Minerals and Energy Resources Important Facts 1 10, " 12, 13, 14, 15, Minerals — An indispensable part of our lives. Almost everything we use are made from minerals. Homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure. Lignite— Allow grade brown coal Ore - Minerals are usually found in Ores. It is an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements. Haematite — The most important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity used but has only 50-60% iron content. Magnetite — The finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70% Petroleum — Impure or raw mineral oil which is the next major energy source in India after coal. Mining — The extraction of useful and commercially viable minerals. Ferrous Minerals — Containing iron e.g. iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt ete. Mumbai High — The oil field in Arabian sea near Mumbai which produces 63% of India's Petroleum. Nuclear Power - Nuclear or Atomic (Power Energy) is obtained by altering the structure of atoms. Nuclear Minerals-The matters which consists the nuclear power such as Uranium, Thorium ete. Biogas - Energy which is obtained from the decomposition of organic matters, such as wet-dry grass, agricultural wastes, animal and human defecate ect Metallic Minerals - Minerals which have more metallic content e.g. iron ore, bauxite ete, Non-Metalic Minerals - Minerals which have no metal portion e.g. lime stone, potash etc. Geologist — Who study the formation of minerals their age and their physical and chemical composition Major mineral producing areas in IndiaName of the Producing States and Regions tron Ore Chattisgarh (Balladila), Jharkhand (Gua, Nuamandi). Orissa (Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar), Goa, Kamataka (Kudremukh) ‘Manganese Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Karanataka, Maharastra, Goa Bauxite (Aluminium) [Orissa (Panchpatmali, Koraput), Gujarat, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Chattisgarh (Bilaspur), Madhya Pradesh (katni, Amarkantak) Mica’ Jharkhand (Koderma - Gaya - Hazaribagh belt), Rajasthan (Ajmer), Andhra Pradesh (Nellore), Bihar ete. ‘Copper Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan (Khetri), Jharkhand (Singbhum), Kamataka, Andhra Pradesh Gold Karnataka (Kolar), Bihar etc. Coal Jhafrkhand, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra ete. Mineral Oil Mumbai High, Bassien, Assam (Digboi, Naharkatia, Moran- Hugrijan), Gujarat (Ankeleshwar, Kalol), Arunachal Pradesh, ‘Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu Very Short answer type Questions (One Marker) Where does the minerals occurin sedimentary rocks? Which is the finest quality of iron ore? Where does Manganese used? Inwhich industry lime stone is used asa basic raw material? Which mineral is found in Monazite sands? Which are the non-conventional energy resources? Where does the largest solar plant of Indiais located? Where does the two experimental projects have been set up in India to hamess geothermal energy? 9. Whatis Rat-Hole mining? 10. Why Mumbai high is famous for? 11. Name the hardest mineral? 12. Which minerals largely derived from the ocean waters? 13, Name the mineral in which Indiais the leading producer in the world? 14. State the importance and uses of copper? 15. Name the highest quality hard coal? 16. Where does the largest wind farm clusters found in India? PN OTRENSAnswer Key :- AA A2. A3. AA. AS AS. AT. AS. AQ. In beds or layers. Magnetite Content of iron up to 70% Itis used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints. Cement Industry. Thorium, Wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy, Geo-thermal energy. ‘AtMadhapur near Bhuj (Gujarat). In the Parvati Vally near Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh and in the Puga Valley,Ladakh. In Jowai and Cherapunjee the coal mining is done by family members in the form of a long narrow tunnel, known as a Rat-Hole mining. A.10. The largest Petroleum producing area of India.63% Att Diamondis the hardest mineral. 12. Magnesium, Common salt and bromine. ALB. Mica. A.14. Itis malleable, ductile and a good conductor. Copper is mainly used in electrical cables, electronic and chemical industries. A415. Anthracite. 16. Nagarcoil (Tamil Nadu) and Jaisalmer (Rajasthan), Short/Long Answer type questions (3/5 Marks) OMawYNa oe " 12, 13, How minerals are significant for us? How many types of minerals are there and how these are classified? How minerals are formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks? Distinguish between Ferrous and Non-Ferrous minerals? Mention about three majoriron ore belts of India? In which form Mica is found? Mention it's major deposits area in India? Whatare the main uses of Mica? Name the Natural gas pipe line popular as Artery of gas transport in India? Mention the name of two key users of natural gas? "The future of Solar energy is bright in India.’ Why? Differenciate between Thermal power and Hydel power? Why Mumbai high is famous? What is it's contribution in National economy? Why does the mining industry is called a killer industry? How can we save or conserve energy? Why do we need to conserve the minerals ? Mention some ways of mineral conservation?14. 15. “Solar energy is an important energy resource for India in future.” Write your views in favour of the statement Why the conservation of mineral resources is essential? Write three measures of conservation of mineral resources? Answer Key Al. A2. AB. AA. AS. ASG. Almost everything we use in our daily life, from tiny pin to a big ship alll are made from minerals. Towering buildings, machinery, utensils, means of transport, railway line and bridges too are made from minerals. Even the food that we eat contains the minerals There are three types of minerals (i) Metallic minerals (ii) Non-Metallicminerals and (iii) Energy minerals, This classification is based on their colour, shine, hardness, density and crystallisation, In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crvices, faults and joints. The smaller occurences are called veins and the larger are called lodes.In most cases they are formed when minerals in liquid / molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth's surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained from veins and lodes. Ferrous Minerals Non-Ferrous Minerals 4. Containing iron 1. No iron portion 2. Iron, ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt etc. [ 2. Copper, lead, tin, bauxite etc. There are four major iron ore belts in India- 1. Orissa-Jharkhand belt 2, Maharashtra-Goa belt 3. Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt 4, Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt Mica is made up ofa series of plates or leaves.Mica deposits are found in- (i) Thenorthern edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau. (i) Koderma Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand and Bihar. (iil), Around Ajmer in Rajasthan. (iv) Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh Micais used in Electric and electronic industries.AT. AS. AQ. The 1700 km long Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur cross country gas pipeline links Mumbai High and Bassien with the fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India. The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas. Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)for vehicles to replace liquid fuels is, gaining popularity in the country. (i) Indiaisa tropical country. (ii) Itis pollution free. (ii) tisa renewable resource. (iv) Rural house holds can easily take it's advantage. Thermal Power (Thermal electricity) Hydel Power (Hydro electricity) This electricity is generated by the use of coal, petroleum and natural gas. This is full of pollution. Nota permanent source of energy. Based onnon-renewable resources like coal. More then 310 thermal power stations are in India like Talcher, Panki, Namrup, Uran, Neyvelietc. . This is generated by fast flowing water power which force torun the turbines. Thisis pollution ree. permanent energy resource, Based on renewable resource ie. water. India has a number of multi-purpose projecs like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar valley corporation, the Kopil Hydel Projectetc. A.10. The off-shore oil field near Mumbaiis called Mumbai High. It produces ANN AA2. 63% of total oil production of India. Thus Foreign currency is saved This industry effects the health of the miners and the environment. (i) They have to breath in dust and noxious fumes (ii) Miners inhales this regularly which make vulnerable to pulmonary diseases. The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coalmine are a constant threat to miners, The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil and increase in stream and river pollution. The electric switches should be off when notin use. Public transport or pooling should be used. As the conventional sources of energy are limited they should be used carefully. Renewable resources should be used. The power saving instruments and devices should be used (ii) (iv) (v) (i) (ii) (ii) (iv) (v)A13. (i) Minerals are the base of our agriculture and Industries. (ii) Are finite and non-renewable. (iii) The stock is very limited. The total deposits is an insignificant fractioni.e. one percent of the earth's crust. (iv) Takes millions of years to be created and concentrated (v) Weare rapidly consuming mineral resources. Methods of conservation of Resources- Ans. AAS. ()) Lowwastage during mining and excavation. (ii) Asfaras possible use wood or plastic (Certified). (iii), Reuse the junk waste and old things. (iv) Recycle metals, use scrap metals and search other substitute. (v) Useina planned and sustainable manner. India is a tropical country. Ithas enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. India has a great potential of Solar energy. If used in appropriate way, it can prove beneficial in the future. Solar energy is becoming fast popular in different parts of the country, especially in rural and remote areas. It can be used for cooking, heating of water, pumping, refrigeration, street lighting and room heating as well as water boiling in cold areas. The largest solar plantin India is located at Madhapur near Bhuj in Gujarat. Here the Solar energy is used to sterilize the big milk cans. Solar energy can be used in future by following ways: (i) Forenvironmental conservation (ii) Togenerate and provide electricity (iii) To provide fuel to vehicles (iv) Torun machines and tools (v) To minimize the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes and providing them a source of lighting and cooking and thus giving alot of organic manure for agriculture. Minerals are required in all spheres of our life and thus we are depended on minerals. Agriculture, industries and domestic purposes we are consuming minerals rapidly. This consumption is very fast and sometimes even more than the requirements. Mineral formation requires millions of years to be formed and concentrated. So the judicious use of these is essential. To save these valuable resources from exhaustion and to preserve them for future generation as well, we should conserve our mineral resources. Some of the methods are: (i) Judicious use and less consumption (ii) Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allowuse of low grade ores atlow costs. (iii) Causing minimum wastage of minerals during the process of mining and processing of minerals. (iv) Using minerals in a planned manner by adopting the policy of recycle and reuse. (v) Searching some other eco-friendly options like CNG.Manufacturing Industries Things to Remember 12, 13, 14, 15, Manufacturing-Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products. Industry - The expended form of manufacturing Basic or key industries - Which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. Iron and steel industry. Agro based Industries - Which changes agricultural products into industrial products. Cottage Industry - With the help of small tools and involving family members e.g. khadi, handicrafts etc. Small scale industries-Industries which can be started with small amount of capital and with a few labours, Heavy industries - The industries which uses heavy and more space occupying raw material like iron and steel, sugar, cementete. Private sector industries - Owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals, e.g. Dabur, Bajajetc. Public sector industries-Owned and operated by government agencies e.g. BHEL, SAIL, GAlLetc. Joint sector industries - Which are jointly run by the state and individuals ora group of individuals, e.g. Oil India Ltd. Cooperative sector industries - These are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala. Foreign Exchange - The exchange of a country's currency to another state. Foreign currency - The medium of exchange which is used to buy and sell goods with other countries, by a government. Mineral based industries - Which use minerals as their raw material. Such as machine tools, cement, iron and steel ete. Industrial Sickness - Loss or shut down of an industry.Very short answer type questions 1 Whatis manufacturing? 2. — Which factor plays a most important role in the establishment of an industry? 3. _ Whatis the importance of manufacturing industries? 4, Enlist the factors influence the location of industries? 5. Whatare Key or basic industries? 6. — Which iron and steel plant of India is established with the German collaboration? 7. When and where the first successful cotton industry was established in India? 8. Whichagency provide steel for public sector in market? 9. Write any one reason why the plants of cement industry are established in Gujarat? 10. Whenand where the first cement industry was established in India? 11. Namethe electronic capital of India? 12. Whatdoes Secondary Activities (industries) mean? 13. _Inwhich industry lime stone is used asa raw material? 14. Why Perambur (Tamil Nadu) is famous? 15. Whichis the largest producer of Jute in the world ? 16. _Inwhich state Bhilai Steel plantis located? 17. Namethe Industries which increase the air pollution? 18. Name the industries which increase the noise pollution? Answer Key AA. Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing A2. Minimum/lower production cost. A3. By the development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries the agricultural production increases and trade-commerce get support and efficiency. A4. Availability of raw material, labour, capital, market, sources of power, financial institution etc.AS. AS. AT. AS. AQ. AAO. Att AA2 AA3 AAS. AAS. ANG. Aq7. AB. The industries on which other industries are dependent for raw material and production e.g. iron and steel industry, aluminium industry, smelting industry etc. Rourkela(Orissa). In Mumbai 1854. Stee! Authority of India Limited(SAIL) In Gujarat the Industry has suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries. In Chennai 1904. Bengaluru People employed in the secondary activities (Industries) manufacture the primary materials into finished goods Cement industry. For Rail coach and goods coach manufacturing Bangladesh Chhattisgarh, Smelting industry, Chemical and Paper industry, Oil refineries, brick kilns. Generators,Industrial and Construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, saws and pneumaticand electric drils. Short/Long answer type questions- 1. 2. Describe the three physical factors affecting the location of industries? Mention about the three human factors effecting the location of an industry? Distinguish between the Public and Private sector industries? Why most of the jute mills are mainly located in West Bengal? Why the manufacturing industries are considered as the backbone of economic development of India? Which challenges are being faced by the Sugarindustry in India? ‘Agriculture and Industry are not separate but complimentary to each other’. Explain. Whatare the problems at before the cotton industry in India?10. " 12, 13, 14, 15, Why the development of Cement industry is very important for our country? How the liberalisation and direct foreign investment have made a rapid growth in the automobile industry of India ? Explain Which challenges are being faced by the Jute industry of India? Describe the various measures taken by the industries to reduce the environmental pollution? Describe the contribution of India's information and technology industry in the economic development. Describe the methods to make Indian industries up to the International standards? Throw light on the rising importance of Tourism in India? Answer Key AA A2. AB. (i) Availability of raw material. (ii) Energy and power resources. (iii) Suitable climate. (iv) Land (v) Availability of water.(Inexpensive and abundant in case of some industries like Jute) (i) Labour (ii) Capital (ii) Bazaar/Markets! (iv) Services like Transport, Communication, Banking, Insurance ete. (v) Financial advice (vi) Government policies (vii) Infrastructure (vii) Entrepreneur Public sector industries - Those industries which are owned and operated by any organisation of central government or state government such as Indian Railways, Shipping industries, Iron and steel industries of Durgapur and Bhilai etc. Private sector industry-Those industries which are owned and operated by individuals or firms or companies. Such as Britannia industry which makes bread and biscuits, TISCO in Jamshedpur.AA. AS. AS. AT. AB. (i) The West Bengalis the largest producer of Jute in India. (ii) Abundant and inexpensive water from the Hugli river for processing raw jute. (iii) Cheap labour from West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh (iv) Supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills. (v) Inexpensive (Cheap) water transport and Kolkata port for export of, jute goods. (vi) Being a large urban centre Kolkata provides banking, insurance and other facilities. ‘Asa body gets shape only with the presence of backbone like wise the major base or foundation of the economy of a country is Manufacturing industries. As these- (i) Help in modernising agriculture. (ii) Provides employments in secondary and tertiary service sectors. (ii) Brings in, much needed foreign exchange. (iv) Ishelpfulin providing unemployment and poverty. (v) Increases National income. (vi) Futfils daily needs. (i) Thisisa seasonal and short term industry. (ii) Sugarcane production per hectare is low. (iii) Old machines in use. Inefficient method of production (iv) Need to maximise the use of baggase. (v) Transport delay in reaching cane to factories. Agriculture produces raw material such as cotton, jute, sugarcane etc. for industries, in a big quantity. Industries provide fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, machines etc. to farmers for agricultural development, which increases agricultural production. Industries have made it very convenient and easy to sell and send agricultural products upto markets. (i) Oldand traditional technique. (ii), Low output of labour. (iii) Stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry. (iv) Erratic power supply. (v) Lack of new machinery and need of up-gradation especially in weaving and processing sectors.AQ. (i) Essential for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments. (ii) Ourcement industry provides best quality product. (iii) There is a great demand in Asian and African countries and within India also, (iv) Thisindustry is doing wellin production and as export (v) Decontro! of price and distribution since 1989 and other policy reforms led the cement industry to make rapid strides in capacity, process, technology and production A.10. (i) The coming in of new and contemporary models stimulated the demands for vehicles in the market after the liberalisation. (ii) It led to the healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and three wheelers. (iii) Foreign direct investment brought in new technology and aligned the industry with global developments. (iv) The industry had experienced a quantum jump in less than 15 years. (v) At present there are 15 manufacturers of passenger cars,9 of commercial vehicles, 14 of the two and three wheelers. Things from synthetic fibre are in the market. Synthetic fibre is cheap, compare to jute. i) The jute cultivation is very expensive and hard Stiff competition in the international market from other substitutes isabig challenge. (v) Bangladesh is a big challenge as a competitor while Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand are other competitors. A.12. (i) Polluted water should be treated before draining in rivers. (ii) Reduction of smoke by using oil and gas instead of coal (iii) Use of hyde! power. (iv) Use of machinery which reduce noise. (v) Solid waste like fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags should be treaded before open dump. 13. (i) Provides employment. (ii) Has been a major foreign exchange earmer. The number of working women have been increased Att,AAS. AAS. (iv) The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India. (v) Software technology parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts. (i) Political will power anda stable Government. (ii), Modem techniques and machines. (ii) Increasing energy supply. (iv) Best working facilities to the workers/labours and improvement in their production ability. (v) Increasing standards of production and intemational trade treaties. (vi) Making law and order better in the nation and abolishment of unnecessary labour laws. (i) Fastest growing tertiary sector industry of the world. (ii) Provides 250 million(2500 lakh) jobs to the people. (ii) Total revenue eared is 40% of Gross domestic product(GDP). (iv) Acause of development in trade and industries. (v) Improvementin the basic infrastructure of the country. (vi) Helpful in maintaining and growing international fraternity (harmony). Many new forms of Tourism like medical tourism etc. have been popular in recent years.Life lines of National Economy Things to remember 1 10, "1 12, 13, Life lines of a country-Modern means of communication and transport which brings people together and helps in local, national and interational rade. Means of Transport-Means of transports which make possible the movement of goods, services and humans/animals from one place to another place. Means of communication-Methods through which information, news, dialogue etc. communicated from one place and person to another place and person are called means of communication. Such as newspaper, radio, T.V. telephone, mobile phone, e-mailetc. Golden Quadrilateral-The six lane superhighways which being implemented by National highway Authority of India(NHAl) and connects Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai (the four metro cities) National Highways-Four to six lane highways which connects or link extreme parts of the country and maintained by Central Public Works Department (CPWD) Border Roads-Border Roads Organisation a Government of India undertaking constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. These roads are border roads and improve the accessibility inareas of dfficultterrain. Trade-Exchange of goods and services among different peoples, states and countries referred to as trade. International Trade-Trade between two and more countries is called International trade. 95% of country's trade volume is moved by sea. Balance of Trade-The balance of trade of a country is the difference between it's export and import. Rail Transport-A major means of transport in India. The Indian Railways isnow reorganised in 16 zones in 2003. Gauge or track-Itis the distance between the two tracks of rail Port-The manmade place or facility near the sea cost where ships, boats and barges can be docked to load unload people, things etc. Fuel and other needs can also be taken here. Aportis different than a harbour. Tidal port - A port in which the water level within the port is subject tochange with the ocean tides. These ports are found in coastal region. e.g. Kandla, 14, New forms of Tourism-Heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism. Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year. Very Short Answer type Questions Which two stations are linked by East-West corridor? Whereis the head quarter of Northern Railways situated? When and where did the first train start running in India? Which is the oldest artificial port in India? What do you understand by the road density? Between which two place national waterways no.1 is navigable? How long itis? 7. Which two stations are linked by North-South corridor? 8. Whatdoes pipeline transport mean? 9. Whatis the total length of India's coast line? 10. Which sea portis the major portin context to the export of Iron ore? 11. Whichis the first port developed after the independence. 12. Name two inland waterways of India? 13, When did the airways nationalised in India? 14. Which measures were taken to facilitate quick delivery of mails in large towns and cities? 15. In which area of India the air transport has been provided to common people asa special provision? PArenNs ANSWER KEY -: ‘A. Silchar (Assam) to Porbandar(Gujarat) A2. Delhi A3. On 16 April, 1853 between Mumbai to Thane(34 km.) AA. Chennai AS. The length of road per hundred sq. km. of area is known as density of roads. A6. Between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km long). A7. Srinagar with Kanyakumari 8. Anew means of transport. A new arrival on the transportation map of India. Through which water is transported to houses and farms, andcrude oil, petrol products and natural gas transported to gas refineries and thermal power stations. A9.7516.6km A.10, Marmagao. A11.Kandla Port. A12. (i) Onriver Ganga-between Allahabad and Haldia. (ii) Onriver Brahmaputra-between Sadiya and Dhubri A13. In 1953, A.14, Six mail channels have been introduced. They are called Rajdhani channel, Metro channel, Green channel, Business channel, Bulk mail channel and Periodical channel. A.15. InNorth eastern states. LONG/SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS -: PNOMERENS 10. " 12, 13, 14, Describe any three advantages of Mass communication? Describe the advantages of Pipeline Transport? Write any three features of Golden Quadrilateral super highways? Write the name of any three Railway zones and their headquarters? ‘Road transport is more important than the Rail transport’. Why? Explain the importance of Airtransport ? Whatare the major challenges of road transport? Write the reasons behind the unequal distribution of Rail network in India? Howis the tourism is helpful in the development of economy as a trade or industry? Classify the Indian roads on the basis of their capacity? Differentiates between the International and local trade? Why the transport and means of communication are called the lifelines of an economy? Which means of Transport is being used mostly in the North-Eastern states of India? Why this means of transport is used in these states give fourreasons? “The progress of international trade of a country indicates the economic prosperity of that country. "Prove this statement with five logics.ANSWERKEY-: AA.(i) (il) (ii) (iv) (v) A2.(i) (ii) (iy (iv) (v) A3.(i) (ii) (iii) (wv) (wv) A4.(i) (i) (iii) AS. (i) i) (ii) (iv) (v) Mass communication provides entertainment. Creates awareness among people about various National programme and policies. Itspreads knowledge. It broadcasts a variety of programmes from entertainment, educational to sports, etc. Doordarshan, the national television channel of India is the medium of national message and is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. Pipeline transport network is used to transport water to cities and industries, crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertiizer factories and big thermal power plants. Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal. Itrules outtrans-shipment losses or delays. Pipelines make transport fast, safe and easy. Itsaves time and reduce pressure on rail transport It's six lane super highways. It links the mega cities of India i.e. Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi. Itreduces the time and distance between the mega cities of India. Itis under the NHAI it's a major road development project of our country. Northern Railway Zone-New Delhi Western Railway zone-Mumbai ‘Southern Railway zone-Chennai Road transport was started before the rail transport, Construction and management is easy thus can built and maintained easily Construction cost ofroads is much lower than that of railway lines. Can be constructed on mountains, and difficult terrains. It also provide door- to- door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower.(vi) Road transports also used as a feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports. A6.(i) It is fastest among all, Take lesser time to reach one place to another. (ii) Itisa most comfortable. (iii) It’s prestigious mode of transport. (iv) It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests and also long oceanic stretches with great ease. (v)_ On the border, to maintain the force and to provide them food and ration at earliest. A7.(i) Almost half of the roads are unmetalled roads and go out of use in the rainy season. (ii) Roads are insufficient in compare to transport and commuters. (iii) Roads are narrow and crowded due to the increasing number of vehicles. (iv) Itleads to trafficjams and road rage (v)_ Even National highways are insufficient. A8.(i) It is difficult to lay railway lines on mountainous region and it is expensive too. (ii) The northem plains with their vast level land provides favourable condition for Rail construction. Here construction is easy and construction costis low. (iii) High population density and rich agricultural resources provide the most favourable condition for the growth. (iv) Due to sparse population and lack of economic activities it was difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plains of western Rajasthan andin the hilly terrains of the peninsular region. (v) Due to administrative reasons and Government policies also the development of Railways effected A9.(i) Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades, (ii) More than 15 million(150 lakhs)people are directly engaged in this, industry. (iii) Tourism also promotes national integration.(iv) It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage. (v)_ Italso provide supportto local handicrafts and cultural pursuits. (vi) Itcontributes significantly in earning foreign exchange A.10,(i) Golden Quadrilateral superhighways-It is a superhighway of six lanes. (ii) National Highways-Links extreme parts of the country. (iii) State Highways-Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters. (iv) District Roads-These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district. (v) Border Roads-Border Roads Organisation construct and maintains roads in the bordering area of the country. These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in the economic development of these areas. AA International Trade Local Trade 1. Carriedbetweentwo countries. | 4. Carried among village, town and cities. 2. Atalarge scale. 2. Atasmallscale. 3. Foreign currencyisexchanged | 3. Currency remains in the same country. 4. Fulfil needs for the entire public] 4. Fulfils the need and necessities of | welfare. (whole world) local people only. 5. Advancement of international] 5. Advancement of local trade also] trade of a country is an index to its benefits a country indirectly. economic prosperity. A12. i) _Thetrade, transport and communication are complementary to each other. ii) Connects the far reaching areas of the country and the world ili) Encourage the national and international tourism, iv) Brings foreign exchange v) _ Life gets comfortable and easy. vi) The whole country unites in emergency. A.13, Though the air travel has made transportation in north-eastern states easier with the presence of big rivers, dissected relief, denseANS. forests and frequent floods and international frontiers, etc. but it is not in the reach of the common man, as it is expensive. Therefore mostly inland waterways are being used as the most common means of transport in the north-eastern states of India. The reason behind are- (i) Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. (ii) They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. (iii) Itis fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode of transport. (iv) Road and Rail transport are not very much developed in north- easter states. (v) Here rivers make harbours and ports for the inland navigation waterways. Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to it's economic prosperity. It is, therefore, considered the economic barometer for a country. Following facts justifies and prove this- (i) Due to the progress of the international trade the living standard of the people of a country prospers. (ii) Developed nations get foreign exchange by selling their high quality goods to other countries. (iii), Developed countries produce/manufacture goods more than their requirements and exports in foreign countries. (iv) Developing countries depends on developed countries in many ways. (v) Under developed countries depends on other countries and have to give a big part of theirincome to developed countries. (vi) Itincreases employment opportunities. (vii) Much needed foreign currency stock increases.