 �����⃗ = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
�����⃗ + 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
�����⃗

Dot Product
The dot product can be defined for two = sum of the products obtained along the
vectors X and Y by black lines – sum of the products obtained
𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑌𝑌 = |𝑋𝑋||𝑌𝑌| cos 𝜃𝜃 along the red lines
where 𝜃𝜃 is the angle between the vectors.
It follows immediately that 𝑋𝑋 ∙ 𝑌𝑌 = 0 if Multiplication of i, j, and k
they are perpendicular. The dot product
therefore has the geometric interpretation
as the length of the projection of X onto
unit vector Y when the two vectors are
placed so that their tails coincide.

Sign Convention: When the process is along

the arrow, the sign is positive. When
against, it is negative.
Ex: i x j = +k
j x i = -k

Sample Problems:
1. Compute the vector product V = P x Q
where the vector P is of magnitude 6 lies
in the xz plane at an angle of 30° with
the x-axis, and where the vector Q is of
For vectors in rectangular form, the dot magnitude 4 and lies along the x-axis.
product vector A = fi + gj and B = bi + 2. Determine the cross product of U x V of
cj, A · B = f(b) + g(c), which is a scalar the vectors U = (-2i + j) and V = (3i –
quantity. 4k). Also, determine their dot product.
3. Determine the cross product of U x V of
Cross Product the vectors U = (-2i + j + 3k) and V = (3i
+ 2j – 4k). Also, compute for the dot
product.
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4. Find the volume of the parallelepiped

determined by the vectors:
A = <1, 0, 6>
B = <2, 3, -8>
C = <8, -5, 6>

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