Department of Electrical Engineering

The University of Faisalabad

Communication Systems
EE-324
Lab Manual

Submitted to: Engr Talha

Submitted by: Awais Raza
Reg no: BEE-FA19-003
Class: BEE(Electronic)
Semester:6
 Department of Electrical Engineering
The University of Faisalabad
1. Laboratory Safety Policies
2. General laboratory safety
 Never eat or drink while working in the laboratory.
 Read the labels carefully.
 Do not use any equipment unless you are trained and approved as a user by the
supervisor.
 Wear safety glass or a face shield when using any hazardous materials and /or
equipment.
 Wear gloves when using any hazardous or toxic agent.
 Never do unauthorized experiments.
 Never work alone in the laboratory.
 Keep your lab space clean and organized.
 Do not leave an on-going experiment unattended.
 Never taste anything.Never pipette by mouth; use a bulb.
 Never use open flames in the laboratory unless instructed by LA.
 Check your glassware for cracks and chips each time you use it. Cracks could cause
the glassware to fail during use and cause serious injury to you or lab mates.

3. Clothing
 When handling dangerous substances, wear gloves, laboratory coats, and safety shield
or glasses. Shorts and sandals should not be worn in the lab at any time. Shoes are
required when working on the machine shops
 If you have long hair and loose clothes, then make sure that it is tied back or
confined.
 Keep the work area clear of all materials except those needed for your work.

4. Disposal
 Students are responsible for the proper disposal of used material if any inappropriate
containers.
5. Equipment Failure
 If a piece of equipment faces while being used, report it immediately to the lab
engineer/assistant. Never try to fix the problem yourself because you could harm
yourself and others.
 If leaving a lab unattended, turn off all ignition sources and lock the doors.
 Clean up your work area before leaving.
 Wash hands before leaving the lab and before eating.
 Department of Electrical Engineering
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6. Electricity
 Obtain permission by the safety coordinator before operating any high voltage
equipment.
 Maintain an unobstructed access to all electrical panels.
 Avoid using extension cords whenever possible.
 Never, ever modify or otherwise change any high voltage equipment.
 Before attracting the power supply to your setup make sure there no ‘’live’’ wires
which can be touched.
 When attaching a high voltage power supply ALWAYS switch off the supply.

7. Fire
 If a person’s clothing catches on fire, he/she needs help.
 Prevent him/her from running.
 Make him/her lie down and smother the flame by rolling, wrapping with lab coats,
blankets, towels, etc.
 Never turn a carbon dioxide extinguisher on a person.
 If a fire breaks out, (if time allows) turn off all burners and remove solvents, place the
chemical and equipment safely to the nearest possible table/bench, exit the building
calmly.
 If you do not use the fire extinguisher, leave the room immediately to a safer place
possible outside. There is a carbon dioxide extinguisher in the building and the
position and operation of these should be known.
 Point the extinguisher at the base of the flames.
 Very small fires can be put out with a damp towel by smothering.
 Only after the safety of all is assured the matter of the extinguisher the fire is
considered.

Because a few seconds delay can result in very serious injury, Laboratory staff will guide
you on what to do and how to exit during the case of such an emergency.
8. In Case of emergency
 Report the location of the emergency; give your name, telephone number, and
building and floor number.
 Report the nature of the emergency whether an explosion has occurred and whether
there has been a chemical or electrical fire.

RESCUE: 1122
Police Emergency Control Room: 041-920026
 Department of Electrical Engineering
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II. Grading Policy
Lab Performance 20%
Lab Report 10%
Lab Viva 50%
Lab Written Test 20%
Lab Rubrics
Lab Performance (Continuous Assessment) / Performance Test
Performa Exemplary Satisfactory Developing Unsatisfactory
nce (3) (2) (1) (0)
indicator
Fully understands Has a very good Has some Has a poor understanding of
the power understanding of the understanding of the the lab equipment and cannot
Ability to distribution available available experiment without the help
conduct equipment including equipment/tools/soft equipment/tools/softw ofa lab instructor
Experime its purpose and ware’s including its are’s including its
nt knows the safety purpose and quite performance purpose
precautions to able to experiment and require a lot of
(CLO 1) conduct the entire with some help from help from the lab
(P3) experiment with a lab instructor engineer to conduct
negligible help from the experiment
the lab instructor.
Has an excellent Has good skills to Has the weak skill to Has the poor skill to draw
skill to perform the perform the lab perform the lab and implement a problem and
Impleme
lab experiment experiment experiment and quite cannot solve a problem and
ntations
successfully and also successfully and can able to solve the cannot differentiate between
and
knowing the solve most of the experimental problem different types of lab
Results
importance of lab implementation of the and cannot get the equipment.
experimental results given problem and output results properly
(CLO 2)
of power distribution produce output
(P3)
and utilization results for that given
problem
Fulfill Performs all duties Performs nearly all Does not perform Never performed any duties
team of assigned team duties. Usually does duties of assigned of assigned team role.
Role’s roles. Always does the assigned work- team role. Always
Duties the assigned work rarely needs relies on others to do
(CLO 3) without having to reminding the work
(A3) be reminded.
Lab Report
Sr. Performance Exemplary Satisfactory Developing Unsatisfactory
No. Indicator (3) (2) (1) (0)
Information is Information is Information is Unable to submit the
presented in a logical presented in a presented in quite lab report.
interesting way, which somewhat logical less continuity and
Organization/ is easy to follow. All manner. All less logical
1 Structure sections are in the sections are in manners. Sections
(CLO 4) correct order and the correct order are not in proper
(C3) submitted on time. as directed and order as directed
submitted on a and unable to
time. follow the
submission deadlin
 Department of Electrical Engineering
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The result and The result and The result and Unable to submit the
conclusion are stated conclusion are conclusion are lab report.
Data and reflect the complete stated and reflect stated but reflect
2 Presentation knowledge of the acceptable little of experiment
(CLO 4) experiment. Eachstep is knowledge ofthe detail and not
(C3) fully explained. experiment. Each properly explained.
step is somehow
explained.
(Lab Viva)
Sr. Performance Exemplary Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
No. Indicator (2) (1) (0)

Responsiveness Responds well, quick, and very Generally responsive Non-responsive

to accurate all the time. and accurate most of
Questions/Acc the time.
1 uracy

(CLO 4)
(C3)
Level of Demonstration of full At least with content No grasp of the information.
understanding knowledge of the subject with and able to elaborate No knowledge of the subject
of the learned explanations and elaboration and explain to some matter. No questions are
2 skill degree. answered. No interpretation
made
(CLO 1)
(P3)
Understanding Has an excellent ability to Has a good ability to Has a poor ability to identify
different types identify and differentiate identify and and differentiate between
of lab between different types of lab differentiate between different types of lab
equipment/tool equipment/tools/software different types of lab equipment/tools/software
3
s/software’s equipment/tools/
Software
(CLO 2)
(P3)
Is very confident and explains Is confident to some Doesn’t have the confidence
Confidence the details properly. Proper eye extent with quite less to explain and deliver the
4 contact is maintained all the time eye contact and topic properly. No eye contact
(CLO 3) with proper presentational presentational and presentational gestures
(A3) gestures. gestures. were used.

Lab Written Test

Sr. No. Performance Exemplary Satisfactory Developing Unsatisfactory
Indicator (3) (2) (1) (0)

Demonstration of At ease with The only basic No grasp of the

Level of full knowledge of content and able to concept is information. No
Understanding the subject with elaborate and demonstrated and knowledge of the
1. explanations and explain to some interpreted. subject matter. No
(CLO 4) elaborate. degree. question is answered.
(C3) No interpretation
was made.
Solution Students answer Student shows The student tries to The student does not
the question some prior answer the question know how to answer
 Department of Electrical Engineering
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correctly and knowledge and but does not show the question.
completely. may use evidence of any
Student terminology to previous knowledge
incorporates answer the to assist in
information from question. The answering. A
(CLO 4)
the text or lab student does not student may reveal
(C3)
notes into the use appropriate misconceptions
answer. information from about concepts.
the text or lab
notes to answer the
question.

III. Level of Inquiry

Level Problem/Question Procedure/Method Solution
0 Provided to student Provided to student Provided to student
1 Provided to student Provided to student Constructed by student
2 Provided to student Constructed by student Constructed by student
3 Constructed by student Constructed by student Constructed by student

Level of Inquiry Description

The problem, procedure, and solution methods are provided to the student. The student
0 experiments and verifies the result with this manual.
The problem and procedure are provided to the student. The student interprets the data to
1 propose viable solutions.
The problem is provided to the student. The student develops a procedure for investigating
2 the problem decides what together and interprets the data to propose viable solutions.

A raw phenomenon is provided to the student. The student chooses the problem to explore
3 develop a procedure for investigating the problem decides what together and interprets the
data to propose viable solutions.
 Department of Electrical Engineering
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IV. Lab Course Learning Outcomes
Course Title: (EE-)
Laboratory:
Instructor:
Designation:
Email:
Phone:

CLO1: (P3)
Realize the experiment by following instructions by the teacher.

CLO2: (P3)

Collect data from the experiment and analyze it in the view of theoretical understanding
developed during the class.

CLO3: (A3)

Exhibit the capability to work in a team during the lab activities.

CLO4: (C3)

Demonstrate and present learned knowledge effectively.

Mapping of Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs) to Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs) /

Graduate attributes.
PLOs
Course PLO PLO PLO PLO PLO PLO PLO PLO PLO PLO PLO PLO
Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CLOs
CLO1  
EE- CLO2   
235
CLO3   
CLO4  
PLO1: Engineering Knowledge PLO7: Environment and Sustainability
PLO2: Problem Analysis PLO8: Ethics
PLO3: Design / Development of Solutions PLO9: Individual and Team Work
PLO4: Investigation PLO10: Communication
PLO5: Modern Tool Usage PLO11: Project Management
PLO6: The Engineer and Society PLO12: Lifelong Learning
 Department of Electrical Engineering
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Program: Semester: ………

Subject: Date………………..
Rubrics Evaluation
Performance Lab Report
Experiment Ability to Conduct Implementation Team Organization/ Data Signature
Experiment and Result Work Structure Presentation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Total Marks Total Marks
Obtained Obtained

Remarks (if any):-

______________________________________________________________________________

Name & Signature of faculty: -__________

 Department of Electrical Engineering
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List of Experiment
Exp. Description
No.
1. Familiarization with EES-X15 analogue/digital communication trainer.

2. Basic Signal Representation and Operations using Matlab and

Introduction to Simulink: basics, communication block set and
simulation of communication system.

3. To study Amplitude modulation using MATLAB.

4. To study Frequency modulation using MATLAB.
5. a. To establish a direct communication link between Uplink
Transmitter and Downlink Receiver using tone signal.
b. To communicate VOICE signal through satellite link.
6. Implementation of Amplitude modulation / demodulation and study its
characteristics
7. Introduction to Delta Modulation & Demodulation.
8. Study Two channel. Time Division Multiplexed system and verify its
characteristics.

9. Implementation of Frequency modulation system and study its

characteristics.

10. Study and implementation of Sampling Theorem.

11. Analogue to digital conversion using Pulse Code Modulation(PCM)

technique
12. Investigating PCM decoding technique in Digital to analogue
conversion.
13. Study and Implementation of Pulse Time Modulation technique for
analogue signals.

14. To Study the FSK Modulation.

15. To Study the PSK and ASK Modulation.
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Experiment No.1
Familiarization with EES-X15 analogue/digital communication trainer.

Apparatus:
• 20 MHz scope.
• Digital multimeter

Description:
All experiments included in this manual have been performed on the ADS-6000 communication
Trainer. Before starting actual experiments, let us first familiarize our self with the use of ADS-
6000 communication Trainer.
Measuring Power Supplies
Connect the ADS-6000 to the 220V AC power source and turn ON the Trainer. Measure
±12V, ±9V and ±5V supply voltage using a multimeter and record the results below:
Measured +5V Supply Voltage
Measured -5V Supply Voltage
Measured +12V Supply Voltage
Measured -12V Supply Voltage
Measured +9V Supply Voltage
Measured -9V Supply Voltage

Function Generator
Connect the OUTPUT of the function generator to the oscilloscope and frequency counter.
Vary the frequency range selector switch RANGE and adjust it to minimum range, now note
the maximum and minimum frequency by varying the FREQUENCY potentiometer. Repeat
the procedure for all the ranges.

RANGE FREQUENCY
MIN MAX
X1
X10
X100
X1K
X10K
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Conclusion:

Experiment No.2
Basic Signal Representation and Operations using Matlab and Introduction to
Simulink basics, communication block set and simulation of communication
system
Functions of Matlab Used:
 Matlab Simulink
Functions of Simulink Used:
 Scope
 Sine wave generator
 Signal Generator
 Pulse Generator
 Clock Generator
(i)Procedure:
1. Click on the Simulink icon or write simulink on the command window to open simulink
in Matlab.
2. On simulink window open a new file from file menu.
3. Now click on the scope given in the window and drop it on the new file.
4. Similarly drop sine wave generator, signal generator, clock generator.
5. Use 5 scopes to connect each generator individually.
6. Click on run start the simulation.
7. Use multiplier function from simulink to multiply the signals of sine wave and pulse
generator.
8. Draw the output waveform and Results.
(ii)Procedure:
1. Open Simulink in the mat lab software and draw the circuit according to the diagram.
2. Choose seven sine wave generators from apparatus bar.
3. Select mux and sum from the tool bar and Drag it on the new file along with sine wave
generator.
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4. Run simulation after connecting objects from either mux or sum to oscilloscope.
5. Draw the output waveform and Results.

Results:
1. Output Waveforms:

2. Output Waveforms:
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Conclusion:

Experiment 3
To study Amplitude modulation using MATLAB.
Apparatus:
 Computer
 Matlab Software
Procedure:
1. Open Matlab
2. Create new ‘M’ file
3. Type code written below
4. Then execute the code to compute and plot desired signals.

CODE:
Fs = 8000; % Sampling Rate
Fc = 300; % Carrier frequency
t = 0:0.0001:0.1; % Sampling time
x = sin (20*pi*t); % Representation of Modulating Signal
y = ammod (x, Fc, Fs); % Modulate x to produce y
figure;
subplot(2,1,1); plot (t , x); % Plot x on top
subplot(2,1,2); plot (t , y); % Plot y below

Draw the output waveforms and results.

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 Department of Electrical Engineering
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Conclusion:
 Department of Electrical Engineering
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Experiment 4
To study Frequency modulation using MATLAB.
Apparatus:
 Computer
 Matlab Software
Procedure:
1. Open Matlab
2. Create new ‘M’ file
3. Type code written below
4. Then execute the code to compute and plot desired signals.

CODE:
Fs = 8000; % Sampling Rate
Fc = 300; % Carrier frequency
Dev = 200; % Deviation in frequencies to plot FM

.
t = [0:0.1*Fs] / Fs; % Sampling time
x = sin (20*pi*t); % Representation of Modulating Signal
y = fmmod (x, Fc, Fs,Dev); % Modulate x to produce y
figure;
subplot(2,1,1); plot (t , x); % Plot x on top
subplot(2,1,2); plot (t , y); % Plot y below
Draw the output waveforms and results.
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Conclusion:
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Experiment 5

1. To establish a direct communication link between Uplink Transmitter

and Downlink Receiver using tone signal.
2. To communicate VOICE signal through satellite link.
Apparatus required:
 Uplink Transmitter
 Dish Antennas
 Downlink Receiver
 Connecting cables.
 Satellite Transponder (Trans-receiver)
 Active MIC
1. Establishing a direct communication link between Uplink Transmitter and
Downlink Receiver
Procedure:
1. Connect the Satellite Uplink transmitter to AC Mains.
2. Switch ON the transmitter and frequency display will come on.
3. The transmitting frequency can be selected by UP-DOWN switch. The frequency can be
changed from 1200-1250-1300MHz.
4. The transmitter ON-OFF toggle switch will switch on - off the transmission.
5. Connect X1 Antenna to Uplink transmitter with BNC -BNC lead.
6. Set the O/P gain of Uplink transmitter to maximum.
7. Place Downlink Receiver at a convenient distance of 5- 7m. (It can go even up to 10m.).
8. Connect the Downlink Receiver to the AC Mains and switch it ON by mains switch.
9. The Downlink Receiver Frequency can be changed from 11 00-1150-1200MHz.
10. The Downlink Receiver also has tuning potentiometer, which can be used to tune any
frequency from 950-1500MHz.
11. Keep the Tuning POT fully anti clockwise.
12. The Downlink receiver ON-OFF toggle switch will switch on - off the receiver.
13. Attach R2 Antenna to the Downlink receiver with BNC - BNC lead.
14. Align both the Transmitter and Receiver Antenna's in line.
15. Keep the Uplink Transmitter Frequency to 1200MHz.
16. Keep the Downlink Receiver frequency to 1200MHz.
17. Now connect Tone out signal to Tone input of the Uplink transmitter by patch cord.
18. Keep Downlink receiver voice switch in the ON position and you will be able to hear
tone in the speaker of receiver.
 Department of Electrical Engineering
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19. This is a test link for direct communication between transmitter and receiver.
20. Connect any other audio signal to the Audio II of Uplink transmitter and you will hear the
music in the speaker of Downlink Receiver.

Result:
A clear music indicates that the microwave link has been successfully setup between uplink
transmitter and Down link receiver directly.

2. To communicate VOICE signal through satellite link.

Procedure:
1. Connect the Satellite Uplink transmitter to AC Mains.
2. Switch ON the transmitter and frequency display will come on.
3. The transmitting frequency can be selected by UP-DOWN switch. The frequency can be
changed from 1200-1250-1300MHz.
4. The transmitter ON-OFF toggle switch will switch on - off the transmission.
5. Connect X1 Antenna to Uplink transmitter with BNC -BNC lead.
6. Set the O/P gain of Uplink. transmitter to maximum.
7. Place Downlink. Receiver at a convenient distance of 5-7m. (It can go even up to 10m.).
8. Connect the Downlink. Receiver to the AC Mains and switch it ON by mains switch.
9. The Downlink. Receiver Frequency can be changed from 1100-1150-1200MHz.
10. The Downlink. Receiver also has tuning potentiometer, which can be used to tune any
frequency from 950-1500MHz.
11. Keep the Tuning POT fully anticlockwise.
12. The Downlink receiver ON-OFF toggle switch will switch on - off the receiver.
13. Attach R2 Antenna to the Downlink receiver with BNC - BNC lead.
14. Align both the Transmitter and Receiver Antenna's in line.
15. Place a Satellite Transponder between Transmitter and Receiver at a convenient distance;
preferably all three can be placed in equidistant triangle of distance
5-7m.
16. Connect the Satellite Transponder to the AC Mains and switch it ON by mains switch.
 Department of Electrical Engineering
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17. The Receiver side of Satellite Transponder has an on-off toggle switch, which will switch
off the receiver of satellite. Similarly on-off toggle switch on Transmitter side will switch
off transmitter of satellite.
18. Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 1300 MHz and transponder receiver frequency
also to 1300 MHz.

19. Keep Downlink Frequency of Transponder to 1100 MHz.

20. Keep the Downlink Receiver to 1100 MHz.
21. Connect mike input at the socket marked 'MIC' on the Uplink Transmitter.
22. Connect the voice link of Uplink transmitter and Downlink receiver ON.
23. Speak in the mike and you will hear the same sound in the speaker of receiver.
Result:
The above shows a successful establishment of voice link between transmitter and receiver.
Conclusion:
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Experiment 6
Implementation of Amplitude modulation / demodulation and study its
characteristics
Apparatus required:
 Resistors
 Transistor
 Capacitors
 CRO
 Diode
 Multimeter
 Regulated power supply
 Breadboard
 Connecting wires.

Theory
Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which the amplitude of the carrier wave is
varied in accordance with the base band signal (Modulating Wave). The envelope of the
modulated wave has the same shape as the base band signal.

Provided the following two requirements are satisfied

1. The carrier frequency fc must be much greater than the highest frequency components fm of the
message signal m (t) i.e. fc >> fm
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2. The modulation index must be less than unity. If the modulation index is greater than unity,
the carrier wave becomes over modulated.

 Procedure

1. The circuit connection is made as shown in the circuit above.

2. The DC power supply is connected to the collector of the Transistor.
3. Modulated Output is taken from the collector of the Transistor across load resistance RL.
4. Calculate the output waveform using CRO.

DEMODULATION

Theory
Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation. The detector circuit is employed to separate
the carrier wave and eliminate the side bands. Since the envelope of an AM wave has the same
shape as the message, independent of the carrier frequency and phase, demodulation can be
accomplished by extracting envelope.

Procedure
1. The circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram below.
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2. The amplitude modulated signal from AM generator is give as input to the circuit. The
demodulated output is observed on the CRO.
3. The various values of modulating voltage signal frequency corresponding demodulated
voltage and frequency are noted and the readings are tabulated.
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Q.1:The above output includes modulating and modulated signals,make
chanes in above program o show carrier signal as well in separate subpot?
Ans:

Q.2:What changes you observe by varying ‘Dev’?

Ans:

Conclusion:
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Experiment 7
Implementation of Delta modulation & demodulation and study its
characteristics.
Apparatus:
 Oscilloscope
 ADS-6000 Trainer
 External Function Generator.
 ACS-06

Theory
Delta modulation is a simplified PCM. The output of a delta modulator is a bit stream of
samples, at a relatively high rate the value of each bit being determined according as to whether
the input message sample amplitude has increased or decreased relative to the previous sample.
It is an example of differential pulse code modulati0n (DPCM) . The operation of a delta
modulator is to periodically sample the input message, to make a comparison of the current
sample with that preceding it, and to output a single bit which indicates the sign of the difference
between the two samples

Procedure:

1. Connect trainer to power supply. Turn on the trainer and verify the voltages of the power
supply using the multimeter

2. Connect power connector to the Module ACS-06

3. Built the circuit as shown in above block diagram.

4. The CRO shows the output as shown in figure below.

5. The integrator helps in quantizing the signal and then helping in manipulation of digital
streams of data.
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Demodulation:
The principle of delta demodulation is shown in block diagram below

Clk in
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It performs the reverse of the process implemented in modulator
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Draw the output Waveforms:
Clock:

Comparator:

Integrator:

Delta modulator:

Conclusion:
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Experiment 8
Study Two channel. Time Division Multiplexed system and verify its
characteristics.

Equipment/Tools

 Oscilloscope
 ADS-6000 Trainer
 External Function Generator.
 ACS-04

Theory
Time Division Multiplexing is outcome of the principle of sampling signals. It is used to
simultaneously transmit several signals over a single channel. Each of the signals is sampled at
a rate in excess of the Nyquist rate. The samples are interleaved in a multiplexer, and a single
composite signal consisting of all the interleaved pulses is transmitted over the channel. At the
receiving end the interleaved samples are separated by a demultiplexer, and then each signal is
reconstructed from the appropriate set of samples.
The samples can be coded into pulses using different modulation schemes such as PAM, PWM,
PPM and PCM. In this experiment two channels PAM-TDM system will be demonstrated. Fig.
4.1

shows how the two signals s1(t) & s2(t) are sampled and how the samples are interleaved in time
before transmission. The mechanical commutator, implemented using analog switches,
multiplexes the two signals. At the receiver a similar mechanical commutator now called as
demultiplexer, separates the interleaved samples and sends them on to appropriate LPF for signal
reconstruction. For successful demultiplexing the two commutators must operate in precise
synchronism.
 Department of Electrical Engineering
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1. Connect ADS-6000 Trainer to the 220 V AC supply. Turn on the trainer and verify the
voltages of the power supplies using the multimeter.
2. Connect power connector to the module.

3. Connect circuit as shown in diagram

4. Switch on function generator. Set it to output sine waveform of 500 Hz and 4Vpp signal.
Connect the signal to CH #2 of sampling unit. Verify that sampled triangular wave signal
is available at sampled CH 2.
5. Connect CH 1 of scope to MULTIPLEXED signal O/P which will display time division
multiplexed signal. The display will not be stable as the clock and two signals are not
coherent. However the envelop of two multiplexed signal will be visible.
6. Now we have to demultiplex the signal. Connect the multiplexed signal to the
multiplexed signal I/P.
7. Connect clocks of both channel and observe the O/P of the both channel at CH1 and
CH2.Noise in the channels can be removed by passing the signal through LPF.
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Draw the output Waveforms you checked with help of CRO?

Ans:
Signal 1:

Signal 2:

Multiplexed Signal:

Clock output:

De-multiplexed output:

Conclusion:
 Department of Electrical Engineering
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Experiment No.9

Implementation of Frequency modulation system and study its characteristics.

Equipment /Tools

• ADS-6000 Trainer
• Function Generator
• Dual beam scope
• Multimeter
• ACS-03
Theory:
In AM signals, where the amplitude of the carrier is modulated by the modulating signal y(t),
and, hence, the information content of y(t), lies in the amplitude variation of the AM signal. On
the other hand in frequency modulation (FM), the carrier frequency is modulated by the
amplitude of the modulating signal and the information content of y(t), therefore, lies in the
frequency variation of the FM signal. Mathematically, FM signal is described by the equation:
XFM(t) = A. cos( wct + kjy(t).dt)
where k is constant and A is the amplitude of the carrier. The frequency of the carrier at any
instant is given by:
w(t) = wc + k.y(t).
Therefore, in FM, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier, varies directly with the amplitude
of the modulating signal. Depending upon the maximum ampltude of y(t) signal, the maximum
deviation in the frequency of the carrier from its center frequency o)c, is given by:
Δw = k. | y(t) | max
Practically, FM, is generated by various methods given in text books. In this experiment FM will
be generated by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) whose frequency can be controlled by
externally applied voltage.
The FM signal is demodulated using different methods also described in various text books. In
this experiment use of a phase lock loop (PLL), has been made to demodulate the FM signal.
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Procedure
Frequency Modulation:
1. Connect trainer to power supply. Turn on the trainer and verify the voltages of the power
supply using the multimeter.
2. Connect power connector to the Module.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in Diagram

4. Connect Ch1 of scope to J1 terminal and verify presence of AF signal at the

5. input of the frequency modulator.
6. Using AF Amp Adj. control on FMCS turn down AF signal to zero. Connect Ch2
7. of scope to MODULATED SIGNAL l/P Verify that carrier signal is present. Measure
frequency of the carrier signal and record the results beow:
8. Center frequency of the carrier =
9. Next increase AF signal and see its effect on the output carrier waveform. Due to -ve
slope of VCO frequency vs voltage curve, the signal frequency is minimum at positive
signal amplitude peak. Plot frequency modulated carrier waveform below:
10. Plot the waveforms of modulating and modulated FM signals below:
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Frequency Demodulation
• PLL module demodulates frequency modulated signal. Connect Ch2 of scope to
demodulated signal O/P. Increase AF signal and verify Ch2 displays demodulated AF
signal, however, demodulated AF signal is not clean. Draw demodulated AF signal and
explain the reason for not being clean.

Conclusion:
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Experiment No.10
Study and implementation of Sampling Theorem
Apparatus:
1. ADS-6000 Trainer.
2. ACS-05
3. Oscilloscope.
4. Tool Kit.

Theory
A band-limited signal f(t)with maximum signal frequency fm (bandwidth) can be reconstructed
by filtering when sampled at a rate greater than twice fm. If a signal is sampled at Nyquist rate
i.e. 2fm, then an ideal low pass filter is required to reconstruct the original signal. In practice we
can’t realize ideal LPF (with brick wall response), therefore in order to reconstruct the signal free
of distortion, we sample the signal at rate greater than 2fm so as to spread out in frequency
domain, the sidebands of the sampled signal. The cut off frequency of LPF must be equal to the
fm and order should be high enough to reject side bands to a sufficient level. Mathematically, if a
band limited signal f(t), is sampled with sampling function g(t) shown below, then sampled
signal r(t), can written as,
r(t) = f(t).g(t)
The Fourier spectrum of the sampled signal is

R(ω) = F(ω) + £ n=1 sin(n.d).[ F(ω - ωs) + F(ω - ωS)]

Where cos = 2nfs is the sampling frequency in radian/sec. The sampled signal
Spectrum has lobes F(co) of the signal f(t) at a>=0,.±cos,±2cDS An ideal LPF
can recover the original signal

Block Diagram models:

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Procedure

1. Connect trainer to power supply. Turn on the trainer and verify the voltages of the
power supply using the multimeter.
2. Connect power connector to the Module.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.
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4. Connect scope CH1 to CLOCK O/P to verify presence of clock signal of about 67KHz
frequency. Next, connect CH1 to DATA 4 and see square wave signal of 36 KHz and
then CH1 to CLOCK O/P 1 to observe a stable pulse waveform (sampling signal, g(t) of
fig. 1 ), of 9KHz.
5. Connect CH2 of the scope to Function Generator to observe stable sine wave signal of
about 1 KHz (input signal, f(t) of fig.1). Vary Amplitude pot on Function Generator to
set its amplitude to one volt peak to peak level. This signal is also the input signal to the
Sample / Hold at ANALOG l/P. Set the scope time base such that at least one complete
cycle of sine wave, is displayed on CH2.
6. Next connect CH2 of the scope to S/HOLD O/P to display sampled 1 KHz sine signal
(r(t) of fig.1). Vary Amplitude pot on Function Generator and see that the amplitude of
the sampled signal also varies, accordingly.
7. Draw waveform of the sampled signal below:

8. Design a simple RC low pass filter with cut off frequency of 1 KHz using the equation:

• fc = 1/2ΠRC.

9. Connect sample and hold waveform to RC LPF and observe the recovered waveform.
Draw the waveform of the recovered sine signal below:

Conclusion:
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Experiment No.11
Analogue to Digital conversion using Pulse Code Modulation(PCM) technique

Equipment/Tools
1. ADS-6000 Trainer
2. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
3. Dual Beam Oscilloscope
4. ACS - 01
Theory
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) provides a method of digital transmission of analog messages.
The analog signal is sampled, quantized and coded to convert into digital signal. Block diagram
of PCM generation system is shown in Fig.9.1.
ADC
X(t)

Fig.1

The analog signal is band limited by a LPF and applied to sample-and-hold unit. The sampled
signal is then rounded off to the nearest discrete value in a set of L quantized levels. The
resulting waveform is discrete in time (by virtue of sampling) and discrete in amplitude (by
virtue of quantization). Next, an encoder translates the quantized samples into digital code
words. The encoder works with binary digits (0 & 1) and produces for each sample a code word
consisting of n bits in parallel. The number of quantized levels “L” and length of code word un",
are related by:
L = 2n
Finally, successive code words are readout serially, to constitute PCM waveform. If fs is the
sampling frequency, then output bit rate of PCM waveform for word length n is nf#.
In PCM receiver (Fig. 2), the received signal contaminated by noise, is regenerated to yield a
clean PCM waveform. Using sync and timing information, the serial bits are converted into
parallel words. DAC (digital to analog converter) then regenerates sample and hold (staircase)
waveform.
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This staircase waveform differs from original S/H waveform by the round off error, introduced
in the quantizer. Low pass filter then produces smoothed output signal, which differs from the
original signal to the extent that the quantized samples differ from the exact sample values.
Quantizing process, introduces noise in PCM signal, which depends upon word length “n”. The
signal to noise ratio (SNR), of a PCM signal is given by:
SNR = 3. 2".K or
SNR (dB) = 10.log(K) + 4.8 +6.0.n dB
where K is the ratio of rms to peak signal amplitudes and is always <1. For above it is obvious,
that SNR depends upon K and n. SNR improves by 6 dB whenever PCM word length “n”, is
increased by one bit.
In this experiment, use of 8 bit PCM (word length n-8) has been made. Clock signal of 64 KHz
has been made. Each PCM word (encoded signal sample), is followed by a zero to differentiate it
from the succeeding PCM word (next signal sample). PCM waveform is shown in Fig. 9.3
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Procedure:
1. Connect the ADS-6000 Trainer to the 220V AC power supply.
2. Turn on the trainer and verify the voltage of the power supply using the multimeter.
3. Connect Power connector to the Module ACS - 01
4. Connect the circuit as shown in Diagram

PCM ENCODER_
_ PCM DECODER

5. Connect scope CH1 to clock signal and verify its presence. Next connect CH2 to FRAME
SYNC OUT and verify the sampling signal. The sampling signal is also frame sync, since in this
6. staircase (S/H) waveform is present.

7. Next experiment we have single channel PCM system.

8. Keep Ch2 displaying the sampling sync, signal. Connect AF signal to ANALOG l/P of
Sample / Hold. Now connect Ch1 to S/HOLD O/P to display S/H signal. Increase AF
signal and verify that connect Ch1 to PCM OUT verify that PCM waveform is
available. Vary AF signal and verify that PCM signal also varies. Reduce AF signal to
zero. Verify that PCM signal becomes of fixed pattern.?
9. Connect Ch1 to ANALOG O/P PCM Decoder. Increase AF signal. S/H waveform of
demodulated AF signal will appear. Vary the amplitude of the AF signal and see that S/H
waveform also varies, accordingly. Change frequency of AF signal and see that
frequency of S/H signal also varies. Now insert the analog waveform to LPF. Smooth AF
signal will appear at OUTPUT.
10. Vary AF and see its response after LPF. Moreover we can adjust the output amplitude of
AF by varying POT 1 in PCM Decoder Section.
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Conclusion:
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Experiment No.12
Investigating PCM decoding technique in Digital to analogue conversion.

Equipment/Tools
• ADS-6000 Trainer
• Digital Multimeter (DMM)
• Dual Beam Oscilloscope
• ACS – 01
Theory
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) provides a method of digital transmission of analog messages. The analog
signal is sampled, quantized and coded to convert into digital signal. Block diagram of PCM generation
system is shown in Fig.9.1.

The analog signal is band limited by a LPF and applied to sample-and-hold unit. The sampled signal is
then rounded off to the nearest discrete value in a set of L quantized levels. The resulting waveform is
discrete in time (by virtue of sampling) and discrete in amplitude (by virtue of quantization). Next, an
encoder translates the quantized samples into digital code words. The encoder works with binary digits (0
& 1) and produces for each sample a code word consisting of n bits in parallel. The number of quantized
levels “L” and length of code word un", are related by:
L = 2n
Finally, successive code words are readout serially, to constitute PCM waveform. If f s is the sampling
frequency, then output bit rate of PCM waveform for word length n is nf#.
In PCM receiver (Fig. 2), the received signal contaminated by noise, is regenerated to yield a clean PCM
waveform. Using sync and timing information, the serial bits are converted into parallel words. DAC
(digital to analog converter) then regenerates sample and hold (staircase) waveform.
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This staircase waveform differs from original S/H waveform by the round off error, introduced in the
quantizer. Low pass filter then produces smoothed output signal, which differs from the original signal to
the extent that the quantized samples differ from the exact sample values.
Quantizing process, introduces noise in PCM signal, which depends upon word length “n”. The signal to
noise ratio (SNR), of a PCM signal is given by:
SNR = 3. 2".K or
SNR (dB) = 10.log(K) + 4.8 +6.0.n dB
where K is the ratio of rms to peak signal amplitudes and is always <1. For above it is obvious, that SNR
depends upon K and n. SNR improves by 6 dB whenever PCM word length “n”, is increased by one bit.
In this experiment, use of 8 bit PCM (word length n-8) has been made. Clock signal of 64 KHz has been
made. Each PCM word (encoded signal sample), is followed by a zero to differentiate it from the
succeeding PCM word (next signal sample). PCM waveform is shown in Fig. 9.3
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Procedure:
1. Connect the ADS-6000 Trainer to the 220V AC power supply.
2. Turn on the trainer and verify the voltage of the power supply using the multimeter.
3. Connect Power connector to the Module ACS - 01
4. Connect the circuit as shown in Diagram

5. Connect scope CH1 to clock signal and verify its presence. Next connect CH2 to FRAME SYNC
OUT and verify the sampling signal. The sampling signal is also frame sync, since in this experiment
we have single channel PCM system.
6. Keep Ch2 displaying the sampling sync, signal. Connect AF signal to ANALOG l/P of Sample /
Hold. Now connect Ch1 to S/HOLD O/P to display S/H signal. Increase AF signal and verify that
staircase (S/H) waveform is present.
7. Next connect Ch1 to PCM OUT verify that PCM waveform is available. Vary AF signal and
verify that PCM signal also varies. Reduce AF signal to zero. Verify that PCM signal becomes of
fixed pattern.?
8. Connect Ch1 to ANALOG O/P PCM Decoder. Increase AF signal. S/H waveform of demodulated
AF signal will appear. Vary the amplitude of the AF signal and see that S/H waveform also varies,
accordingly. Change frequency of AF signal and see that frequency of S/H signal also varies. Now
insert the analog waveform to LPF. Smooth AF signal will appear at OUTPUT.
9. Vary AF and see its response after LPF. Moreover we can adjust the output amplitude of AF by
varying POT 1 in PCM Decoder Section.
Conclusion:
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Experiment No.13
Study and Implementation of Pulse Time Modulation technique for analogue
signals.
Equipment /Tools:

1.ADS-6000 Trainer
2.ACS – 05
3.DMM
4.Dual Beam Scope
Theory:
Pulse Time Modulation represents a category of the pulse modulation techniques in' which the
timingof pulse, and not the amplitude, is varied parameter. Two types of Pulse Time Modulations
are pulse width modulation (PWM) and pulse position modulation (PPM). The analog signal is
sampled, and sample value is used to vary the width of th* pulse to produce PWM signal and
position of the pulse to output PPM signal.
Fig.1 shows the block diagram of pulse width and position modulator. Timing diagram relating
the modulating and the sampling signals to the PWM and PPM signals, is shown in Fig. 2.
Tlfe pulse width modulator shown in fig. 2 takes sampling signal and converts it into a Sawtooth
waveform using an integrator. The modulating signal is sampled and passed through sample and
hold circuit to generate a staircase signal, which is compared with sawtooth waveform using a
voltage comparator. The output of the comparator is the PWM signal which is then fed to pulse
generator which triggers at the -ve going transition and its output is the PPM signal. The PWM
and PPM signals Min be demodulated using a low pass filter.
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Pulse Width Modulation

1. Connect the ADS-6000 Trainer to the 220 AC power supply

2. Turn on the Trainer and verify the voltage of the power supply using the multimeter
3. Connect the power connector to the module ACS-05
4. Connect the circuit as shown in Diagram.

5. Connect scope to CLOCK and verify presence of Clock signal. Next connect CH1 of
scope to CLOCK O/P 1 and verify presence of sampling signal. Connect CH2 of the scope
to Function Generator verify presence of sine wave signal. Set level of sine wave signal to
1 Vpp
6. Next connect Ch2 to S/H SIGNAL l/P of Sample / Hold and observe sampling
7. signal. Connect scope to S/HOLD O/P and verify that it is staircase waveform. The
sampling signal is also connected to PTM where it is converted to saw tooth waveform
(fig. 1). The staircase and saw tooth waveforms are compared using a voltage comparator
in PTM its output is the pulse width modulated (PWM) waveform of applied AF input
signal. Connect sampled signal to Ch #1 and PWM output to Ch #2 of the scope. Verify
that at the position where amplitude of the sampled signal is of maximum amplitude, the
PWM signal has maximum pulse width. Vary amplitude of AF input signal, and see its
effect on the PWM signal.
8. Design a simple RC LPF with cut off frequency of 1KHz and connect PWM
signal to its input. Moves Ch1 probe to the output off RC LPF and draw the
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waveform. The output is the same sinusoidal waveform superimposed by a i very large
ripple. Reduce AF signal and measure the ripple frequency. What \ you can conclude
form here?

Pulse Position Modulation

 The PWM is inverted and applied to a RC differentiator followed by a diode 1 clipper,

which chops its —ve going part of the waveform. The differentiated : and clipped
waveform is inverted twice and its output is the PPM waveform. Move scope CH2 to
display PPM waveform. Vary AF signal and observe relative displacement of the pulse.
Connect RC LPF again to output of PPM signal and on the scope. This time the
demodulated AF signal will be much smaller in amplitude than that demodulated PWM
signal. Give reason for that.
 Reduce AF signal to zero and measure frequency of ripples in the recovered signal. You
will see the frequency will be same as that of CLK. Connect output of RC filter to the
Input of LPF and observe the smoothed output waveform.
Conclusion:
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Experiment No.14
To Study the FSK Modulation

Equipment/Tools

 ADS-6000 Trainer
 Oscilloscope
 Digital Multimeter
 DCS - 04

Theory:

So far we have carried out experiments regarding base band digital modulation techniques,
which are suitable for transmission of signals over wire and short distances. When base band
signal is transmitted over a radio link, its spectrum is shifted to high frequency range to
efficiently radiate the low frequency base band signal. A spectrum shift is also required to
transmit several message signals simultaneously by sharing the large bandwidth of the
transmission medium. The spectrum can be shifted to a higher frequency by modulating the
amplitude, phase and frequency of the high frequency carrier. In amplitude modulation, NRZ
base band signal y(t), is multiplied with the carrier cosct, we have modulated carrier y(t).cosct,
as shown in Fig.1. This modulation scheme of transmitting binary data is known as amplitude
shift keying (ASK). When the data is transmitted by varying the

ASK

FSK FSK

PSK

Fig.1

carrier frequency, the modulation scheme is known frequency shift keying (FSK). A “0” bit is
transmitted by a carrier pulse of “f1” frequency, and “1” bit is transmitted by carrier pulse of “f 2”
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frequency. FSK signal waveform, is shown in Fig.1. If the base band signal y(t), were polar
(where “1” data bit is represented by +ve pulse, and “0” bit is represented by –ve pulse), the
corresponding modulated signal would appear as shown in Fig.1. The phase of the carrier, when
“1” bit is transmitted differ by  radians than that when “0” bit is transmitted. The bit
information therefore resides in the phase of the carrier. This scheme is known as phase shit
keying. We will take up ASK & PSK in next experiment, however, we perform experiment on
FSK here. Mathematically, we can represent FSK signal as summation of two ASK signals as
under:
s(t) = y(t).cos(1t) + y(t).cos(2t)

where 1, 2 are carrier frequencies of ASK signals and y(t) & y(t) are NRZ and NRZ
complement are data signals. The PSD of FSK is then summation of PSD two AASK signals.
Practically, FSK is generated by modulating a frequency modulator with a digital signal y(t).
This type of FSK is known as Continuous–phase FSK “CPFSK” which can be represented
mathematically as,
s(t) = Ac.cos(ct +  +d

Procedure

FSK Modulator

1. Connect the ADS-6000 Trainer to the 220V AC power supply.

2. Turn on the trainer and verify the voltages of the power supply using the multimeter.
3. Connect the power connector to the module.
4. Connect the circuit as shown in Diagram.
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FSK MODULATOR FSK DEMODULATOR
FSK O/P FSK I/P

DATA I/P DATA O/P

DATA GENERATOR
DATA 1 PSK / ASK MODULATOR

CLOCK I/P CARRIER I/P

DATA I/P
DATA 2

DATA 3

DATA 4

CLOCK O/P

5. Connect Function Generator to Carrier I/P, this will generate Clock at CLOCK O/P, use
this clock to operate the Data Generator section.
6. Now connect FSK out signal to the CH2 and observe the waveform of frequency shift
keyed signal. At positions where NRZ signal is “1” FSK signal frequency is on higher
side as compare to when NRZ data is “0”.
7. Remove NRZ data from FSK input and connect it to +5 volt supply. Measure on scope
the output frequency of the FSK modulator. Next connect DATA I/P to ground and
again measure the frequency. Record the results in the table below.

Data Input Output Frequency

1
0

Mean Frequency =

 Reconnect NRZ2 data to the FSK data input. Observe FSK output signal NRZ2 input
signal on the scope. Plot the two waveforms. Vary CLK rate knob on the trainer till data
rate becomes equal to100 baud.
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FSK Demodulator
 The FSK signal is demodulated using a phase lock loop. FSK Demodulation section of
the module will be used for this purpose. Observe VCO free running frequency at Test
point TP3 (pin # 12 of IC XR2211), on the scope. Using 10K potentiometer, adjust VCO
frequency till it is equal to the mean of the two frequencies recorded in table above.
 Now apply FSK modulated signal to the FSK Demodulated signal. The modulating data
NRZ signal will appear at the output of the demodulator. If the NRZ data is not
recovered properly, then readjust VCO frequency slightly. Display the recovered NRZ
data on CH1 and original NRZ data on CH2 of the scope. Compare the two waveforms.
Conclusion:

Questions

 Why there is need to band limit the FSK signal before transmission?

 Explain the reason for ringing in the recovered data.

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Experiment No.15
To Study the PSK and ASK Modulation

Equipment/Tools

 ADS-6000 Trainer
 Oscilloscope
 Digital Multimeter
 DCS - 04

Theory

We have already discussed digital carrier modulation schemes and we performed experiment on
frequency shit keying (FSK). In this experiment we will look at Phase Shift Keying (PSK) and
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). Briefly, in PSK, it is phase changes of a sine wave that
represents the binary ones and zeroes of digital signals. A binary zero is 180 out of phase
(phase shifted) with respect to a binary one. Each phase shift occurs at 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 transition.
The amplitude and frequency of the carrier remains constant. Mathematically, PSK signal is
represented by the following equation:

y(t).coswt + y(t). cos(wt+180)

Where y(t) is the NRZ/Manchester signal. Fig 7.1C shows PSK modulated signal for given NRZ
data. In ASK, it is the amplitude difference or the presence and absence of a sine wave that
represents the binary ones and zeroes. A binary 1 represents fixed amplitude sine wave and
absence of sine wave carrier represents, zero. Fig7.a shows the ASK signal. Mathematically,
ASK signal is represented by y(t).coswt.

PSK modulator is shown in Fig.1, where coswt and cos(wt+180) are generated by a phase
shifter. The NRZ data y(t) and its complement y(t), are multiplied in Digital switch IC 4046,
with coswt and cos(wt+180) carrier, respectively. The two components are added together to
generate PSK signal. To generate ASK signal, y(t).cos(wt+180) is set to zero.

NRZ NRZ to PSK

Bipolar B
converter M

cost

ASK
B
M
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Fig.1
To demodulate PSK or ASK signals, a balance modulator is used where ASK & PSK signals are
demodulated synchronously by multiplying the signals with the carrier. The demodulated signals
are passed through LPF to recover y(t) data waveform.

Procedure:
PSK Modulation:

1. Connect the ADS-6000 Trainer to the 220V AC power supply.

2. Turn on the trainer and verify the voltage of the power supply using the multimeter.
3. Connect Power connector to the Module ACS – 04
4. Connect the circuit as shown in Diagram
BALANCED MODULATOR
PSK / ASK MODULATOR MIXER
DATA GENERATOR ASK/PSK O/P ASK/PSK I/P
DATA 1 DATA I/P DEMODULATED O/P

CLOCK I/P

DATA 2
CARRIER I/P

DATA 3

CARRIER I/P

DATA 4
CLOCK O/P

5. Connect Function Generator to Carrier I/P, this will generate Clock at CLOCK O/P, use
this clock to operate the Data Generator section
6. Short the Jumper J1 to get PSK modulated output at ASK/PSK O/P.
7. Connect CH2 to PSK output. You will see PSK modulated waveform as shown in Fig.2.
Adjust AF signal to avoid any clipping in the waveform. Move CH2 probe between PSK
O/P and data I/P terminals. Draw the waveforms of data I/P and PSK o/p signals. Verify
that phase of the carrier changes by 180 at data transitions.

ASK

FSK

PSK
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 PSK is demodulated using balance modulator with AF carrier and PSK input signals. The
AF carrier is applied to the modulator. Connect PSK modulated waveform to the balance
modulator. Monitor output waveform of demodulator on scope. Adjust 50K pot till you
get clear waveform. Now design a simple RC LPF of cut off frequency 120Hz (AF/4)
and observe its output, which will be same as that of NRZ1.

ASK Modulator

1. that output is ASK waveform i.e. when data is 1 carrier is present and when it is zero,
Open the Jumper J1 to get ASK Output at ASK/PSK O/P.
2. Verify carrier is absent.

Now connect the ASK modulated waveform to the demodulator as done in case of PSK above.
Verify that the demodulator output will be same as NRZ data input to ASK modulator.
Conclusion:
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Questions
 Why ASK signal was not band limited in the experiment?

 What is the bandwidth of ASK signal if data rate is 10 baud’s?

 Plot demodulated ASK signal and explain why the reason for ringing?