Lenses

Objectives
◉ Determine graphically and mathematically the type
(virtual/real), magnification, location/ apparent depth,
and orientation of the image of a point and extended
object produced by a lens or series of lenses
 Review of Previous Lesson

What happens to the light when it travels

through mediums with different indices of
refraction?
Review of Previous Lesson
 Lenses
A thin lens is a simple optical device composed of two
curved transparent materials. Sometimes it can also be that
one side is curved, and the other side is a plane surface.
There are two main types of lenses, i.e., converging and
diverging.
Lenses
 Convex Lenses
A convex lens is a lens that converges rays of light that
convey parallel to its principal axis.
 Convex Lenses
Refraction of Light by Convex Lenses

1. When a light ray is parallel to the 2. When a light ray passes through the
principal axis and passes through the focus F1 and then passes through the
convex lens, it will always be refracted convex lens, it will always be refracted
to the focus F2 on the other side of the on the other side of the lens parallel to
lens. the principal axis.
 Convex Lenses
Refraction of Light by Convex Lenses
3. When a light ray passes through the center of the convex lens, it will continue to travel through
the same line.

Using these three rules, construct an image from an object for a convex mirror
 Convex Lenses
Refraction of Light by Convex Lenses
 Convex Lenses
Images formed by Convex Lenses

For the following cases, the variables are named as

➢ s is for the object distance
➢ f is the focal length
➢ F is the point wherein the focus lies
 Convex Lenses
Images formed by Convex Lenses
 Convex Lenses
Images formed by Convex Lenses
 Convex Lenses
Images formed by Convex Lenses
 Convex Lenses
Images formed by Convex Lenses
 Convex Lenses
Images formed by Convex Lenses
 Convex Lenses
Images formed by Convex Lenses
 Concave Lenses
Concave lenses curve inward from the center and
diverge light rays parallel to the optical axis from a focal
point behind the lens.
 Concave Lenses
Refraction of Light by Concave Lenses

1. When a light ray coming from the left is 2. When a light ray from the left side
parallel to the principal axis and passes appears to be converging to the focus F1
through the concave lens, it will always on the right side of the concave lens, it
be refracted to the right side as if it had will be refracted parallel to the principal
diverged from the focus F2 on the left axis on the right side.
side.
 Concave Lenses
Refraction of Light by Concave Lenses
3. When a light ray passes through the center of the convex lens, it will continue to travel through
the same line.

Using these three rules, construct an image from an object for a convex mirror
 Concave Lenses
Refraction of Light by Concave Lenses
 Concave Lenses
Images formed by Concave Lenses
For a concave lens, only one type of image is
formed. Since all the refracted light rays diverge from
each other, the image is virtual, upright, diminished,
and located on the same side of the object.
Image Formation (Convex & Concave)
Image Formed by Lenses
(Analytical Method)
 Working Equations
Lens Equation
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ =
𝒔 𝒔′ 𝒇
s is the object distance;
s’ is the image distance, and
f is the focal length of the lens.
 Working Equations
Magnification Equation
𝒚′ 𝒔′
m= =-
𝒚 𝒔
m is the magnification
s is the object distance;
s’ is the image distance, and
y’ is the image height
y is the object height
Lateral or transverse magnification refers to the ratio of the image
height and the object height, and the object distance and the image
distance.
 Working Equations
Lensmaker’s Equation
This equation shows the relationship among the
focal length f, the refractive index of the lens n, and the
curvature radii R1 and R2 of the surfaces of the lens.

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=(n-1)( - )
𝒇 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
 Try This!
◉ Consider a double convex lens with a positive focal
length and whose surfaces have radii of curvature both
equal to 0.079 m. Determine the focal length of the
lens if the refractive index of the glass is 1.70.

Ans.
f = 0.056m
 Try This!
◉ A 0.5 m high object is situated 0.5 m from a 1.5 m focal
length converging lens. Solve for the lateral
magnification and orientation of the image formed.

Ans.
m = 1.5

The lateral magnification of the image is 1.5. The

positive value means that the image is upright.
 Key Points
◉ The analytical or mathematical method is essential to quantify the
distance and size of images formed by converging and diverging
lenses.
◉ Lateral or transverse magnification refers to the ratio of the
image height and the object height, and the object distance and
the image distance.
◉ The lens equation shows the quantitative relationship between
the distance of the object, the distance of the image, and the focal
length. The magnification equation shows the ratio of the height
of the image and the height of the object. You may use these two
equations to derive the distance and height of the image, with the
given values of s, y, and f for converging lenses.
 Key Points
◉ A diverging lens is also called a negative lens because its focal
length is a negative quantity.
◉ The lensmaker’s equation shows the relationship among the focal
length f, the refractive index of the lens n, and the curvature radii
R1 and R2 of the surfaces of the lens.
◉ Remember the following conventions when dealing with
calculations related to lenses:
- s > 0 for a real object, i.e., located on the incoming side of the lens’ surface; otherwise, s < 0.
- s’ > 0 for a real image, i.e., located on the incoming side of the lens’ surface; otherwise, s’ < 0.
- R > 0 when the center of curvature is located on the outgoing side of the surface; otherwise, R
< 0.
- m > 0 when the image is upright/ erect; m < 0 when the image is inverted.