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2nd Week - Fundamental Concepts

* Freezing point of ice on Celsius scale is 0°C * Boiling point of water on Celsius scale is 100°C * Given: Freezing point on new scale N is 100°N * Boiling point on new scale N is 400°N * Difference between boiling and freezing points on both scales is same, which is 100 units * Using this, we can write: Boiling point on Celsius scale (100°C) - Freezing point on Celsius scale (0°C) = Boiling point on N scale (400°N) - Freezing point on N scale (100°N) 100°C - 0°C = 400°N - 100°N 100 =

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14 views

2nd Week - Fundamental Concepts

* Freezing point of ice on Celsius scale is 0°C * Boiling point of water on Celsius scale is 100°C * Given: Freezing point on new scale N is 100°N * Boiling point on new scale N is 400°N * Difference between boiling and freezing points on both scales is same, which is 100 units * Using this, we can write: Boiling point on Celsius scale (100°C) - Freezing point on Celsius scale (0°C) = Boiling point on N scale (400°N) - Freezing point on N scale (100°N) 100°C - 0°C = 400°N - 100°N 100 =

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CHAP1: Fundamental concepts of thermodynamics

Pr. LAKNIZI AZZEDDINE Auto/Aero 2- UIR 2021


The lecture deals with
• Property and state
• Pressure and Pressure variation with Depth
• Temperature
What is thermodynamics?
Thermo + Dynamics
✓ Thermo: Heat or Thermal Energy
✓Dynamics: Power
• Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its relationship to the
properties of matter.
• Specifically, thermodynamics governs the following:
❑ Energy conversion, energy exchange and the direction of exchange
❑Feasibility of a process involving energy
Energy Forms: Exchange of Energy:
• Kinetic Energy • Work
• Potential Energy • Heat
• Internal Energy
Recap:Thermodynamic Systems
•Thermodynamic System
• quantity of matter or a region of space chosen for study
•Boundary
• real or imaginary layer that separates the system from its surroundings
•Surroundings
• physical space outside the system boundary
Property
• To describe a system and predict its behavior requires a knowledge of its
properties and how those properties are related.
• Properties are macroscopic characteristics (measurable) of a system such
as mass, volume, energy, pressure and temperature to which numerical
values can be assigned at a given time without knowledge of the past
history of the system.
• Thermodynamic property is a point function and not a path function.
Pressure, temperature, volume or molar volume are some of the quantities
which satisfy these requirements.
Point Function: They depend on the state only, and not on how a system
reaches that state. All properties are point functions.

Path function: Their magnitudes depend on the path followed during a


process as well as the end states.
Exact or total differential
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
Differential form of 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 is:
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑥
The condition to be Exact or total differential is:
𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
• In thermodynamics, when df is exact, the function f is a point function and a thermodynamic
property of the system.
• That this quantity f can be used to describe or to specify the state of a system. It is the property
of the current state of the system and it does not depend on the way the system got to the state.

Example: Prove that volume is a thermodynamics property?


Hint: Assume ideal gas (PV=nRT)
State
• State refers to the condition of a system as described by its properties.
• The thermodynamic state of a substance is completely specified by two
independent properties.
Types of Properties: Intensive and Extensive
• There are certain properties which depend on the size or extent of the system,
and there are certain properties which are independent of the size or extent of
the system.
• The properties like volume, which depend on the size of the system are called
extensive properties. The properties, like temperature and pressure which are
independent of the mass of the system are called intensive properties.
• Intensive properties are those which are unchanged, whereas those properties
whose values are increased or decreased in proportion to the enlargement or
reduction of the system are called extensive properties.

T
T T
V/2
V V/2
P
P P
M/2
M M/2
color
color color
Recap!
• Any characteristic of a System is known as its PROPERTY
• Pressure (P), Volume (V), Temperature (T) and mass (m), etc.
• also Viscosity (μ), Electric Resistance (R), Thermal Conductivity (k), etc.

Intensive : Independent on mass of system.


Extensive : Dependent on mass of system.
Specific : Extensive properties per unit mass.
Specific Volume (v=V/m), Specific Enthalpy (h=H/m).
Pressure
• Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area.
• Units of pressure are N/m2, which is called a pascal (Pa).
• Since the unit Pa is too small for pressures encountered in practice,
kilopascal (1 kPa = 103 Pa) and megapascal (1 MPa = 10^6 Pa) are
commonly used.
Pressure
• Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to read zero in the
atmosphere, and therefore indicate gauge pressure, Pgauge=Pabs - Patm.
Pressure: variation with depth
Hydrostatic Equation

Where  is the fluid density


g is the local gravitational acceleration
P is the absolute pressure (total)
Patm is the atmospheric pressure
𝛒𝐠𝐡 is the gauge pressure (or gage pressure in some textbooks)
MILLENNIUM PRIZE SERIES
• MILLENNIUM PRIZE SERIES: The Millennium Prize Problems are seven mathematics
problems stated by the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000. They’re not easy – a correct
solution to any one results in a US$1,000,000 prize being awarded by the institute.
• Russian mathematician Grigori Perelman was awarded the Prize.

He declined the prize


money.
Pressure
• Pressure at any point in a fluid is the same in all directions.
• Pressure has a magnitude, but not a specific direction, and thus it is a scalar quantity.
Pressure
Pressure: variation with depth
∆𝑷 = 𝝆𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒈𝒉

𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 = 𝝆𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒈𝒉

𝑷𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝝆𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒈𝒉

𝑷𝒈𝒂𝒔 = 𝑷𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝝆𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒈𝒉
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• Statement: If a body 1 is in thermal equilibrium with body 2 and body
3, then the body 2 and body 3 are also in thermal equilibrium with
each other
What is Temperature?
• Physical quantity used to inform us about how cold or hot something
• Physical quantity related to the microscopic-kinetic energy or particle-kinetic energy of matter
• All matter is made up of particles (Atoms). All atoms are moving unless the temperature is at 0
degrees kelvin, called absolute zero.
Which of the states of matter below have more thermal energy?
State of matter Arrangement and movement of particles

• Has a fixed volume and shape • The particles are packed closely together in an
• Cannot be compressed orderly manner.
• There are strong forces between the particles
• The particles can only vibrate about their
positions
• Has a fixed volume but not a fixed • The particles are packed closely together but not
shape (takes the shape of the in an orderly manner.
container) • Interact by strong forces but weaker than the
• Cannot be compressed easily forces in a solid.
• The particles can vibrate, rotate and translate
throughout the liquid.
• Does not have a fixed volume and • The particles are very far part from each other
shape and in random motion.
• Can be compressed easily • Weak forces
• The particles can vibrate, rotate and translate.
• With high rate of collision
Temperature sensor
• Based on zeroth law of thermodynamics, the temperature of a group of bodies can be
compared by bringing a particular body (a thermometer) into contact with each of them
in turn.
• To quantify the measurement, the instrument should have thermometric properties.
• The commonly used thermometric properties include are:
1) The length of a mercury column in a capillary tube
2) The resistance (electrical) of a wire (Pt100)
3) the emf generated at the junction of two dissimilar metal wires.
1) The length of a mercury column in a capillary tube

2) The resistance (electrical) of a wire

3) the emf generated at the junction of two dissimilar metal wires.


Temperature Scale: Celsius Scale
• To assign numerical values to the thermal state of a system, it is
necessary to establish a temperature scale on which temperature of a
system can be read. Therefore, the temperature scale is read by
assigning numerical values to certain easily reproducible states.

Ice Point: The equilibrium temperature of ice with air


saturated water at standard atmospheric pressure
which is assigned a value of 0oC.
Steam Point: The equilibrium temperature of pure
water with its own vapor at standard atmospheric
pressure, which is assigned a value of 100oC.

This scale is called the Celsius Scale named after Anders Celsius.
Temperature Scale: Kelvin Scale
The absolute temperature scale in the SI is the Kelvin scale, which is related to the Celsius scale by:

Kelvin is useful in science because 0 degrees Kelvin is called Absolute zero, it is the temperature at which
molecules have no vibrational movement and therefore absolutely no thermal energy.
Exercise 1
• A new scale N of temperature is divided in such a way that the
freezing point of ice is 100°N and the boiling point is 400°N. What is
the temperature reading on this new scale when the temperature is
150°C?At what temperature both the Celsius and the new
temperature scale reading would be the same?
1) A System Which Has Neither Mass Nor Energy Transfer Across The Boundary Is called:
A) Closed System
B) Open System
C) Isolated System
D) None of the above
2) Ice melting at the atmospheric pressure is:
A) Isochoric Process
B) Isothermal Process
C) Isothermal and Isochoric Process
D) Isothermal and Isobaric Process
3) Air heating inside closed and rigid container:
A) Isothermal Process
B) Adiabatic Process
C) Isochoric Process
D) Isothermal and Isobaric Process
• Both a gage and a manometer are attached to a gas tank to measure its
pressure. If the reading on the pressure gage is 80 kPa, determine the
distance between the two fluid levels of the manometer if the fluid is
• (a) mercury (𝛒=13,600 kg/m3)
• (b) water (𝛒=1000 kg/m3).

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