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Summary VO Building Physics and Human Ecology SS2021

introduction

ÿ Work = resulting from the action of a force over a given distance on a

body acts, is achieved
ÿ Energy: resulting from the action of a force over a certain distance on a
1. Kinetic energy (kinetic
energy) K 2. Potential energy U 3. Mechanical
energy E 4. Thermal energy Eth ÿ enthalpy =
ÿ entropy = a measure of the “usability” of the
energy (a measure of the uniformity of the

power distribution); Increase in entropy -> increase in disorder

ÿ Laws of thermodynamics 0. If two systems are in thermodynamic
equilibrium with a third one, they are also in equilibrium with each other: the
corresponding state variable is the temperature.

1. The total energy of a closed system remains constant.

2. In a closed system, heat flows spontaneously from regions of higher temperature to
regions of lower temperature.
3. Absolute zero temperature is unattainable.
ÿ Law of Wiedemann-Franz = the ratio of thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity in
metals ÿ Heat conduction:

ÿ Convective heat flow ÿ

ÿ thermal radiation: visible range 380 – 780 nm Stefan
– Bolzmann – law of total radiation MS with the constant ÿ
Wien's displacement law ÿmax degree
of reflection ÿ, degree of absorption ÿ, degree of transmission ÿ; ÿ + ÿ +
ÿ = 1 emissivity ÿ = ratio of the emissivity M emitted by a real body to that of the
black body Ms At M, ÿ = ÿ; a body that absorbs well also radiates well.

Heat transfer in components

ÿ Radiation = does not require a medium, electromagnetic

ÿ Convection = in fluids, liquid and gaseous
ÿ Conduction = mainly in solids
ÿ Homogeneous component structures = structures in which there is only one material in each layer
is used
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ÿ Inhomogeneous component structures = structures in which one or more layers consist of

consist of different elements.
ÿ 1D heat transport = model for calculation; Heat transport is an arrow of warm
after cold.
1. Heat transfer from room air to room-side surface (radiation + convection)
2. Heat transfer through component (line)
3. Heat transfer from the outside surface to the outside air (radiation +
Convection)
ÿ Lambda values = material parameters for thermal conductivity
ÿ Thermal resistance RT takes into account the heat transfer resistances Rsi + Rse
RT is the reciprocal of the U-value
ÿ U-value (heat transfer coefficient) = the heat that flows through 1 m2 of a component within one second
at an inside-outside temperature difference of 1 Kelvin, the maximum possible U-value is 5.883 W x
m-2 x K-1 ÿ Graphic determination of layer temperatures: 1. X...layer thickness; y…temperatures 2. X…
heat transmission and heat transfer resistances; y…temperatures ÿ layers of air at rest = good heat
insulator if thickness remains very small, otherwise the

thermal roller
ÿ Highly ventilated air layers: size is irrelevant, the U-value is only calculated afterwards
(rear ventilation)
ÿ Mean U-value = area-related arithmetic mean of the u-values of the building shell,
KPI
ÿ Minimum requirements U-values (OIB 6)
component U-value
walls against outside air 0.35
Walls against unheated or undeveloped 0.35
roof spaces
Walls against unheated parts of the building 0.60
that are to be kept frost-free (except
roof) and garages
walls touching the ground 0.40
Walls between residential and 1.30
business units or conditioned stairwells Walls
against other buildings on neighboring property
or building site boundaries Walls (partition 0.50
walls) within residential and business units
_

WINDOWS, FRONT DOORS, GLASS 1.40

DOORS in residential buildings (WG) against
outside air
WINDOWS, FRONT DOORS, GLASS 1.70
DOORS each in non-residential buildings
(NWG) against outside air
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Other TRANSPARENT COMPONENTS vertical 1.70

against outside air Other TRANSPARENT
COMPONENTS horizontally or at an incline 2.00
against outside air Other TRANSPARENT
COMPONENTS vertical against unheated parts
of the building ROOF WINDOWS against outside 2.50
air Doors unglazed against outside air Doors
unglazed against unheated parts of the building 1.70
Gates roller doors, sectional doors etc. against 1.70
outside air INTERIOR DOORS CEILINGS and 2.50
ROOF SLOPES each against outside air and roof
spaces (ventilated or not insulated) 2.50

0.20

CEILINGS against unheated parts of the 0.40

building CEILINGS against separate residential 0.90
and operational units
CEILINGS within residential and -
business units CEILINGS above outside
air (e.g. via passageways, parking 0.20
decks)
CEILINGS against garages 0.30
FLOORS in contact with the ground 0.40

ÿ Thermal insulation: The main principle is the use of poor thermal conductivity
ÿ Inhomogeneous U-value calculations: thermal resistance is the arithmetic
mean of the two limits; upper limit value: component is divided into surface areas; lower limit:
component is divided into layers
ÿ Thermal bridges = localized areas in the heat-transferring envelope of a building where a higher heat flow
occurs than normal structures 1. Material-related thermal bridges: different thermal conductivity in one

layer
2. Geometry-related thermal bridges: due to the non-linear shape of a component with heat
transport 3. Combi

Signs of thermal bridges:

1. Increased heat losses in the thermal bridge area
2. Low surface temperature in the area of the thermal bridge 3. Increased
risk of mould, condensate and condensation water formation 4. Thermal bridge
effects are usually found in highly thermally insulated buildings
critical
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There are 2D and 3D thermal bridges (parapet, balcony connection, building corners, punctiform
connection details)
KPIs for thermal bridges Psi value, L2D value, Chi value, L3D value, fRsi value ÿ
glasses 1. Characteristic values of glasses: U value glass, g value (degree of energy
transmission)
2. Low-E coating = thermal insulation glass, short-wave radiation (visible light) is
transmitted through the film coating, long-wave radiation (heat) is largely reflected
by the film
3. Sun protection glass: prevents the sun's rays from getting through at all
become.
4. Gas fillings of dry air and inert gases between panes 5. Vacuum
glasses: very thin, highly thermally insulating, hardly available on the market

thermal mass

ÿ Specific heat capacity c = denotes the mass-related capacity of a substance,

store energy in the form of heat
J x kg-1 x K-1
ÿ Heat storage number S = refers to the volume-related ability of a substance to store energy in
store form of heat
J x m-3 x K-1
Relationship to specific heat capacity: S = cx ÿ
ÿ Heat capacity C = refers to the ability of a body to store energy in the form of heat
save
JxK -1
Relationship to specific heat capacity: C = cxm
ÿ Molar heat capacity Cm = refers to the property of a
body to store energy in the form of heat Formula
context: C = cxm = Cm xn; cx M = Cm M…Molar mass ÿ Specific heat
capacity of water: 1. Highest value of all liquids 4187 J x kg-1 x K-1 2. Based
on the molecular structure of water as a dipole (hydrogen bridges)

3. Small changes in specific heat capacity between 0 and 100°C 4. Climate regulator

ÿ Thermal mass in architecture: Possibility to passively generate comfortable conditions in

buildings in certain climate zones. Thermal mass has the ability to cushion temperature spikes
because heat can be stored.
(amplitude damping)
ÿ Problems: sluggish reactions (long warm-up period in winter); In the case of the attic, building
physics requires a lot of thermal mass because of the large, heavily exposed areas, but
statics require a light construction; Ecological Footprint; long periods of heat cause the
thermal mass to become saturated and take a long time to cool.
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Thermal comfort

ÿ mean ambient temperature ÿu = the weighted mean of the different

surface temperatures that can be assigned to solid angles. ÿ mean
radiant temperature ÿR ÿ operative temperature ÿOP = uniform temperature
of an imaginary black space in which a person would exchange the same amount of heat by radiation and
convection as in the existing non-uniform environment.

ÿ Thermal comfort = a state of the brain that feels satisfaction with the thermal environment. The
condition is individual as it depends on various factors (activity, clothing, air temperature, body
type, mass, age, etc.).
In nature there are regulators who use control mechanisms to regulate internal changes due to external
fluctuations, and there are conformers who adapt to the external milieu. (endothermy and exothermy)

ÿ Homeostasis = dynamic balance, with the living being a constant inner

environment, although the outside world is changing a lot.
ÿ Negative feedback = reaction that dampens a stimulus.
ÿ Positive feedback = reaction that reinforces a stimulus.
ÿ Metabolic rate: the human being produces energy with the help of metabolism, is met in
measured.
ÿ Thermal resistance of clothing is measured in clo ÿ Body surface area
ADu ÿ Depending on its temperature, air can absorb a certain amount
of moisture. (unsaturated, saturated, supersaturated air)

ÿ Water vapor partial pressure, saturation water vapor pressure ps ÿ

Relative humidity = the percentage ratio between the momentary
water vapor pressure and the saturation water vapor pressure ps over a clean and flat water surface.

Summer overheating

ÿ Greenhouse effect = glass allows short-wave radiation to pass through almost unhindered, while being
more opaque to long-wave radiation. It works similarly in the atmosphere.

Parameters: GWP (Global Warming Potential), ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential)

ÿ Solar constant E0
ÿ Heating degree days HGT20/12 = total of the differences in the average room temperature of 20°C
and the daily mean outside temperature qem over all heating days of the heating period (at a heating
limit temperature of e.g. 12°C mean outside temperature, these are all those days with a mean outside
temperature of less than 12°C)
ÿ diffuse radiation EH; Global radiation EGlob ÿ
Use of solar energy: active use and passive systems ÿ Avoidance of
overheating in summer: the temperature of a room is reduced by solar
Heat from windows and doors, internal heat loads from people and equipment, night-time ventilation and
heat storage of building components. Therefore avoidance by low solar heat, low internal loads, high
nocturnal air exchange and large
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Storage masses of the components. Always depends on the climate at the location.
Shading devices such as balconies, arcades, canopies, curtains and plants also help against overheating.

ÿ Urban heat islands = finding that it is a few Kelvin warmer in the urban context
than in surrounding areas or outskirts.

Moisture in and on components

ÿ Atmosphere: in the lower troposphere, dry air permanently contains nitrogen, oxygen, argon, CO2, etc. Water
in various forms and suspended particles are present. However, dry air only exists in theory, because water
vapor plays a major role.

ÿ Vapor = gas that is generally still in contact with the liquid or solid phase.
ÿ Ideal gas = model with the following assumptions
1. Many molecules, randomly spreading in all directions 2. Molecules are far
apart 3. They obey classical mechanics 4. Collisions are ideally elastic

ÿ Boyle – Mariot's Law = At constant temperatures, pressure times volume is one

gas constant.
ÿ Gay – Lussac's law / Charles' law = At constant pressure and the same amount of substance, volume is
constant through temperature. (isobaric change of state)
ÿ Isobaric change of state = change of state in which the pressure in the system remains the same.
ÿ Amontor's law / 2nd Gay – Lussac's law = pressure to temperature is at the same
number of particles constant. (isochoric change of state)
ÿ Isochoric change of state = change of state in which the volume remains the same.
ÿ Mol = the amount of substance that has as many molecules as there are atoms in 12g of the C12 element.
(Avogadro constant)
ÿ General gas equation:
Pressure x volume = molar mass x gas constant x temperature
Gas constant Runiversell = 8.315
ÿ Partial pressure = pressure assigned to a specific gas in a gas mixture
can.
ÿ Dalton's law:
Total pressure = sum of all partial pressures for ideal gases
Total volume = sum of all partial volumes
ÿ Humidity = proportion of water vapor in the air
Relative humidity = relationship between instantaneous water vapor pressure and
saturation water vapor pressure ps
ÿ Mass flow m° = how much mass passes a certain area per time
m° = V° x ÿ
ÿ Volume flow V° = how much volume passes a certain area per time
V° = vx A or V° = V x air exchange rate
ÿ The process of absorbing water in building materials takes place in 3 phases. liquid phase, vapor
phase, sorbed phase
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ÿ Diffusion = migration of individual very small particles caused by Brownian

Movement; with different concentrations, a mass flow occurs from high to low concentration.
(First Fick's law)
ÿ Water vapor diffusion coefficient ÿ ÿ
Surface condensate: Condensate if the saturation temperature ÿs is greater than or equal to
the internal surface temperature ÿsi . or thermal bridges -> note the fRsi factor
Consequences = mold can be hazardous to health, species and origin is often difficult to
identify.

ÿ Condensate inside the component / Glaser process:

Glaser diagram: x…cumulative equivalent air layers (ÿ xd) y…water
vapor pressure (ps, p); if the line of ps remains above that of p, then no condensation
occurs Calculation of the amount of condensation water and drying out with m°T
and m°A GK = 1440 x m°T; GA = 2160 xm°A GA / GK > 1.00 ... complete drying out
GA / GK > 1.00 ... no complete drying out Measures: improve room ventilation,
improve thermal insulation of the component, reduce water vapor production,
improve heat transfer on the wall surface, keep room air temperature constant over
time, Pay attention to spatial orientation, consider the choice of building materials,
sensible order of layers, exchange of building materials, vapor barriers and vapor retarders,
rear ventilation and ventilation and ventilation, ensuring wind tightness.

Energy indicators of buildings

Energy metrics are required for planning application, building permit, sale and purchase of real estate.
The energy certificate must not be more than 10 years old.
ÿ Heat balance equation: ventilation and transmission heat losses – solar and internal
profits

ÿ Area-related and volume-related heat demand

ÿ Transmission heat losses: U-values, surface of the components, thermal bridges have an influence
and climate
ÿ Ventilation heat losses: The number of air changes, volume and climate have an influence
ÿ Internal gains: from equipment, electric lighting, people; have internal influence
Heat flow, heating days and use.
ÿ Solar gains: only considered by transparent components, solar gains vary over the year, taking into
account types of glass and maintenance. Alignment, shading, size, energy transmission, pollution
and climate data all have an influence.
ÿ ÿ = heat gain utilization factor; different depending on the construction; heavy
construction … 1; medium construction … 0.98; light construction … 0.9 ÿ Further
energy indicators: volume-related transmission conductance PT, V; characteristic
length lc; Compactness; LEK; Area-related heating load P1 ÿ energy certificate =
exemplary calculation; includes HWB, PEB, CO2, fGEE since 2012;
Benchmark and no reality simulation; simplified zoning, only months or years considered.
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Ecological assessment of buildings

ÿ Ecology (= home teaching): deals with the interrelationship between one or more organisms and
the environment.
ÿ Sustainability = action principle of using resources that strives for stability of the system and
preservation of the natural ability to regenerate.
ÿ resilience = jump back (lat.)
1. Evolutionary resilience = ability of socio-ecological systems to change and adapt in response
to stress and problems. It follows that systems are chaotic, unpredictable, and small changes
in the system can accumulate and create major upheavals.

2. Technical resilience = ability of a system to return to an equilibrium or stable state.

3. Ecological resilience = magnitude of a disturbance that a system can absorb before changing;
Ability to persist and adapt. It follows that there are multiple stable states and systems are
unpredictable.
ÿ OI3 indicator = established indicator for the ecological footprint of a component; multiple formulations;
Life cycle phases such as production, use, dismantling, recycling and landfill are taken into
account; a quantitative assessment of whether the structure has little or major negative impact on
the environment; Data acquisition is time-consuming and error-prone (often default values)

ÿ GWP = Global Warming Potential; emission of greenhouse gases; The problem is the absorption of long-
wave thermal radiation in the atmosphere, which then heats up
ÿ AP = acidification potential; chemical reactions between NO and So2 and air lead to
formation of nitric and sulfuric acid; Improvement through exhaust gas desulfurization, ban on special
heating oils and fuels, filter systems
ÿ PECnr = Primary Energy Content non-renewable; which energy reserves are consumed by production

ÿ Basic indicator = OI3KON

OI3KON = 1/3 x OIPECnr + 1/3 x OIGWP + 1/3 x
OIAP 1. OIPECnr = 1/10 x (PECnr - 500)
2. OIGWP = ½ x (GWP +50)
3. OIAP = 100/0.25 x (AP - 0.21)
OI3KON = 70 … standard construction without ecological optimization
OI3KON = 15 … ecologically optimized construction or lightweight construction

House technic

ÿ Low-energy house = annual heating energy requirement of 50 kWh x m-2 x a-1 ; Requirements
are good thermal insulation with active heating system
ÿ passive house = heating and cooling requirement of 15 kWh x m-2 ; waiver of active heating,
controlled living space ventilation
ÿ Zero Energy Building ZEB = energy is provided by renewable sources near the house or the house
provides as much energy as it consumes.
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ÿ Nearly net Zero Energy Building nnZEB = consumes almost as much energy as it does
can provide
ÿ Energy-plus house = more energy is generated than is required (does not have to refer to the whole
year)
ÿ Solar house concept = Utilization of solar energy with collectors supplemented with
stove; Components are collectors, water storage tanks, brick storage tanks -> small primary
energy requirement ÿ heat generation systems: 1. burners and boilers 2. solar heating
systems: affect amount cloudy, sunny, seasons, inclination;

good storage tanks are

necessary 3. Heat pump heating: principle = closed water cycle takes
low energy, is then compressed (heated) by a compressor. The heat is then passed
on to the house circuit via a condenser.
4. Individual
heating 5. Central
heating 6. District heating: works via heat exchangers
ÿ Heat emission systems: 1.
Radiators: hot supply water heats up the radiator. It gives off heat to the room.
Cool return water returns to the heat generation system.
2. Convectors: heat is emitted by convectors with air entrainment 3. Radiant heaters:
low flow temperature; maximum surface temperature 29°C; more planning in the construction
process for later no visible radiators (walls, floors, ceilings, concrete core activation)

ÿ Ventilation:
1. Free ventilation:
Joint ventilation (caused by pressure differences and leaking building envelope)

Window
ventilation Shaft ventilation (exploiting the chimney effect)
2. Mechanical ventilation:
Negative pressure ventilation (negative pressure generated in the room draws in fresh
air) Positive pressure ventilation (generated positive pressure in the room pushes air through
joints and shafts to the outside)
ÿ Air conditioning systems: Air-only systems or water-air systems ÿ
Heat recovery in ventilation systems: 1. By recuperative heat
exchangers: Heat exchange takes place via fixed
replacement plates; no direct contact with the media and no moisture exchange
2. Through regenerative heat exchangers: rotating heat exchangers; low mixing of
supply and exhaust air; moisture exchange
3. Loop-connected heat exchangers: circulating liquid serves over
separate heat exchangers for heat input and output; no moisture exchange
4. Heat pump: heat of vaporization is given off to air; no moisture exchange

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