THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Parts of the Cardiovascular System

Part Blood Function Transportation -Oxygen from the lungs to bodily cells -CO2 from the body cells to the lungs for exhalation -Nutrients from the GI tract to body cells -Hormones from endocrine gland to other body cells -Heat & waste products to various organs for elimination Regulation -Circulating blood helps maintain homeostasis of body fluids -Regulate pH through buffers -Regulate body temperature- water in blood & flow to skin -Blood osmotic pressure influences water content of cells through interaction of dissolved ions and proteins Protection -Clotting prevent excessive blood loss in injuries -WBC against disease (phagocytosis) -Blood proteins(antibodies, interferons,&complement) against disease Pumps blood throughout the body through blood vessels Carry blood away from and back to the heart

Heart Blood Vessels

Parts of the Heart

Part (Chamber) Right Atrium Location Right border of the heart (upper right chamber); situated near the right lung Forms the anterior surface of the heart (lower right chamber); below the right atrium Forms most of the base of the heart (upper left chamber); situated near the left lung Left border of the heart; forms the hearts apex; below the left atrium Function Receives blood from veins(superior vena cava, inferior vena cava,& coronary sinus) and forces blood into the right ventricle Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk

Right Ventricle

Left Atrium

Receive blood from the pulmonary veins and forces blood into the left ventricle Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps blood into the aorta

Left Ventricle

Types of Blood Vessels

Blood Vessel Structure Size Largest arteries Function Tunica Interna Tunica Media Well-defined Thick & internal dominated elastic lamina by elastic fibers; welldefined external elastic lamina Well-defined Thick & internal dominated elastic lamina by smooth muscle; thin external elastic lamina Thin w/ a One or two fenestrated layers of internal circularly elastic lamina oriented that smooth disappears muscle; thin distally external elastic lamina Endothelium None and basement membrane Tunica Externa Thinner than tunica media

Artery

Elastic

Conduct blood from heart to muscular arteries

Muscular

Medium sized arteries

Thicker than tunica media

Distribute blood to arterioles

Arterioles

Microscopic (15-300m diameter)

Loose collagenous connective tissue and sympathetic nerves

-Delivers blood to capillaries -Help regulate blood flown from arteries to capillaries -Permit exchange of nutrients & waste between blood and interstitial fluid -Distribute blood to postcapillary venules -Pass blood into venules -Permit exchange of nutrients & wastes bet

Capillaries

Microscopic (5-10m diameter)

None

Venules

Postcapillary Microscopic (10-50m diameter)

Endothelium and basement membrane

None

Sparse

Muscular

Microscopic (50-200m diameter)

Endothelium and basement membrane

One or two layers of circularly oriented smooth muscle

Sparse

Veins

Range from 0.5mm-3cm in diameter

-Endothelium and basement membrane -No internal elastic lamina -Contain valves -Lumen is much larger than in accompanying artery

-Much thinner than in arteries -No external elastic lamina

Thickest of three layers

blood and interstitial fluid -Function in WBC emigration -Pass blood into veins -Reservoirs for accumulating large volumes of blood(w/ postcapillary venules) Return blood to the heart, facilitated by valves in veins in limbs

Cardiac Cycle
- Includes all the events associated with one heartbeat - Consists of systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) of the atria plus systole and diastole of the ventricles Atrial Systole 1 Atrial depolarization by SA node depolarization causes atrial systole. Atria contract which forces blood (25 mL each atria) through the atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles (w/ 105 mL blood per ventricle) 2 The end of atrial systole is also the end of ventricular diastole. At the end, each ventricle contains about 130 mL of blood. This volume is called the end-diastolic volume (EDV) 3 QRS complex in ECG represents the start of ventricular depolarization

Ventricular Systole 1 Ventrical depolarization causes ventrical systole. As it begins, pressure rises forcing the blood to shut the AV valves. 2 Isovolumetric contraction (0.05 sec)- Period wherein cardiac muscle contract, exerting force but doesnt shorten - Semilunar (SL) and AV valves are closed `

3 Ventricular ejection (0.25 sec) - Pressure rise sharply as contraction continues `- When: left ventricular pressure > aortic pressure(80 mmHg) `` right ventricular pressure > pulmonary trunk pressure(20 mmHg) ```SL valves open ejecting blood from the heart - Left ventricular pressure & right ventricular pressure continues to rise ``to about 120mmHg & 20-30mmHg respectively 4 End-systolic volume (ESV)- 60mL of blood is left in each ventricles since 70mL was ejected Stroke volume (SV)- volume of blood ejected per beat from each ventricle ++++++++++++++++- SV= EDV- ESV (130mL-60mL=70mL) 5 T wave in ECG marks the onset of ventricular repolarization Relaxation Period (0.4 sec) - The atria & ventricle are both relaxed 1 Ventricular repolarization causes ventricular diastole. As the ventricles relax, the pressure falls causing the blood in the aorta and pulmonary trunk to flow back causing the closing of the SL valves 2 Isovolumetric relaxation- The brief interval wherein ventricular blood volume doesnt change as the 4 valves are closed 3 Ventricular filling- Pressure falls as the ventricles continue to relax. - When ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure AV valves open- start of ventricular filling -The blood building up in the atria during ventricular systole then rushes into the ventricles filling it full by the end of the relaxation period 4 P wave in ECG signals start of another cardiac cycle

Blood Pressure
- The hydrostatic pressure exerted by the blood on the blood vessel walls - Generated by the contraction of the ventricles - Systolic BP: highest pressure attained in arteries during systole 1Diastolyc BP: lowest arterial pressure during diastole Regulation of Blood Pressure 1 Neural Regulation of BP 111-Blood pressure is regulated by the nervous system via negative feedback loops which occurs in 2 types of reflexes Baroreceptor Reflexes - Baroreceptors monitor changes in the pressure and stretch in the blood vessel walls - Located in the aorta, internal carotid arteries, and other large arteries in the neck and chest Negative feedback regulation of BP via baroreceptor reflexes
Some stimulus disrupts homeostasis by Decreasing Receptors: Baroreceptors in arch of aorta & carotid sinus are stretched less Increasing Receptors: Baroreceptors in arch of aorta & carotid sinus are stretched less

Blood pressure

Blood pressure

Input: Decreased rate of nerve impulses Control Center: CV center in medulla oblongata and adrenal medulla Ouput: (1) Increased sympathetic, decreased parasympathetic stimulation. (2) Increased secretion of epinephrine from adrenal medulla Effectors: (1) Increased stroke volume & heart rate lead to increased cardiac output (CO); (2) Constriction of blood vessels increases systematic vascular resistance (SVR)

Input: Increased rate of nerve impulses Control Center: CV center Control Center: CV center in medulla in medulla adrenal medulla oblongata andoblongata and adrenal medulla Ouput: (1) Increased parasympathetic, decreased sympathetic stimulation. (2) Slows sending rate of CV of sympathetic impulses along vasomotor neurons Effectors: (1) Decreased heart rate lead to decreased cardiac output (CO); (2) Vasodilaton decreases systematic vascular resistance (SVR)

Increased blood pressure

Decreased blood pressure

Chemoreceptor Reflexes - Chemoreceptors detect changes in blood level of O2, CO2, & H+ - Located close to baroreceptors of carotid sinus & arch of aorta
Hypopoxia- lowered O2 availability; Acidosis- an increase in H+ conc; or Hypercapnia- excess CO2 Stimulates chemoreceptors to send impulse to (1)CV center, and to the (2)respiratory center in the brain stem (1)CV center increases sympathetic stimulation to arterioles & veins --> vasoconstriction --> increase BP (2)Adjust rate of breathing

2 Hormonal Regulation of BP Factors Influencing BP Cardiac Output Increased heart rate and contractility Systemic Vascular Resistance Vasoconstriction Hormone Norepinephrine Epinephrine Angiotensin II Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) Norepinephrine* Epinephrine** Atrial natriuretic peptide Epinephrine** Nitric oxide Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone Atrial natriuretic peptide Increase Effect on BP

Increase

Vasodilation

Decrease

Blood Volume Blood volume increase Blood volume decrease

Increase Decrease

*Acts as 1 receptors in arterioles of abdomen and skin **Acts as 2 receptors in arterioles of cardiac and skeletal muscle; norephinephrine has a much smaller vasodilating effect

3 Autoregulation of BP Autoregulation- The ability of a tissue to automatically adjust its blood flow to match its metabolic demands - Control regional blood flow to the brain; blood distribution to various parts of the brain

changes dramatically for different mental and physical activities. Two types of stimuli cause autoregulatory changes in blood flow Physical Changes -Warming: promotes vasodilation; Cooling: causes vasoconstriction -Myogenic response: smooth muscles arteriole walls contracts more forcefully when stretched & relaxes ----------------------------when stretch lessens ---------------------------: e.g. blood flow through arteriole dec. stretching of arterile walls dec. smooth ----------------------------muscle relaxes & produce vasodilation inc blood flow Vasodilating & Vasoconstricting Chemicals Visodilators from cells: K+, H+ Lactic acid (lactate) Adenosine (from ATP) Nitric oxide (from endothelial cells) Vasodilating kinins & histamine (release caused by tissue trauma or inflammation)

Vasoconstrictors from cells: Thromboxane A2 Superoxide radicals Seratonin (from platelets) Endothelins (from endothelial cells)

Difference of autoregulatory response to low O2 level between pulmonary and systemic circulation Systemic circulation o Blood vessel walls dilate. Vasodilation increase O2 delivery. Pulmonary circulation o Blood vessel walls constrict o Ensures blood flows to better-ventilated areas of lung by bypassing flow of blood to alveoli(poorly ventilated) in the lungs