Te GRAMMAR r COMPOSITION B : =] Common Errors (Solved — Idioms ‘ ) aye Phrasal Verbs Comprehension & eels Punjab University English Tenses G.C. University Fsd. Pari Sargodha University AJK University Islamia University BZ University ra a a Prof. Aftab Ahmad ‘Scanned with CamScannerTO THE GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION For oes 2018-2019 pS alll Shia Tas) ob uw gles Prof. Aftab Ahmad Ex, Head of the Department of English Govt, Islamia College, Faisalabad. NSHED}BY To The Point Publishers tire Peet ete For any Suggestion: i sitar Cal 8: 0937-o69a655 Rs. 560 all.com ‘Scanned with CamScannerRevised format of English Paper "B" Punjab University Lahore, G.C. University Faisalabad, Sargodha Univerisy For the B.A Annual Examination of 2011 /2012 and Onward QU: Essay with outline, a (Note: Students should be directed to write between 300-350 words) Q2: Comprehension and Precis - writing Bs Q33: Formal Letters / Applications f _ 45h (Note: Letter must discuss some problems and application must be official) Q4: Translation or Dialogue writi 15 Q.5: Correction of Sentences. 10 Scanned with CamScannerCONTENTS eq EA note on countable and uncountable 1 correct use of some common place words. fous Rul (Part-I) ‘Agreement of subject with verb. (Part= Hf) Some Important nouns explained (Part-IIT)Some important nouns explained (Part-IV) Common pitfalis in the use of nouns ‘Common errors in the use of personal pronouns. Scanned with CamScanner4. once a a, _ Errors in the use of Tenses = ee A a ree fb, Errors: in the use of infinitives Check - list Jn.the use of tenses, infinitives and gerunds [si] Errors ia the use of verbs ie UU Commer te The use of very and much b._Acverts with two different meanings, iC ic. Some common pitfalls in the use of adverbs: Check - list in the use of adverbs, s. Eieunee emer e ji. __Prepasition of time: lil, Preposition of Manner & direction iv. Some useful hints about preposition Common pitfalts in the Use of prepasition ivi. Gerunds after preposition vil. Gerunds preceded by preposition. 7. ce A . The use of indefinite articles a, an lo, Vowel sound special use. je: “The use of a, and an The use of definite artiie The Zero Article: Omission of the articles “Some common pitfalls in the use of articles Solved Examples in the use of Articies. - list in the use of articles, ‘Scanned with CamScanneree Direct and Indirect Narration Direct and indinect speech for the beginners. More about basic concept of direct and Indirect Further explained (Change of pronouns) ). Change of verbs. Summary of the changes in tanses, and ji. (8) _ Assertive sentences, reporting ver (b) Reporting verb in the past tense. Zz vii, Assertive sentences continued ‘ Bz reported speech with words sir, madam, thank you, congratulations £°. si [iil Common pitfalls in the conversion of indirect speach (Assertive sentences) & jz. Interrogative sentences 78 ._ Imperative sentences [3,_Impet 7a 3, Exclamatory sentences 7. Exercises based on' miscellaneous sentences Glue) micas = Idioms and Phrases acme! © Noun phrases (alphabetically arranged, 229 KSaucapi Phrases that go in pairs (Noun) 249 ESQnee tH Phrases that go in pales (Adjectives) fatty —Prepositional and Adveb phrases a Adverbial phrases art rasal vet arte] a Psa Verbs wen or spoken to describe diferent stuatons mle (Park-TIiy “Scanned with CamScanner|=" 4 351 ae Pee Pi Comprehension Writing 355 comprehension writing (used ro 368 the beginners (passages solved with the help of Urdu translation) ra] loueet With partial hints 387 lEnrich your vocabulary 419 1. Religion and the Universe 419 2. Everyday political vocabulary 420 3. Everyday business vocabulary Every administrative Vocabulary ‘Scanned with CamScannerfai. The colours 2. Bulldings, parts and related things 93, Everyday kitchen Vocabulary 4. Where made, played, kept, grown OF stored B30. Fields and trees 31, Clothes, dresses, ornaments 82. Expressions about watches and clocks. 13. Movements fia, sounds (made by abjects) B35, Foreign words and phrases (36. Vocabulary chart. eats inslation from Urdu into English lLesson No, 1: Present simple tense No. 2: Past simple tense Lesson No. 3: Future simple tense on of present, past and future tenses. No. 4: Present Continuous tense on No. 5: Past Continuous tense No. 6: Future Continuous tense of Continuous tenses. ison he 7: reset Perec Condnons ree J ‘Scanned with CamScanner= ; Ti] [Lesson No. 15: Perfect tenses (present, past, and future) 483 [Revision of passive voice tenses. [Test based on mixed tenses (Active voice and passive voice mixed together) 484 a5 Lesson No. 18: The use of Lesson No. 19: The use of has to, have to and had to Lesson No. 20: Conditional sentenpes Lesson No, 21: he: use of may, can, might, could, should, aught, must Lesson No, 16: The tse of "It" 486. Lesson No, 17: imperative 487 — $$ Lesson No. 24: The use of although, hardly, scarcely, as soon as Lesson No, 25: The use of come what may’ However, Not to speak of Lesson No, 26: The use af comparative In phrases. Lesson No. 27: The use of too, ta, so that Sequence of tenses Lesson No. 29: The use of Aorist tenses Lesson No, 30: The causative verbs Lesson No. 31: The use of correlatives howing choice - The use of either- or, neither - nor, otherwise’ The use of relative pronouns lLesson No, 36: Verbs active in Urdu but passive in English Rules of rendering Urdu sentences into English in a nutshell ‘Scanned with CamScanner[eHow to waite & good dialogue oe — fh, Write an imaginary dialogue between two frie | one of whom Is 3 England, for further stxiies. | OR A dialogue between (wo friends, one friend is going to England for higher studies, Fa dialogue between (wo girls on The choice of profession. + | Fa dialogue between two friends Of city or village Ife = + Fi xeialogue on Terrorism = OR = a Dialogue between two students on acts of terrorism golng on the city? OR Law and order situation of the city, Ig, A dialogue between two Gtizens about the rising In prices of different things. 568 lg. Two persons on student's ‘failure in the examination 569 iid With hints- English and Urdu 7, Wite a dialogue between two friends 00 examination: 570 jg, A dialogue between a patent and a doctor. OR 571 Write @ dialogue between a patient and @ doctor. b. ‘A disiogue between 8 coole and @ passenger. OR 571 write a dialogue between a coolie and a passenger 572 ho” A dialogue between a tailor and 3 customer, OR Write a dialogue between a tallor and a customer Ji fale Between 3 postman a OR Write a dialogue between a postman and a student. 12. ‘Adislogue between a farmer and a town man. OR ao et between afermer anda town man on the mefits and demerts of cy ‘S74 life, a Adialogve between a tcketiess passenger and the ticket collector, OR, $75 Write @ jue 1a ticketiess passenger and the ticket collector. butcher and a customer. OR 4 craloa between a butcher and a custemer on the purchase of meat: ‘on the abolition of capital punishment. oR iislagon between io Mends tiscussing the abolition fo céplta!purishment ‘Scanned with CamScannerWrite an application to the Director of a theatre to cast you in his stage drama) asa hero / heroine. Write an application to-a landlord to hire you as a manager of hi Servants, Write an application to the Finance Manager of Multinational Firm for the} 593 appointment of an Accounts Clerk. Write an application to the Finance Manager of Multinational Firm for thi appointment of an Audit officer. Write an application to the Manager of some firm Job for the Post of an Officel 595 Assistant (Clerk) pplication for jobs for Practice [Eporticial Applications or. Official Letters| An application to the Principal for character Certificate, 597 0. Write an appication to the Principal about the bad condition of your college) 59a library. ° lExercise for Practice (With HINTS) 1, Write an application to your Principal for remission of fine, (HINTS) 599 12, Write an application to the Principal of the college for the gant of leave from] 599 the college. (HINTS) 13. Write an application te the Prinicipal of your college complaining to him| 595 against the shortage of drinking water facilities inthe college. (HINTS) i4,_An application to the Principal about the college canteen, (HINTS) 00 lExercise for Practice (Without HINTS) v ea fc) Wee anc Messe ens wees | [15, Write a letter to the 5,S.P reporting the lass of your motor cycle. | cor | lig, Write an application to the D.1.G of the city about the Increasing rate of stree crimes, (Land and order situation) behaviour of a sub-inspector. Write an application to the D,P.O. a .1.6. for taking security measure against terrarig ‘Scanned with CamScanner30. Write an application to the S.H.0. Guiberg Police Station about a daylight robbery in] 605 e. (MINTS) bi. Same young boys of bad character st the girls and harass them, Write an application to the DI. of this nuisance, (HINTS) 5a. An application to the S.S.P of the city return home after the school time. (HINTS) iz Exercise For Practice (Without HIN! (a) De cd er 3, Letter (application) to the general Manager Sui Gas about the installation off 607 Fe ere [Exercise for Practice (With HINTS) 4, Write an application to the ‘General Manager Sul Gas about the leakage of Sui] 607 Gas at your residence, (HINTS) Gs, Write an application to the Gkneral Manager Sui Gas about loadshedding of 608 Sui Gas in winter during morning and evening hours. (HINTS) cola Wee acs bg. Write an application to the Executive Engineer Electricity about power failure) 608 in your locality. See ere die . Write 2 letter application to the Telephone Department for wrong billing. af the women college, They tease] 605 | G Police to make ani er about the loss of your child, whe did net} 606 28, Write an application to the D.E. Telephones about the installation of telephon: at your residence / dinic / shop. (HINTS) (DBApplications based on University papers i, Write an application ta the Secretary Higher Educat pass tion for grant ee So L sen prey icer Informing him about the need foi pe eee ‘of our city about the neglected garder ‘Scanned with CamScanner= Write an application to. the District Health Officer about the absence as well as| 617 maltreatment of doctors of rural areas with the patients, 57. An application to the Nazim Ala of your eity about the neglected condition af 618 grave yards. z 58. Write an application to the Mayor Municipal Corporation about the bad condition of roads. Formal Letter Writing la. _ Instructions for writing a letter to the Editor of a newspaper lb, Solved Beamiples i. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper on T.V. programmes. (V.Imp) 2. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper complaining against the vulgarity « (0 of films. 7 B. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper throwing light on the value of folk songs 624 (HINTS) i. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper abollt the evils of pop music, (HINTS) S.(2) Write a fetter to the Editor of a newspaper to the nuisance of video shops opened at a| 625 large scale In your city, (Without Hirts) (b) Write 2 letter to the Editor of the newspaper about a gambling den set up by & large| number of gamblers and drunkards, &. Letter to the Editor of a newspaper on drug addiction (Solved) OR 625 Write a letter to the Editor of a mewspaper throwing light on the harms of drug addiction, Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper, 626 Examination Hall, (HINTS) Write 3 fetter to the Editor of a newspaper discussing the evils of the ne ‘627, Examination system. (V.imp) Write a letter to the Editor of a declining standard of education, 7. giving your views on smoking In Newspaper throwing light on. the reasons for thel 628 12. Write a letter to the Editor of a CHI 13, White a etter to the Editor of a newspa cit pthe ex Nt fashions in the a i a per criticizing the extrave gay 4, _ Write a letter to the Editar of 8 Newspaper about the adulteration 1 of food. | sai is. OE 2 letter to tig Edin of@ newspaper on the evis of street begging. 632 ‘neWSpaper on the importance of English Language | | ‘Scanned with CamScannerfe. Write 2 letter to the Editor of a newspaper on the subject of mator hams, complaining) of the-ear splitting and terrifying noises, (HINTS) i7, Write a letter to the Editor of the newspaper against the evils of traffic jams, (HINTS) ig, Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper about the law and order situation in you city. (HINTS) Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper on reckless driving. (HINTS) Write @ letter to the Editor of a newspaper throwing light on the problems of modern youth, (HINTS) 2, Write a letter to the Editor of @ newspaper throwing fight on the evs of pollution. (HINTS) Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper about traffic naises on city roads, Write a etter to the Editor of a newspaper about the corruption by the WAPDA meter readers. Write a letter to the Editor of 3 newspaper about overiaading / overcharging of f in the public transport. D7, Write a letter to the Inspector General Police about the discriminating attitude of the} police towards the citizens. ®. Write a letter to the Nazim of your city regarding the poor sanitary conditions and broken sewarage line of your area. Wilts a letter to the Editor of @ newspaper protesting against the corruption thal prevaits in the offices, ‘1. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper, suggesting ways and means to combat) 646 terrorism going on in the country. (Solved) newspaper about bad condition of rads, jo | _ Write a letter to the Editor of & newspaper about the gross violation of wamen rights. Plate ite carota newspaper eas ieny mariage expenses | 650 ‘Scanned with CamScannerEssay Writing S of wisdom in verse (quatable Quotations) (b)_Some gems of wisdom in prose (¢) ‘Thoughts of Shakespeare OR Shakespear Terms Expected Essays: ‘a. _How to make an outline we EMModem Essays For B.A (Solved) — A SE eee eee eral 1. Science in the service of man_OR_ Marvels of Science Be 2.__Nuclear War OR Ban on Nuclear Weapons oe 3.__The Value of Computers ae [4._Horrors of War Se [S._ Science, an enemy of man 683 6. Science and War 685 |?. Cable, its advantages and disadvantages 687 |} [8 The Internet Addiction 688 [9._Moblle Phones 630 10, The Role of Information Technology in Modem Age 692) 11. Is World peaos a dream or reality? 693 (Drepics related to Educational matter: 2. Education for all_ ORAdvantages of Literacy OR Literacy Compalgn’ 695 656 14. Co-education 658 15. Female Education OR Education for Women 700 16, Our Educational Problems 71 1X2. Careers for Women GR. Careers for Girls 703 [t8. Women's place in society OR The role of women In nation building 708) i19. Examinations or our present system of examinations 706 20. Importance of English in Modern Age 701 || Ri. Students and Politics 708 122. The qualities of 3 good teacher OR An ideal teacher S10 (23. Life in- College Hostel {Fropics retated to Politics and Law [24. Human Rights ee Oe tees mee See Fe ‘Scanned with CamScanner Tioe = S| 26. Oemecracy <> 76 27. The future oi 718 democracy in Fakistan.OR Why democracy has alld ba Pakistan ae &. Kashmir Problem po, Terrorism 7A 723 725. 30. Haw to combat Terrorism Hi, The United Nations Organization OR The UNO OR Is the UNO a success 33. National Unit (OJropics related to Islam and Islamic World 4. The Ideology of Pakistan OR Isiam, A complete code of life OR The solution of all Our Ws Hes in Islam BIS. Islamic Society , [36, The Islamic Festivals (Eid-ul> Azha) 7, Eid-ul Fitr 8, The Future of Mustim Community OR The Backwardness of Muslim community 9. The Problems of Islamic World OR Common wealth of Muslim Countries OR Muslim Ummah OR Common Wealth of Muslim Countries 0, Religious Extremism ‘opics related to Society and Mass Media| 1. Travelling-—-- as a part of education i2. The Role of Media 33, The Importance of Social Media OR Haw Good is Social Media 4, Traffic Problems ina Big City i. Social Evils in Pakistan H6. Life in a Village ‘Scanned with CamScanner=> ee a (60. Dreams 769 | 68. Happiness 61, Gifts in 62. Hobbies OR Lesiure and How to use it su 63. The Value of Di iscipline ws, 64. Honesty OR The Value of Honesty 278 I65. Superstitions Geis) 776 66. Beauties of Nature Ty. 67. The Modem Youth OR The Problems of Young People 773 69, Pleasures of Childhood (Subjects related to Economics and National Development} 70. Child Labour 783 |71. Poverty in Pakistan 784 72. Unemployment 786 73. Kalabagh Dam 787 (74. Inflation OR Rising of Prices 788 75. Load Shedding OR Energy Crisis 750 76. Water Crisis OR Water shortage in Pakistan 73 77. ADVERTISING OR THE VALUE OF ADVERTISEMENT/ WORK 793 78. Dignity of Labour OR Work is Worship 794 79. The Problem of Food Shortage 80. Problem Facing Pakistan OR The Biggest Challenge that Pakistan faces today 797 beeen Essays 81, My Favourite writer OR Poet. 82. MY FAVOURITE HERO IN HISTORY/QUAID-E-AZAM MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH, UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB Tas GAA Le eens nual Examination B.A / B.Sc- 2018 (Group-I)__ Paper: A. Annual Examination B.A/ B,S¢- 2018 (Group-I)__ Paper: A mination B.A / B.Sc - 2018 (Group-Il) Paper: 8 ual Examination B.A/ B.Sc 2018 (Grourrll) Papert 8 ‘Scanned with CamScanner 83. Why 1 love Pakistan? OR Patriotism Annual Examination B.A / B.Sc - 2018 (Group-1) aa Annual Examination B.A / B.Sc - 2018 (Group-II) =to The Point English Grammar & Composition for BA Some Highlights of English Language and Grammar | (a) THE MOST BEAUTIFUL ATTRIBUTIVE NAMES OF ALLAH (Fie) . Allah 122. The Last a The One aw lti23. ‘The Most High , The Most Generous 4. God, the Only Object of Life F ‘The First bs. The Evolver, The Maker 3. The Hidden, The Inward c/Vil26. The Originator, The Matchless \é. The Benign, The Good 2i27. The All Seeing b. The Of-Returning with Compassion; ‘The Gatherer, The Compriser The Acceptor of Repentance . The Subduer 29. The Preserver Pi. The Cement the Forberng |__ As. The Palewory | Bs the ive Thetiving | dba the crenor | 35. The Great Creator 6. The Cherisher, Sustainer, The Sovereign ‘Scanned with CamScannerwa To The Point English Grammar & Composition for B.A 2 43. The Manifest, The Outward wfes. The Knowing | 44. The Mighty zvil67. The Supreme, The Great | 45. ‘The forgiving: The Effacer of Sins] _2#1|68. The Sublime, the High Fi M6. The Great Hl69, The Forgiving Pei 7. The Overcoming 70. The Most Forgiving ae }48. The Most Pardoning I71. The All Sufficing, The Self J Sufficient 49. ‘The Nature Giver Piuilr2, The Most Opening, The Most | C63 Deciding 50. The Self Existing Zoil73, The Providence, The Possessor| 3! of Power and Authority 51. The Dominant 74. The Holy One ii] 52. The Powerful ‘The Near <2 53. The Mighty ‘The Dominant, The Most Agi Supreme 54. The Self Existing, The Self rel 77. The Sufficient ei Subsisting and All Sustaining 53. ‘The Great 8. The Generous, The Bountiful | 2A 56. The Responsible | P79. ‘The Subtle ay 57. The Faithful, The Bestower of | g]80, The Owner iui Peace and Security 58. The Obvious, The Manifest ia Sl. The High Exalted, The One Tel ‘Above Reproach 59, The Majestic, The Possessor off bat 62, The Firm, The Strong, _ All Greatness 60, The Se eee of Prayer <2 The Life Grete Quite The Encomp er ‘One Whose help i Sought The Fashioner [ cies, La aheierenr eee anal Raia Tal ee —— hes rl ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grammar & Composition for B.A 23 [s9. ‘The Preserver (of Safety) ilo5. The Helper The Potector 90. The Light 2/96, The Guide ig al 91, The One w?/97, The Surviver, The Inheritor esl 92. The All- Embracing au [ bd. The Great Bestower THE MOST BEAUTIFUL ATTRIBUTIVE NAMES OF MUHAMMAD THE PROPHET (Faget ) 19. The Moorlander, Citizen of Batha 24232 }20. The Last 3. The Uneducated 21. The commander or The Orderer Uz H. The Most Praiseworthy, ‘The Praised One . The Honest One, yAl22. Servant of the Allah The Trustworthy |. The Messenger of good news 23. One who has knowledge of , Hidden things The Pious Ui24. The Meccan, Citizen of Tihama 7. The Generous, The Granter ». The Loved One, Friend of Allah . The Guardian, The Preserver | il[26. The Surveillant, The Surveyor, The Vigilant 27. The Right, The True Man 8. Eager for the goodness of the believers The Sun, one who has Splendour, Healer, the Curer ‘Scanned with CamScannerTa The Point English Grammar & Composition for B.A 24 I37. The Truthful [38. The Visible, The Manifest . The Dear One, ‘The Triumphant, The Predominant [39. The Just he Latest . The Victorious The Powerful |. The Constant |44. The Commendable (45. The Guided One, The Instructed One \46. The Pardoned One, ‘The Releaser of salvation 70. The Evinced, To be Witnessed a i. Effacer of heresy Wd Sadtac thet| EB 2 i nd ne Ulnccly 7. The Chosen 48, The Wrapped One 49, The Balanced One, The Firm he fo. Theticiped [fiw 76. The Beacon | [ | oe 51. The Molested One, 7. Res} “Acceptor pa The Persecuted One [ue [| er a [athe Moderate sie | aBfa Theteneiad 55: The Distinguished | ~ Pfs The Manifesto ane who Ci Sa. The Obedient The Submissive — GPO The Splendid Miuninating | bs the eteced, | CAL The Venerable, The Reveed_| os ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo Tha Poin! Engilth Grammar & Composition for B.A 25 |, The Protector 195. ‘The Companion | 90, The Eloquent The Leader, The Director at jai. Hashmi ~The Helper, The Defender 7 jo2. The Perfect U¥/98. The Orphan a 3, The First Jii99. The True Friend E , The Bountiful, The Gracious | (B) Aids to Correct Writing Ten Golden Rules for Writing ‘Correct English 7 deisel sy fienny BAW AIL Alring duliep adi Pate (helping Vecboiticees | Helping Verbs Can, May, Will, Shall, Could, Might, Would, Should. (1) Tecan lift this table. (correct) (2) 1 may go to Lahore tomorrow. (correct) (3) He might go to Lahore tomorrow, (correct) (4) Ishould do my duty honestly, (correct) Abia is rn /'6 LHS NICO iL totter ‘Scanned with CamScannerr— To The Point Engilsh Grommar & Composition for B.A Already Seldom” Till ue (1) He had gone to Lahore. A£ (adverb)(Incorrect) (2) He went to Lahore, (Correct) (3) He had already gone to Lahore #-£ Adverb) (correct). UF thad ALadverbs dU Ag EAs colHad AL (Already, Adverb) . EAs ett bnor iL sled £2 bP i nium ible juHelping Verbs te AA 4 tcbigueHelping Verbs UP ul isilunLut Shaw Helping Verbs U7 Zsiéls Has been, Have been, Had been, Would have, Should have, Might have, Helping Verbs Pid Will have been, Could have been, Would have been, Should have been, May have been, Might have been, Can have been, Could have been. ot has been. [Has not been [Will have [Will not have J has been Will have been Shall have been ‘Scanned with CamScanner- Yo The Pein! Engilsh Grammar & Compotiiion for B.A an Lien ls fer pe asFuture £2 pal Oe BA fai) Ifyou will work hard, you will pass. (Incorrect ) X Ifyou work hard, you will pass, (correct) -LOUP Not a ACUntil, Untess A Unless he does not work hard, he cannot pass the examination, (Incorrect) Unless he works hard, he cannot pass the examination. (correct) ¥ PSAP UL tere Pa tl Sat )As though( SiS Iasit 4 sUtEKIs, am, are) #£ As though LAs If INCORRECT “CORRECT lit looks as if he is mad. [It looks as if he were mad. lIt looks as if he ate stale bread. It Tooks as if he ate stale bread yesterday. [it looks as if he had eaten stale bread yesterday - Let VOL ak zr Figen t No Preposition, Please ry, Love, Affect, Inform, Control, Attack. ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grammar & Composition for BA ; oy ee 12, We do not use ‘that’ with interrogative words be how, whether), if, ete. He asked me that where (sii) [ lived. ning, with (why, who, whay, etl Pe tortor AL bite He asked me where I lived, He asked me that if 1 was going to Lahore. X He asked me if 1 was going to Lahore, v : vt yliL uy Ar£ Direct and Indirect LUM > (C) A note on countable and uncountable nouns Nouns may be countable or uncountable: Countable nouns are names of separate’ objects, peoplé and ideas, which can be — ~2 20446 countable nouns ALE nF etfs ‘We can use numbers and the articles a/an with countable nouns. They have plurals a boy a book three boys three books e Uncountuble nouns “UP kFt- are the names of material, liquids and abstract qualities They include such things as ‘water, meat, cheese and so on. We cannot count them Uncountable nouns have no plural. We cannot use a, an ot one before aw noun. But we can use 'some, much, little; a large amount of, a lo of, p Agood deal of, nou o ; ¥ iii, an AL RAC tZ uncountable nouns AL nei % EAH ble, ci) Using uncountable Nouns Bleu : i Where can we put all the furnitures, Rte ie a : mi . fan we puta the furniture, J wea ‘Lncountable nouns are 7 si Scanned with CamScannerYo The Polnt English Grammar & Composition for B.A a0 fi Would you like another broad. x Would you like some more bread. Note: We can also use plural and uncountable nouns on their own, without some or any Plural Uncountable slam told some jokes. [We had some fun. Aslam usually tells jokes. We always have fun. To reler to a specific amount, use piece of, bit of , slice of, cup of ete. iv. They gave her two pieces of useful information. For breakfast, | had three pieces of toast and two cups of tea. Many and a few go only with plural nouns. There were n't many bottles. Much and little go with uncountable nouns. Ido not drink much wine. ‘There was only a little bread left. 2 an uncountable noun, the verb is singular. “ug Ai Patnpatae fiztLUncountable Noun v, «The traffic seems to get worse everyday, (not seem) New equipment is urgently needed (not are) Note: (4). The names of illnesses are usually uncountable in English, including those ending in's', Measles (++) is dangerous disease for children, a =F YUM #2 Uncountable noung PE yale minor ailments are countable e.g. a eka throat, a The words for some eee AL Countable noun Kees ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grammar & Composition for B.A x 2. We got some information from the police department. Not some information,» But we can use a piece of, a bit of, and an item of Can 1 give you a piece of / a bit of advice? ‘There is a bit of / an item of news that might interest you : C (iii) a furniture x jmuch farniture lot of furniture jan information x some information piece of information ja lot of information ladvice la / an advice x a lot of / lots of advice ; plenty of advice Note: Do not use the following words before uncountable nouns, The following words can be used before countable nouns. There are other words like. _ a chair the chair some chairs, plenty of books those books every boy eles all the students this apple amy country Avoid the Error: a bottle of water bread aloafof bread some ae Many uncountables nouns have eq ° bc i Re sO ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grammar & Composition for B.A 31 Uncountable Noun Equivalent Countable Phrase use strean/ torreny/ volley of abuse bavice bit/ piece/ word of advice lause burst/ round of applause a bundie / roll of bedding forend aoa price /lce of bait lump / piece / slice of cheese wocolate Bar of chocolate i clothing nt article/ item / a piece of clathtin, b piece of equipment piece of evidence furniture am artcle / iteny/a piece of faba pte tepaney pce/ set wf las piece of homework a bil/ an itewy/a piece of information itropy bottle of ink r ; £ ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grammar & Compouition fot B.A d clot strean/ wisp of smoke a bury cake of soap a borwl / tin af soup t kilo / lump/ packet/ spoonful of sugar a cup of tea a clap/ peal roll / rumble of thuniler a tube of toothpaste thunder toothpaste traffic C{ivy Some nouns can be countable or uncountable according to meaning. (uncountable) 46th (countable) /Pyte— bUL _lhenounis fi Menke ae wrong, bad or illegal practice. ~ [l. Abuse Cruel or violent treatment, sulting language ‘Scanned with CamScannerJo he Point English Grammar & Composition for BA a3 material made from cotton,| a piece of cloth for cleaning or drying wool ete things Pei YOrbernlrectoth mA CLAS gee o re ~~ Hike cotton cloth She wipes, the plates with a wet cloth clothing is an uncountable noun (means|Note: The plural form clothes means thes in general or particular) | need extra}'the things that we wear such as money for food and clothing. trousers, shirts, and blouses etc, Thave ordered new clothes for my birilulay. Clothes (Noun) is always plural, singular form, The fornvelothe is a verb clothe clothed clothed ‘always wear neat clothes, (noun) She has clothed her children properly in winter. Do not use number with-clothes. Two clothes x some clothes the drink made from coffee]a cup of coffee ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grammar & Composition for B.A. a4 material used for writing, [ bought a sheet of paper from the market. This is a daily paper. He took the English paper withouj preparation. amusement or the playing of a game | It means drama. The childres 10, Sugar n were at play in the grassy plot. {1 am watching a beautiful play on T.V. the substance to sweeten food /an amount of sugar. Ee Li font shure sag Do you need sugar to sweeten your tea? How many sugars do you want? 11. Wood the hard material that the trunk and branches of tree| are made of z a small forest. This table is made of wood. Thad to walk through the woods to! reach my home. It was a large wood destination. ia literary or artistic Production , mental or physical activity Sua deryas il. factory or factories, 1 The works of Shakespeare are Knowl for their Originality, ii There are many steel works here. He is looking for some rewarding work, The use of How much and How many i vi use ‘How much’ to know about : aI uncountable I to know about countable nouns. an ee aaa, How many money do you need? x J How much money do you need? 7 re ‘ '. How much loaves of bread do you cook daily, x How 1 COE Ea loaves Z bread do you cook daily? ov ‘Scanned with CamScannerTe The Point English Grammar & Composition for vii, Nouns ar called ma’ “ZEW Material nouns PSA Sir hese INouns This ring is made of gold. Gold is a material noun but ring és a common noun. This chair is made of wood. Wood is a material noun but chair is common noun. Note: No article is used belore material noun, however, when itis specified, it takes the article’ The ‘The coal of Baluchistan is black. Nouns are called abstract nouns when they relate to qualities, states or action which cannot be seen or touched. wp hgtoclefi AM uPouedSgu 2 :Abstract Noun (Quality: Kindness, politeness, honesty, beauty, action, laughter, judgement ‘late: Childhood, youth, slavery, happiness Nouns which denote a group or collection of similar individuals, considered as one nouns when they denote the matter of substance of complete whole are called collective nouns. ata Se nounks/ ng liPR be Latin? gongs A Loy seh 'D) The correct use of some common place words aifet) OP DAA GE BBE Pipi x Sere eas ‘anappointment with Aslam, a friend of mine, (Incorrect) Y Thad arranged to meet or see Aslam, a friend of mine, (Correct) Exp:lVe make an appointment to see a doctor, principal, or a business person etc. jintment to see Dr. Anwar on Tuesday. (Correct) % He is the best surgeon of the hospital. (Incorrect) He is the best surgeon in the hospital. (Correct) % Itisone of the best theatres of London. (Incorrect) 7 Ibis one of the best theatres in London. (Correct) ? Phrase that follows the best + noun usually begins with in (Nat of) he of the best restaurants in London. Sone of the best students in the class. ‘Scanned with CamScannerfo The Paint English Grammar & Composition for B.A Bu: x The best way to see London lo getinabus. (Incorrect) ~ The best way to see London is to get bus. (Correct) x She saict 1 was in the wrong bu (Incorrect) ~/ She said Twas on the wrong bus. (Correct) 4 x Lent into the car and turned on the engine. (Incorrect) ¥ I got into the car and timed on the engine. (Correct) x I went out of the car and waited outside the shop.(Incorrect) X She got out from the car and apologized. (Incorrect) /_She got out of the car and apologized. (Correct Get in/ into / or get out of a car, a taxi etc. She got in the car and drove way. I got out of the car to see what was happening, -uf Bget out of LM x1 Ban of Gget into (get in 2% 5, Dark; | % Soon it began to became dark and it was time to go home, (Incorrect) ¥ Soon it began to get dark and it was time to go home, (Correct) x The last candle went out and everything became dark. (Incorrect) ~/ ‘The last candle went out and everything went dark. (Correct) ] To refer to the time in the evening or at night whan the daylight disppears, we use ge |dark: or grow dark, To describe what happens when all the lights in a room, building ete sugidenly go’ use go dark or plunged into darkness, Mette A atl AEN grow dark dpet dark 492 ba APS OE nee et go dark AAR pas Plunged into darkness but S 6. Day after Day: x Day after day, the world is becoming a better place, ¥ Day by day the world ig becoming a better place, * Men and women have to work in overcrowded offi / Men and women have to work in overcrow: day after day. repeatedly or contin le PT petted up with listening to their ay by day: gradually (ef.zeT) ‘Scanned with CamScanner7 To The Point Engiliun Grammar & Composition for BA 7s cople say she died with pneumonia, cople say she died of pneumonia, ¢ of / from a disease, heart attack: hunger etc (Nat with) Her husband died of a heart attack, (Correct) with St_from Le teliof atLdie PLL po AL Sle he Die of shame / embarrassment, (d#¢) despair ot grief shock ete. -f Odie from |< tei Gdie of MEE poe anahsyhs When he told me the price, I nearly died of shock, Die from the effects of violence or pollution ete. ¥ He died from a bullet wound in the chest, (Correct) “2 Oie from tre WIth ielinn | NL Gol * Poople predict that more people will die from theft injuries. -¢-UzAidie with ue" die from HALAL Sat degree Degree: x Heis studying for a dey Bree of computer science. (Incorrect) ¥ Heis studying for a de gree in computer science. (Correct) Subject Not of ‘a degree in law". {have come here to abtain a Master Ehave come here to do a Master's d do/ take / got a ge 4m thinking o S dcgree in international journalism —iive in international journalism, y/ t degree (in a Particular subject) : Scanned with CamScannera | To The Faint English Grammar & Composition for Exercii x Before breakfast, ! do exercise and then have a shower, (Incorrect) = Before breakfast, I do some exercises and then have a shower. (Correct) x” Tadvise you to take as many exercises as you can. (Incorrect) ¥ ladvise you ta take as much exercise as you can, (Correct) ¥ advise you to exercise as much as you can, (Correct) Exercise: (countable noun)= a movement or set of movements that you do Tegulary to keep or make a part of your body strong and healthy. [ serise: (Uncountable Noun) physical activity such as walking, swimming, re LU Countable Nevne nial a “eS Ath Lot bipe he bead ee Foire 9-4 perry SL Uncountable Noun Expect: * Texpect that you will be able to come to the party. Incorrect /_Lhope that you will be able to come to the Correct Lahore is far from Karachi. Lahore is a long way from Karachi, Faris mainly used in questions and ne gative sentences, Lahore is not far from Sahiwal. nt it é In affirmative sentences, rr vay foster People usually say a Tong way. Their house is a long. a Far'is used in affirmat pt as 00 | tive sentences ‘when it appears in phrases 7 uite far or far away, a tee a = Teupee ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo Ine Point English Grammar & Composition for BA 39 She is in bed with a high temperature, A high body temperature, of the disease that produces this. 't seemed as if the fever would shake him to pieces, ly refers to a (dangerously) Fi X think I have caught a flue. Y/ Vthink [have caught the flue, Flue or the flue (Not a flue) ‘They are both off work with flue Kind o' x Tenjoy all kind of sport. Incorrect, J. Lenjoy all kinds of sport, Correct. kind, sort and type are countable nouns. |After many, all, these and other plural meanings use kinds, sorts, types (with~'s ) kinds of fruit do not grow in cold climates. x Imprisonment is not a good way of reducing this kind of crimes. J Imprisonment is not a good way of reducing this kind of crime, / Imprisonment is not a good way of reducing these kinds of crimes. Correct. (kind / sort? type of + sigular form, "this kind of enve a sves pes 9+ siglo pd oem Note: that after kinds / sarts / types of a plural form, some careful writers prefer a) ingular form. Hire: x am hiring a small house near the university. (Incorrect) / lamenting a small house near the university. (Correct) i British English you hire a suit, meeting hall, bicycle, fishing rod ete. You obtain these things for a skort period, by making a single payment. You rent a house, shop, apartment television usually for a longer period by making a| ries of payment. In American English you always rent something (not hire), ‘gardless of what it is or the length of the arrangement. =P HALS payment gb Fie Sidr Spb i SA cer BS UPI p aire , =< De tie LiPayment tJ haber rck cK So y Why did n't you invite me to your marriage? (Incorrect) Mh did not you invite me to your wedding, (Correct) * ‘ave just received your marriage invitation, (Incorrect) / Ubave just received you wedding invitation. (Correct) Incorrect. Correct. ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grammar & Composition for BA Marriage: the cremony of becoming, husband and wife considered from a puraly religious of legal point of view, = thlbgrulteutal pt ras Wie Dts ‘Wedding: the eccasion when this ceremony takes place and the celebrations thy follow it Wedding /Lik ¢ evict \Wedding coremany cto. Je (oT t BL a Minute: | x The train arrived at exactly twelve past three. (Incorrect) Y Lhe tain arrived at exactly twelve minutes past three. (Correct) When telling the time, minutes must be used after all number except five, ten, bwenty and twenty five, Sit minutes AL suet PRL wl arfowas, aaa Itis twenty past ten. Mr. x. (a) Our English teacher is called Me. John (correct) / Que English teacher is called Mr (John) Smith. (Correct) Mr, Mrs, Miss / Ms + (first name) + Smith surname Mr, Aslam Bajwa ustrt Surname ‘Dear Bajwa Mr. Aslam Bajwa x (b) Dear Mr, Y Dear sit, ve" Dear Sir Sincpipt * Dear Mr/ Mrs J Dear Sir/Madam When you are writing a formal letter, and you ma Know the » begin Dear Mr Smith, Dear Mrs one, Dea Me: When you do not know the person! Sirf Madam. ‘Dear Mr. Scanned with CamScannerAl To The Point Engilsh Grammar & Composition for B.A pars Old American girl. old American girl. R Fight years. old Salma few surprises up her sleeve, (Incorrect) Hight year- old Salma had few surprises up hor sieeve. (Correct) \use years ald after the verb be (is, are, am) Salma is eight years old. lin front of a nown, use a.compound adjective (with two hypens and # singular noun); hree- week- ald baby, a ten - year - ald daughter. Nouns of measurement (year, Week, gram , mile) are always singular when used i compound adjectives; a ten second silence, a six- minute wait, a five- mile race’ -< Enel Noun years Old ypen uta Leveled Year AY twenty one year old girl 1p ONoun poet He is married to a twenty y °/ Heis married to a twenty ye Phone: » She phoned to the hospital to ask about her htisband. (Incorrect) ¥. She phoned the hospital to ask about her husband. (Correct) ¥ phone/ telephone / ring / call a person or place / number (without to) Htalked to him for a long time by phone last night. ¥ talked to him for a long time on/ over the phone last night. {in British English, the phrase is (talk speak to somebody) on, over the phone, ¥ |n American English, both by phone and on/ over the phone are used although by Phone is not common, * The bed was rather comfortable, (Incorrect) The bed was quite comfortable. (Correct) 4 The weather is rather good today, ‘The weather is quite: good today, When rather means ‘ta small i negative fualtes. The bed was rather uncanifortablg? tn ots that express al p nies is used with words that express positive qualities, it makes the: ies, it /iber’ These cakes are rathor nice. ‘Try one, | t staaee.f brew anit AL ihek pz fone. = CW iehadnne ee eg trl AL sab Rather Buy, j; ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grammar & Composition for BA é ——— OO OO ———— Shopping: x Inthe afternoon, we went for shopping. J Inthe afternoon, we went shopping. x [goto shopping twice a week. J Igo shopping twice a week. watee rag Exp: go shopping: without to / (for) . Some people fly to London just to go shoppis i up AL for Sto LBL shopping (E) Using negative words ‘The use of No, Not 1. Do not use two negative words in a clause. No, nobody, nothing cannot be used with not, never, hardly, seldom Not #-L Nothing, Nobody, Not uid! yeh Ue nvINegative whe A tL ‘fe-seldom at hardly, never: x Nobody could not see me. (incorrect) J Nobody could see me (Cotrect) x Nobody never asks:me for my opinion. (Incorrect) J Nobody ever asks me for my opinion. (Correct) x [checked the essay for mistakes but could not find none.(Incorrect) ~ Ichecked the essay for mistakes but could not find amy. (Correct) 4 something, someone, Ut (Ue anything, anyone, any The Point English Grammar & Composition for B. (F) Verb + Noun com! Have a bath (British) Take a bath (American) ations Do, Have, Make, Take She is probably upstairs having a bath, We usually have breakfast in the kitchen. We had dinner and then went out for a walk. 1 shall collapse if I do not have a drink soon, Have a lesson He has no experience of running a school. ‘You cannot stop people from having fun. Itis.almost a year since we had a real holiday, Tve had six interviews but no one has offered me a job. Have an operation Have a picnic Have a shower Every morning, we have three fifty minutes lessons. ‘Before | had an operation, | could hardly walk: ‘On Sunday, we are having a party, Witis sunny, we could have a picnic, Itonly takes: me a minute to have shower. Do not forget to take your medicine, He refuses to lake sleeping, pills. ‘Scanned with CamScannerfo The Point English Grammar & Compatition for B.A 4, Do (a) [Do your best Do not worry, Aslam, just do your best, (b)_|De ot cause The storm did a lot of damage to the eraps ()_|Do an exercise THave you done your exercise today? To do this experiment, you will need boiled water, fe)_[Do someone good t day i [Do harm ‘A scandal would do his reputation a lot of harm. (d)_|Do an experiment ==) as done him # fot of good (g)_ | Do your homework done your homework yet? th) [Doa job Tve got ane or two jobs to do this evening. war has gone into town to do some shopping. {i) [Do the/some shopping (i) [Do research ‘We need to do a lot more research. (k)_ | Do your training Where did you do your training? (0. [Do ironing He did ironing yesterday. (G) The Use of verbs Bring, take, send, fetch, carry, collect, pickup Bring - (tu) come with something (no go) 2b Could you bring me a glass of water, please? Take (th/_2 Jv) [Take means go with something (not come) ‘You take the shopping indoors and I shall put the car away. When I go on holiday, [ike to take a good book with me. Send If you send a person somewhere, you tell him to go there bi teadiat hath gs |you don't go with him, Our company sends one of us to England after every six month. Feteh (ti) If you fetch something, you go to the place where it is and come back with it We waited at eception while tht porter fetched out luggage. Cany (th /4i2 JV) [IF You go somewhere with something. in your hands, in your arm, en your head ete, you carry it. : She carried her chair into the garden and sat in the sun, 'b#/2_.57)] If you collect or fetch someone (from somewhere) you go there and bring them back with you, Lhave to collect the children from the school at 4.0 clock. If you pickup someone (at a place) you go to the place where they are waiting, usually in a car or other vehicle and then take them somewhere, hall p ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grammar & Composition for B.A H. Please do not write ( ) ‘=/Notoil JL Until (Unless Se/Not oC Toy a3 utlernot aL tet 4 SeNot wi Forbid s/Not w& Neither -5 Not wt£ None -6 As well as wt Both ~7 s-Than AL If When ~§ us which w£SameniSuch -9 tte-simple Present Tensei£ As though slAs if-10 A Future Tense vtec Ay =11 I, Choosing the Right Word {The use of adjective) woth Atmeaning tyke Aah ie oe eee ya ea ijiea big accident 22s big AZ-Cuy sree ged Accident AES stD LUM adj AL Sie AS ets ett serious SS seks deep [great Thigh serious strong | [ee] iain ea [> (SE i a | eo eee | | [A | ae ei eae ee et eal / ia v aa ae fd a eee es ec [ ci eg ea = [oes eater a ea wf [pier ches fret =e rd a [eae Pere fe | ee ae SS SSS SS — ee aa ‘Scanned with CamScanneryo The Point English Grommar & Composition for BA * a7 Main parts of the day,/In the morning, we went for a walk along the river. months, years centuries|She will be coming back home in March. In 1999, he at the end of the started] decided to join army. In the twentieth century, there have period. been two world wars. I'l be back in a couple of minutes, In two week's time, she is going on leave. ‘The shops open at 9, O clock. Her flight is due in at 6:35 at mid nighl noon/ dawn / lunch time ete. At (Clock time) On specific day, dates,|On Tuesday, an Srd April, on Monday night, on the day of my arrival, at the week end, what are you doing at the week end? But (American English) on the week end, he Holiday, Period around- | At Christmas, At Easter, at Ramdan, At Ramdan the roads Christmas » Easter,| ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grammar & Composition for B.A O Clock Tt was twenty past four O'clock when the train artived | (Incorrect) It was twenty past four when the train arrived (Correct) ‘They finished their dinner at about 7: 30 (Correct) * Do not use O'clock for times, that include minutes or party of an hour. Compare: It is four O clock. : O, Fue dre PL te th ur awo clock clock K. Tips for writing and speaking correct English 1, Computer If we want to write something on computer, use the following vocabulary. LU sii Beet pte rsh yn PL ah 1. Wie frock ul computes (oo withaomnpem) > 4 -u af Fialvon sereen sik Computer FinlkLy! We Work on fscreen 2. Always say the internet |not ‘internet, ~uf buPthe FL Interiet 3. You also shop or do things fn the internet’ not 'by the internet or ‘in the int yet Be noy say ‘she does n't like using computer but say [she docs n't like ual 5, The study of computers is usually known as Dono'tsay 'I studied computer’. Always say, ‘The word ‘computer’ is a countable noun, 6 ~i/Uthe, ana AL, nee 7 pemapiep ie oes ; ea «Don't say She has dark/ tong hairs. -- Avy hn ong de] ahi b Don't say ‘He has black eyos! r . Serene ves] oe it spoken British English, people ; Hf sak, hath aaah eample, you have got beau reer Re aah paawad ci Nek Maes a Dont soy Hea ni sskag” 8 Fe amr oe oa | _ Arnab be foie] 2 ‘Scanned with CamScannerJo The Point English Grammar & Composition for BA 49 ll ———ETEr ev cone in we deseribir ing, or 2 When some on Is dressed ina black jacket Don't say Her character is very nice. Always say Bhe is a very nice person JOR Ifyou want to say that someone behaves in a particular way, you use tend to be or & can be, > LIRA Giga ten 2 Are Sidigneg Grebe nL PGA ayer Anet She tends to be rather impatient He can be very moody at times. h People often also say that someone is a particular sort / kind of person for example. He always seems such a happy sort of person, 3. Drive a. You drive a cur, tneck, taxi or trait but you ride motorcycle or bicycle. esi ride LL Se urd drive BELL tyes ATRIA , Usually you do n'tneed to say drive a ear just drive is enough. wt erdsive a car 2" drive Ane pte nL iS drive KAA He cannot drive a car. X He cannot drive. / € Da not say ‘get ona car, Aes set inn] d. Do not say get off a car, Aart ot of ar] © Do not say ' go drive! - 4. Food Food is usually used as an tincountable noun, do not say like Pakistani foods. . Say | like Pakistani food. To talk 4 " Yeu nme at ete na enuntey of ocala, anid ten yb “ut SE Au ett , wih The local specialities include salted fal andl mast'meat. eee usual food, which is consideted to be especial tasty somewhere, we can ea ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Poin! English Grammar & Composition for B.A ; ee In Pakistan, fried fish is considered to be a delicacy. d. When you are describing food ‘do n't say’ it is very delicious. Avie say [ets data or It tastes really food. It's very tasty 5. Describing the place people live & To describe a place, right preposition is used you live in a house; city or ‘country for example. She lives in a smal] apartment in London. ‘You live on a particular floor of a building for example. He lives on Fifth Avenu. You live at an address, for an example We live at House No. 23, Mosque street Gulshan collony, Lahore, b. Ifyou want to say how long you have lived somewhere, Ly CAM Wg ne rEg LET BE pt th Thave lived in London for five years. have been living in London for five years. = Mee Rte ete AL mgt ithe t titel hold tle Sab Pag © Ifyou want to talk about where you lived when you were a child pecan ye I grew up in Paris, \ spend my childhood in Paris, | was brought up in Tokyo, Hived in Paris as a child / When I was young. iS a ‘There are several ways of saying that a house or buil. ce Our house is near the station. ng becomes Kis apartment is just around the corner from my office, ee The house is very convenient / handy for the shey — + ae We live just off Mall Road (tn a small street taht joins Mall Road) 6. Medical Treatment ed eg a. When talking about going to the 2 T went tothe doctor's pane ee Tsaw the doctor (British / the doctots office (American) a {made an appointment at the doctor's b, saying that your doctor pave (Vesranged ta Scanned with CamScanneryo The Point English Grommor & Composition for B.A 51 We can describe the different activities of the doctor in the following manne ELLA KL HR ‘The doctor took my temperature (Chevked it) The doctor checked my pulse, (bf 9°) The doctor told me to get plenty of rest / take it easy / give up smoking, The doctor sent me for an x-ray / a sean / some tests, ‘The doctor referred me to @ specialist, «© When saying that part of your body hurts, you can say. ALIAS AID ROL het My leg / shoulder / arm hurts. Ihave got a pain in my leg / shoulder arm. Ihave gota headache, a stamach ache, back ache / ear ache. {was in a lat of pain, 7. Music & Donot say ' like listening music’, Always say ‘| like listening to music. -UAU* iprepasition to 447-£ Listen Do not say: I often listen to the music in my car, Always say [ often listen to music in my car, There are many ways of saying that you like a particular kind of music or singer. You can say. how tn EAE eat Mil SelB regal love his music. 13 one of my favourite CDs. Tm into 2 Jazz. (I love Jazz very much) ma big / great fan of Noor Jehan, Uhave her music on all the time, ‘are may of sayis 7 i as ee ny Nye ee mi ing a ee ae or singer is very popular. Song Was one of the biggest hits of last stimmer. 8. Newspaper » ; “won ntersting ercle in the newspaper yesterday, pee Lobe x feat about in the paper. ; “Hel paper 5%, Fu Newspaper - i EPL icy cil Dat | tmoneinceea eeeaay paper omen, or beter are pic Paper wrote that “SSrmrratorety pe aay 3 v4 tu ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grammar & Composition for BA. 9, Police a. We usually say the police, for example: ° She went to the police and told them everything, However, some journalists often use police on its own without the AL the by of a sentence. They write police are hunting, for the killer. ng, b. Police is a plural noun and is followed by plural verb. ‘The police has been searching her husband. X The police have been searching her husband. ‘Do not say, phone to the police’ or call to police. © If you want to say policemen or policewomen, do not forget to write this as one word, Policeman / Policewomen / Police man X Police women * a. Always write ‘crime! not 'the crime’ if you want to give it general meaning, Crime is increasing, (not the crime is increasing) Do not say; ‘do a crime. Always say commit a crime. 6 10. Sport a. Do not say, " My favourite sports is football, Always say My favourite sport is football, { b. You use different verbs when talking about different sports, You play soccer (Jj+#) golf/ tennis / base ball, ~~ You do karate ‘or judo, You go swimming / running / riding, nd, a PtrL ing Do n't say ‘make sports’, = Always say do sports, f : I played a lot of sports at a Sport includes all kinds of physical activitids, for exam ‘running, iB OF Kicking a ball, climbing or fishing." Activities that d bol te ean activity, for example chess sp acy ne Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grammar & Composition for BA 53 2 Common Errors Important Rules of Grammar (Part- 1) rhe verb must agree with the subject (noun) in number and person. eh hw Beet Mec ting Boat tseativemdel Fels 3 “nS Agreement of subject (noun) with verb Singular verbs (Pols Plural verbs °C! his was They go CORRECT He goes to college daily. 2 The crow. are thirsty, (ls FG) The crow is thirsty. b. The boys has taken the test. (G0) The boys have taken the test, OL ne Cte AA ei PAL tL ee arti Hee 2. Two or more singular subjects joined by "and" take a plural verb. SP RILE pethe"and™ Mihi stb CORRECT A boy and a girl are reading. 2. The wall and the tower has fallen. wall and the tower have fallen. p.He and his friend has arrived. He and his friend have arrived. ~ The Viceroy and the Governor GeneralfThe Viceroy and the Governor General are| {sin the town, the towns , PBL Uenouns pce Pn Oe, an, the) article satiate CNounsx - TR Pini tle Ba AL gicl ig ba AL boy t WO singular nouns joined by “and if they mean the same person of object take a ‘Spulac verb, In such canes both the nouns take the saime article, nota separate one, INCORRECT 1. He go to college daily. (el*@) Bi 2 {LA boy and a girl is reading. ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grommar & Composition for B.A _ Pe GL LP Leave ot the "and atta Sabraan the sag ne Lut Ae Bite, INCORRECT 1. The poet and philosopher are dead. ( [A white and red car is parked in the street onPa Se LiK Pubatt pute Pa E Fisol Present simple [# Bread and butter (\f%,) are difficult to[Bread and butter is difficult to_ear the jearn these days SFT PoP Gime 4. The following words have a singular verb if they are used as subject. 1. Each fl; 2 Every fi; 3. Either = fle uty 4 Neither Usithegt, 5. None AN tebicutue 6 ) Lint te) one of them is innoent Many a: a large number of (used with singular noun a id singular 5. Many a strong man has weakened before such a challenge, — 7 6, Many a famous pop star has been ruined by drugs. , Vi6Strong man yf A Bein Pil Ooty aL sd rife lB i Sisw, y ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Poin! English Grammar & Composition for B.A 85 None of them have altended the function. {wo singular nouns joined by "either" « or “neither -nor" take the verb in the singular 5. Fé Ton PPE thie neither ~norjEither - or (U#isehin/_o INCORRECT CORRECT 1 . Fither he or his brother have stolen the book |fiither he or his brother has stolen the book. _| I n lb. Neither he nor his daughter have stolen|Neither he nor his daughter has stolen the| ithe watch. watch. EO PUL oiyptvldaughter sibrother 6, When two subjects, joined by “either - or" neither = nor are of the different persons, the verb agrees in person with the one nearest to it. GTP AML Hite Fe IPI ble neither nor jeither- or Lutubie n/t 1 oe Le INCOREEED, I U 1 Neither he nor we is angry. jeither he nor we are angry. COP HL We wert B. Either you, or he are mistaken. Either you, or he is mistaken. EOP HE-L resis] either Saleem nor his brothers. have} opied in the examination. (tis still better to say, 1. Nelther he is angry nor we are, 2. Either 3. Neither you are {o bl te: you are mistaken or he is. When two nouns are joined by *with" or * " Aun whether te sngaler ot chal pe ee eee parees ren ae ~Girl, z well 28 Ure te ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grammar & Composition for B.A I 2. Physics as well as Physics as well as M1 Tl Mathematics are taught in our college. mathematics is taught in . iB UF College. 1 I (3. The students as well as e students as well as the au TL the teacher is absent. teacher are absent, _. Summary “ we OPW-L (Noun) bide as wells, with Uf Over’ HL wid pL FT Neither - nor Either - or Check -list About the agreement of subject with verb (Useful Hints) 1. Each, Every | Always use singular verb with each and every even if they are connected with and. auf Con P Wnt ne RAL Andes TE UtGod every Bach Each actor and each actress are popular, _ HE Teh et PAL More Sometimes, more than one student are absent, ‘ x Sometimes, more than one ‘Scanned with CamScanner& Composition for B.A 8? To Ihe Point English Grammar refers toa native speakers use a plural verb when Nor countable noun, and a singular verb when it refers to uncountable| noun. (a) None of the girls have been to the nuiseum before, (Countable Noun) (Correct) (b) None of the meats is fit to eat. (Uncountable noun) Some native speakers prefer to use a singular verb with none at all times but this is not recommended by the Q.E.D or in Fowlers modem English Usage pale EAU dntalolNone 5, Each, Every Either, Neither Always use a singular verb, '8. The rest, all| (a) Use a singular verb when these words refer to an uncountable noun. ‘or, Some of, a] (b) Use a plural verb when refer to a plural countable noun. lot of Most of, aun ALuwiLoLnsitys. Lue Can PAL py Majority af Lurid nse AE OR PAL ot X (a) The rest of the meat (rice, butter, milk, bread ) are bad. (Incorrect) ~ (a) The rest of the meat (vice, butter, milk, bread) is bad, (Correct) = wi > (b) The rest of the men (people, éakes, apples) is aie -/(b) The rest of the men (peo ple; cakes, apples) are bad, (Correct) dnd burt oytmpen iggy Hee 2) Five hundred rupees is a amount, ganas str Can 9. Plural nouns Showing, Quantity, amount, stance, time, ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grammar & Compostiion for B.A aed : Noun & Verb (Part 1) “orrect the following sentences. LOU ML PC riled, Pst ‘ach one of them were happy. 2. None of them have done it. (Punjab 2015) 3. Either of the two boys have read their lesson, 4. He go to school on foot, 5, Tariq as well as Asad are my friend. (P.U, 2013) 6. Neither Aziz not Habib have done their work. (Gujrat University 2010) 7. You and Abdullah has done their work. (Punjab. 2015) 8. Many @ men are killed in the battlefield, (PU. 2018) 5. Arshad as well as his four friends were planning to visit the museum, (Sargodha Univeristy 10. A number of boys is absent. (P.U. 2013) = 11. Ml news CAS)run apace. (= (ue) 12 The teacher as well as the students were. Present on the occasion. (Sargodha 2013) 13, One of the stuents are absent. (Gujrat 2015) 14. If some one feels ill, they should go to see a doctor. 15, Neither of these ten boys has failed. a 7 ‘Correct the following sentences, fl 1. Neither the ministers nor the king deserve to be praised. (P.U.2001, 2015) 2 One of my friends are blind. (Gujrat 2013) 3. Mr. Zahid writh his wife and children live here. (P,U, 2013) 4, Every one of them want to g0 to sea. (PLU, 2011) 5, Slow and steady win the race. 6. Either he or his brother are at fault. (P.U. 2014) 7. Either of these two houses are to let. (P.U. 2011) 8. He or she isa thief, (P.U, 2005) 9. His friend and benefactor have left the room. (P.U. 2011) 10. Two and two makes four, Tp pile as well as milk were served to the quests, (PU. 2015) sane ating Ware failed in the examination. 13, None of the boys were en me fe ice 12, The long and short of the 25-Many a man ae killed in the battle (J ‘Scanned with CamScannerqo The Point English Grammar & Composition for B.A (Part. II) Nouns (Introduction) Common nouns are grouped into two broad classes ‘Countable nouns and uncountable nouns Countable nouns are also called count nouns and uncountable nouns are also called non count nouns or mass nouns. = somes E neG Suite? Zf countable noun uE nO Postel nL Pest ~ut2f uncountable nouns A countable noun is the name of something that can be counted, A countable noun has a singular as well as plural form. We can use aarvone with singular countable noun. An uncountable noun or non count means something that cannot be counted, It has to plural form, book, books boy, boys -<- 4st Countable nouns FF 2S uncountable nouns advice advices X milk milks X equipment equipments X Note: Uncountable nouns have no plural. We cannot use a/an/ one before an uncountable noun, But we can use some, much, little, a large amount of, a lot of , lots of, plenty of, a good o great deal of, all, any; enough, no, the, this, that, my, our before uncountable nouns. some furniture , much furniture, enough furniture, a let of furniture, All the furniture some information, much information, a lot of information some money, much money, a large amount of money, a lot of money, plenty of mor Same advice, a lot / lots of advice, plenty of advice ‘=“Do not write ~uttea, ary ane (Ke Uncouintable nouns %; inuther, both, each, either, every, few, many, several, these, those, two, three ete fumiture x aninformation x a money x a WIZE MALL countable nouns AU geet the chair ‘some chairs Plenty of books those books every boy all the students this apple my country, ‘Scanned with CamScanneri | To The Point English Grammar & Compostlion for B.A oe—ee=#x$x$§;>—> + Part-I 1. Errors in the use of Nouns Non-count nouns ending ‘s Some non-count nouns end in | are grammatically singular. They include names of some school/ t diseases and games University Subject billiards. = yetrrot le GedAg SAL dural ete diturlrindgsAn Mods “lie gymnastics mumps-< fy Fiat be Set | ek Ap arti Pang eA ERS ea Fiabe ting Heinle fig «ded Selita ‘Scanned with CamScannerJo The Point Engilsh Grammar & Com Note: News 4) another word that ends but is used a9 singular, Incorreet Correct 1. Economics are a difficult subject Economics ix a difficult subject > Aerobics are really popular these days {Aerobics in really popular these day] particularly with older people y with older people. B, Billiards area very interesting game [Billiards ina very interesting game. |i. These news are not #0 good This news is not so good. 5. Shingles lay you low for anything up toShingles lays you low for anything up tol Special Note: These words generally take singular verbs, however exceptionally, plural verbs may occur with such nouns when the noun phrase has a more specific reference. fe Se iPiaral verb FL ghF iste ot MOLE Sais Bil uel Salem's polities keep getting him into trouble. (Political views) plant AL UL he Serie Stall in AU ole 2 LY politics gule aL fverb 2. The rulers have been running the country for two years but their economics is wrang. X (economic policies) (are wrong) / - me Leet Fel SL oe Ul aA oy economics fuk 3, His mathematics is weak. X ‘His mathematics are weak. / a BUHL os Mathematics oke-g_ afin Note: Terms that take the name of a town, counting or university are plural, even when they work singulerly, England where bowled out for 56, Law and order defies the rules of grammar and is singular) Plural non-count nouns ‘The following commonly occuring non-count nouns are always grammatically pee =F SpE WN GAL Us ete de (Non count nouns) biz HE BNO PL et laAet AL lhe sg tel Oplural verb FL gist Congratulation X Congratulations (always) / String x | Sesies toate Belongings ColvseT) ; 2c itu Laat Credentials GAnbene thud) tompotts) ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grammar & Composition for BA Ss 62 i i 5. Eamings (SU) 6. Goods GiAiuit) 7 Likes (2 Aye Arma) 8. Mains «i Wretig hf BSE pte ile 9 Outskirts (SW AL AA) 10, Parcilats (obese Wee LAI 11. Pictures (Cinema) 12, Premises (Buildings) 13, Proceedings (hu) 14. Procoedls (gid ni Pout quis’) 15, Remains (¢87) 16. Riches (4s) 17. Savings (money) ‘18. Stairs (Uf>4) 19. Surroundings (213) 20. Thariks (b): Nouns having two Parts usually take plural verbs, ‘They include instruments, garments and tools. a -ut2LP plural op menE Pp) Bipartite Nouns 3. goggles Ade Maniohudy Scanned with CamScannerJo The Polat English Grammar & Composition for B.A 6 INCORRECT CORRECT fT. Congratulation on your success inl. Congratulations on your success In business, usiners [2 The outskirts of the city i dull, . The outskirts of the city are dull, 5, The proceeds of the concert is all going/3. The proceods (41) of the concert are all to charity. The particular of the new teacher is no} . The particulars of the new teacher are| jot correct. Plural words or fixed expressions L Odds and ends: (2152) Put all the odds and ends on the table, orrect. 2 Grounds- C») She has-no grounds for a divorce. 3. Surroundings The surroundings here are magnificient (120) 4. Contents - Cale) The contents are shown on the first page. 5 Take pains-(t/2+) She always takes pains to speak well. 6 Regards- (07) Give my regards to your sister, 7 Congratulations- Please accept my sincere congratulations. & Plastics They work ina plastics factory. $ Make friends with 1 will soon make friends with him, 1, The proceeds- (Jud m Motus) ‘The proceeds are to be sent to a charity house: 11. Sometimes: Sometimes, she helps me with my work. 12 As follows: The method isas follows © = * = er Hs earnings will fall because of strike. longings Whose belongings are these? a ord) ‘Alms are given to the poor, New tase ‘They are in arrears with their rent. e a i Now a days not man le smoke Words that keep their "s" but are singular © Looe Measles. (15) Mano (Cb Measles isa dangerous Aieate for chide, ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo Tho Point English Gramm An innings: 8. To make friends: Note: The expression to make friends with Is fixed. We cannot oinit t Wwe refer to enly one new friend, ‘This is a new git! in ous class. [have made ab AGind VE Pepe Make friends 246 INCORRECT CORRECT 1. His spectacles(—&) is old. His spectacles are ald. This innings is the most important one in the 2. The surrotncings (141) is pleasant one. [The surroundings are pleasant one 3. The robbe ) made away with theThe robbers made away with th aluables, [Alms are given to the poor. He opened a savings account in the bari. ers ( H, Alms (=12) is given to the poor. 5. He opened a saving account in the bank, 6. His father is in the custom department, [His father is in the customs department. 7. His particulars(s-i) is given below. [His particulars ate given below. ee) No "S" Please 3. Some Nouns are used in the singular only. nul bes AL APCS Be i tee t Scenery, Information, Vacation, Poetry, Furniture, Machinery, Offspring ill), Equipment, Bread, Rice, Knowledge, Jewellery, Luggage (eit), Clothing, ‘Traffic, Corn, Abuse, Fruit, Hair, Alphabet, Appratus, Advice, Mischief, Dirt, Solved Examples _ The sceneries of Kashmir are very beautiful, [vent to home during summer vaalfonn These five children ore her offsprings, (sls) [These five children are her offspring My eggs were lt the wang on, [My Tagg was eae wating oo 6, His hair have turned white. c ‘Scanned with CamScannerJoma Poin! English Grammar & Compatition for 8.A 65 = SS jj, Abuse Abuses X Words of abirse fs Purniture Furnitures X Articles of furniture, Information Informations X Hems of infarmation. je [toute Troubles X ‘A great deal of trouble. Solved Examples INCORRECT, CORRECT 7. He pave me many abuses, Tie gave me many words of abuse, 7 Give me all informations that you|Give me all items of information that you tuve received. have received. ‘oom has ten articles of furniture. id many acts of mischief. 3 This room has ten furnitures. THe did many mischiefs. 5. Have you learnt the alphabets. Have you learnt the letters of alphabet. 6 He was fond of bad companies. He was fond of bad company or companions. Collective Nouns used as Plural Some nouns are singular in form but are plural in use. - a DOUALA tl npn tab Cattle, people, Sheep, Gentry, Poultry, Public, Police, Committee, Vermin — 2) (i, Folk, Clergy (Yat), Audience (yf 7b). ‘Very important Note: Colfective nouns crew,(JF¢i\¢) family, team, can take a singular or plural verb. Singular if we consider the word to mean a single group of or unit. LOur cam is the best of all. wen Ait hemenaS kan Publ t chit (Ug De —lhevtoam cule a +Pakistan cricket team Steg2_sPe¥L ti 2 Our teams are wearning their new jerseys. My family are very angry with me. (Correct) -c.nlii/>Sigii ats : = gd is ata The average family has 4 members, GounleaisceAye Solved These cattle are mine ‘ming or these cattle are mine ‘Scanned with CamScannerhe committee are divided on the lsua- Fi The committee is divided on the issue. committee has decided the issue 5. The committee have decided the issue. 5. The jury (arf ¥uF Ihave decided thelt ase in his favour, Fite, Epa SAL, 7 a A a a The atin es woe wont ‘ite Papal reat iil, unt Pte ‘SE te AR plete Yr ag Whee GaePeoplesU SIEM LH People si Nouns with the same form in Singular or Plural 6, There are some nouns which have a TCE ee ol Lido attr nl Ae aD Ae Ue RP Ear Name of animals Name of numbers [Weight (irda) AF 6.35 = Cin buseg) 0 igh . Blames je ah aes a (1). (2). ‘This sheep, Teta : (are both cae (3). That fish, those fish, (are both correct) (4). Nine brace of birds. (J2Luségs) (Correct) (5). roa ‘of oxen. (Correct) ‘ ‘Scanned with CamScanner‘ Jo The Polnt English Grammar & Composition for B.A 67 ee oe eee ee Solved Examples INCORRECT CORRECT | Thave five heads of cattle. Thave five head of catle He bought two dozens of eggs. He bought twa dozen of epgs. He bought two pairs of shoes. [He bought twe pair of shoes. Tsaw two Braces of pigeons, ITsaw two brace of pigeons. 5 Hundred of people have gathered to see|Hundreds of people have gathered to se lthe match. the match Lea-LuP three hundred Intl Ae FG uid vig 1L wesicthundred 5 -<-sutel Three hundreds 8.Some nouns, which take the plural form at ordinary times retain the singular form to express some specific quantity or number. AL ob REI ABS ert ent PU tele ei connect ee potas eee He had forty head of cattle. An amount ¥ a singular verb. pe as ait of money, a distance, a weight or length of time, we normally w Kilos are too hear Tor me to left ‘inet _U Five minutes do not seem la gto wait |B; 5 al nouns, verbs a Aommbe ony nae sea aa Bu After the expression one of my/hi fee together, (Correct) Ee we use a plural noun and a singular verb, Diletey dite oF iVerb seh'Noun GuxtL »Fsone of my / his/ her Shayna came ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grammar & Composition for B.A “| Check- list About Some Nouns. _——_—_— Use —_——— Always singular, a summons 2, Gallows (agtisy) Always singular, a gallows. ‘Scanned with CamScannertothe Point English Grammar & Composition for B.A oF Errors Based on Part IL Nouns & Verbs 4} The new! 5 He bought five dozens eggs. { there are lying ten furnilures in your room. = He gave many abuses to his friend, (P.U. 2008 Supple) ¢ Give me some clothings. 7 lie did many mischiets & This house és built of bricks and stones. a The sceneries of Kashmir are very charming. 10. He gave me a ten rupees note, (Sargedha 2014) 11. He gave me many advices, 12 He learn thealphabets (7 before he could read. 1. The vermin (2 )is swarming. (P.U 2002) 14. These cattles are mine. 18. His hairs have turned grey, (P-U. 2006 group I) 16, He ran three hundred meters race. (P.U. 2007 group! I) 17. The child died at three year old. (P.U, 2010) 18_ Every citizen should use their vot maa 7 Comect the following sentences. 1. Six miles are a long distance. 2 Alms (<.12) is being given to the poor. (P-U. 20710) 3. Poetries have their appeal to the heart. P,U. 2008) 4 The wages (ele f.117)of sin are death, (P,U, 20110) 5 Many « soldier lost their life in war. (P.U. 2008, Supple) He Bentry (6/)was also present-in the function. {Lils weight is five stones. f i. fe bought some stationeries from the bazar. to ite Pain over my work, 1, Lf hs last his trouser, ry jisase give me a scissor, 1, gull ge to Murree during the summer vacations. 15, 7), Polity belongs to him, PU. 2008, Growp.1T 1. ju Parts of the business are left for metodo, Wie uls are not known, (P.U, 2001 Group-) 1, Thee ein many advices, (Gujrat 2011), (PU, 2016), (P.U. 2018) ~ read many poctries. (Gujrat 2011) ‘Scanned with CamScannerTo The Point English Grammar & Composition for BA —— Part-Ill (a) Some Important Nouns Explained soded Pratt BO PLerait Aatig tris sui ML PB nd Mertz Lagi ed Few Baur Aertel 1. He served me with fruit, 2. He reaped the fruits of his labour “pei nb ht Met Pe Sim teuit ten Pn” soe People Bsr agin ALU AEN People 1, The people have come to see the match. up SLuPiur ity Peoples 2. The peoples of the world suffer from poverty. wee Work 5d =F Work means occupation / employment a job. Bh ¢-trrAssignment Jeti AL srg ge tM AL oles Hy bWork 1. Heis looking for work. 2. [have much work to do. : Bugtee poll tel leer tmrtiye LAV et 1. The works of Shakespeare. Works: (a) the activity involved in building something on a large scale; engineering works, irrigation works, road works, (b) a building or group of buildings in which goods are produced in large quantity: iron warks, gas works, cement works. Je Room z q ar Bie pace gba Room ELL LAI OE ah nh ABE 1. There is no place in this compartment, (Incorrect) ‘There is no room in this compartment. (Correct) sede Family Member 63.9 meer of the family £6 Sue -¢- Ast mem sorte tt ‘Scanned with CamScannerome point English Grammar & Composition for B.A 7 ‘There are a few books on the table. 4 . -ufcountable noun 20° 5 Wehave alot of aie in the almarah. < proke several glasses. ee Plenty AVL uly duMilk, Sugar, water, Smoke, Noise Beards -UfL.OModifiers 12s0f, Less, Much, A little The boys make a lot of noise. He has very little experience in teaching. How much milk do you drink daily? Means: (342.3) always singular ‘This means of transport save energy. (Incorrect) This means of transport saves energy.(Correct) ~/ Means:resources (fis) (Always plural) His means to support his children is limited. (Incorrect) His means to support his children are limited. (Correct)/ EOE Tun Hen PL A Gaol PBeln hey AL ait 2 A/iMeans . Pain (x12) Thave gota sharp pain in my back. (correct) / Pains (22%2>') Ttook great pains to pass the examination, Part-IV 1 2 a 6 Common Pitfalls in the use of Nouns. 1. This house is built of bricks and stones. (Incorrect) This house is built of brick and stone. (Correct) / g prt thet £ hon Rstone albrick TAIL UA BLL st Re He found many stones on the way. edi if Bricks Hf Brickshe Kew th (2x))Bricks! (AIS! z {pe olticer passed onder against him. Cree) = aor Rae ae es aie him, — (Correct) UIA Indie tL Phe tr Jeigut£ Orders £6 BV Order UtuyA -26, tio: ‘© Reissued order for his promotion. (Incorrect oe (V) Hy td orders for his promotion. (Correct) : ordered for a glass of water, (Incorrect) ‘Scanned with CamScanner