CO2 Capture and Mineralisation

gasworld Europe CO2 Summit 2023

Stephen B. Harrison, sbh4 GmbH
8th March 2023, Telfs, Austria

Presentation concept IP of sbh4 GmbH

Process graphics copyright sbh4 2023, all rights reserved
Some photographs are royalty-free Shutterstock and iStock library images
Renewable electricity can avoid CO2 emissions from fossil fuel
power generation and decarbonise many other sectors

Power and
energy
transition

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 • But not all sectors can be
decarbonised with green
electrons!

• Some industrial processes

release unavoidable
geogenic, biogenic or process
CO2 emissions that must be
decarbonised using carbon
capture.

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Geogenic CO2 emissions from glass melting must
be decarbonised

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Geogenic CO2 emissions from the calcination of magnesite
and dolomite for refractory materials must be decarbonised

Magnesite quarry for refractory materials production

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Geogenic CO2 emissions from the calcination of limestone in
lime and cement making must be decarbonised

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Process emissions from iron ore reduction in blast
furnaces for iron making must be decarbonised

9 March 2023 Iron and steel making in Linz, Austria 7

More than 1,000 SMRs produce grey hydrogen with
process CO2 emissions, many will be decarbonised

9 March 2023 Image courtesy of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc - Edmonton Alberta Industrial Heartland SMR for pipeline 8
Conventional CO2 capture technologies benefit from high
pressure, but for high capture rates, low pressure post-
combustion flue gas must also be processed
High CO2 capture rates from CO2 capture from SMRs using
SMRs require CO2 capture from conventional technologies has
the low pressure, post favoured capture from high
combustion flue gas at location C. pressure streams with high
CO2 concentrations at
locations A or B.

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Conventional processes for CO2 capture from SMRs and other
industries require heat or power, in very large quantities

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Mineralisation of CO2 using alkalis and the superoxide radical
– a new approach to capture CO2 to form commercial minerals

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Airovation Technologies patented CO2
capture and mineralisation process – CCM
• CO2 capture rate >95%
• Can capture CO2 efficiently from low pressure,
low concentration CO2 streams in addition to
higher pressure, higher concentration CO2 flue
gases
• Minimal heat and power requirement at the
capture site
• Uses readily available commodity chemical
feedstocks: NaOH or KOH, with H2O2 being
dosed as a minor component with catalytic
properties
• Selectivity between commercial grade Na2CO3,
K2CO3, NaHCO3 or KHCO3 as mineral products
• For very high concentration CO2 streams (eg
from fermentation and distillation), oxygen is
produced (and can be utilised for process
intensification in the bio-reactor)
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Mineralisation of CO2 in lime water

9 March 2023 Image courtesy of BBC Bitesize 13

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/znwh8xs/revision/8
Airovation Technologies – patented CO2 mineralisation
process using alkalis and the superoxide radical

• Oxygen is produced during the process chemistry

• If the feed gas has a very high CO2 concentration (eg

from fermenters or bio-reactors), oxygen is the main
component of the final flue gas

• Oxygen can be recovered and re-used for process

intensification in bio-reactors and fermenters

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Airovation Technologies – alkali mineralisation of
CO2 using the superoxide radical

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Commercial carbonate and bicarbonate
mineral products can be produced

9 March 2023 Calcium bicarbonate, baking soda 16

Life cycle analysis shows significant CO2 emissions
reduction due to displacement of existing energy
intensive / CO2 emissions intensive processes

The Solvay process Trona ore processing

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https://everythingdynamicequilibrium.weebly.com/solvay-process.html
CCM – CO2 mineralisation using alkalis and the
superoxide radical to generate valuable materials
• Carbon capture and mineralisation (CCM) is an example of CCUS – carbon capture, utilisation and storage
• CO2 emissions can be converted to minerals with commercial value
• The powders generated through mineralisation can be utilised commercially as chemical feedstocks
• The powders generated through mineralisation can be utilised as industrial feedstocks to conserve natural raw
materials and reduce the energy intensity of mineral processing, eg cement and refractory materials
• Mineralisation using alkali solutions can avoid stressing power and heat utilities at the CO 2 capture site
• Moving feedstock and minerals to and from the CO2 capture site uses standard logistics infrastructure
• The sweet spot for mineralisation using alkalis and the superoxide radical will exist in many situations…
• CO2 emission source of any pressure and any CO2 concentration*
• Alkali and H2O2 feedstocks are available
• A market for the mineralisation product exists
• A market for the oxygen exists (if a very high purity CO 2 stream is used)

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Example applications with ideal conditions:
biotechnology and specialty glassmaking

• CO2 emissions avoidance • CO2 emissions avoidance

• Biogenic CO2 capture and conversion to bio- materials • Geogenic (unavoidable) CO2 emissions capture and conversion to materials

• NaHCO3 production for water softening, other marketable minerals possible • Na2CO3 production as a feedstock for glassmaking (alternatively, other marketable minerals)

• O2 production for bio-reactor process intensification • Circularity in glassmaking materials

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Content and concept copyright and IP of sbh4 GmbH, 2023 all rights reserved
Introduction to Stephen B. Harrison and
sbh4 consulting
Stephen B. Harrison is the founder and managing director at sbh4 GmbH in
Germany. His work focuses on decarbonisation and greenhouse gas
emissions control. Hydrogen and CCUS are fundamental pillars of his
consulting practice. He has served as the international hydrogen & CCS
expert and team leader for multiple ADB projects related to renewable
hydrogen deployment and CCS in several Asian nations.
With a background in industrial and specialty gases, including 27 years at
BOC Gases, The BOC Group and Linde Gas, Stephen has intimate knowledge
of hydrogen and carbon dioxide from commercial, technical, operational and
safety perspectives. For 14 years, he was a global business leader in these
FTSE100 and DAX30 companies.
Stephen has extensive buy-side and sell-side M&A due diligence and
investment advisory experience in the energy and clean-tech sectors. Private
Equity firms, investment fund managers and green-tech startups are regular
clients.
As a member of the H2 View and gasworld editorial advisory boards,
Stephen advises the direction for these international publications that focus
on decarbonisation and CO2 applications.

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