1) thesis (In caertésün'arhesiswartöni

Analysis:paragraph
writing
presenti
=>

forms,
no short

quotations

3) Bezug
·
zu
Aufgabenstellung

non-fictional

we n
*-
numbers, facts, experts
sentences
paragraphs,
->
-

-> talking to reader

-> Intention
fictional:1) atmosphere: ->
->
introduction, conclusion
opinion?
-> development
->
persuading?

2) setting:- time and place (times scale (when, not

how long)

-characters reaction

-> choice ofwords, tope,theme

-> directly or indirectly described

3) characterisation:-> relationships personal data

=>

->
groups(social, ethnic =>
outward appearance
↳> development character traits
=>
(positive, negative)

coutward appearance, age)

(thoughts, feelings, activities, behavior,

they
what say is said about them

4) narrative perspective:is Ithird person

first (second:talking to reader, you'l
-> limited/ omniscient
third-person
->
figural narrative situation (third person, 1 character)
-> effect on reader

(5) plot: - cause and effect

-> readers attention (tension, suspense)

-> climax, turning point, ending, concludinglopen), flashbacks)
summary:type, titte, author, date, source, topic
present (past havelnas ed), long forms, indirectspeech
=
=>
...

>

comment:1) state personal opinion

2) elaborate accordingto opinion (discuss:prof contral
3)conclude

e (Einleitung)
debate statement: with audience
-like comment
,

->
ausgeschmückt, nicht sachlich (catching introduction)
-> personal opinion

mediation:->
blog post, email, ...

↳
headline, introduction (bear ...), email:from + to. Betreff/subject)
 stylistic devices
alliteration 3 or more Wards Start with the some letter

allvsion He was being such !

e.
g
: a
Scrooge
anaphora repetition of Wards

antithesis the opposite d- an idea (thesis ) alreadyputforward

con notation ( negative positive ) Special Word field

Climax werds in orden

Contrast opposing views words

ellipsis leaving out Word Ist

" " "" " "" ""

"
evphemism make smth Sound betten than it is

Serious
exaggeration or Comic effect

example

Irony the opposite of what is meant

jvxtaposition very Strong contrast ( but ,

however ,
nevertheless )

Metapher comparison , usvally vnlike ( is ,

are )

Paradox seerns impossible ,

2 correct opposing Ideas

parallelism

represestinganimo.IS/objectsashvmanspronovns
person ification

e. g. incl Ude himself / reader ( l ,

we
, you )

repetition
rhetorical question

simile Camparison of Zthings that are not really like each other ( like ,
as )

Symbol e. g. red rose = love

Word play / pvn understand in 2 different Ways

?⃝
Skills LK Englisch Q1
Analysing narrative texts
Skills LK Englisch Q1
Analysing narrative texts
Skills LK Englisch Q1
Analysing narrative texts
 Operatoren für das Fach Englisch
Abitur ab 2017
Aufgabenart 1.1
Klausurteil A Schreiben mit Leseverstehen, integriert
Klausurteil B schriftliche Sprachmittlung (D > E), isoliert
Die Übersicht enthält Operatoren, die für das im Abitur vorgesehene Klausurformat Schreiben mit integriertem
Leseverstehen in Klausurteil A und Sprachmittlung in Klausurteil B infrage kommen.

Ein Grundstock von Operatoren für weitere Kompetenzbereiche ist in den „Konstruktionshinweisen – Neue
Aufgabenformate in den modernen Fremdsprachen“ erhältlich (Download auf der Seite
https://www.standardsicherung.schulministerium.nrw.de/cms/ s/ c / c c ).

Die Operatoren können unterschiedlichen Anforderungsbereichen zugeordnet werden (vgl. Kapitel 4 der
Kernlehrpläne für moderne Fremdsprachen, Sekundarstufe II, Gymnasium/Gesamtschule).

Klausurteil A Schreiben, Leseverstehen integriert

Operator Erläuterung Illustrierendes Aufgabenbeispiel

analyse describe and explain in detail Analyse the way(s) in which atmosphere is created in
the opening scene.

assess express a well-founded opinion Against the background of the ideas put forward in
on the nature or quality of the text, assess the importance of learning
sb./sth. languages for a young person’s future.

evaluate express a well-founded opinion Evaluate the success of the steps taken so far to
on the nature or quality of reduce pollution as described in the text
sb./sth.
examine describe and explain in detail Examine the opposing views on social class held by
the two protagonists.

give / write a provide a thorough analysis of Give a characterization of the protagonist in the
characterization of a character excerpt.

!comment (on) state one’s opinion clearly and

support one’s view with
evidence or reasons
Comment on the writer’s view on gender roles.

compare show similarities and Compare the opinions on education held by the
differences experts quoted in the text.

describe give a detailed account of what Describe the soldier’s situation as depicted in the text..
sb./sth. is like

-
discuss give arguments or reasons for Discuss the message of the cartoon, referring to
and against, especially to come work done on the British monarchy.
to a well-founded conclusion
explain make sth. clear by giving Explain the protagonist’s obsession with money.
reasons for and details, aspects
of sth.
illustrate use examples to explain or Illustrate the way in which according to the author
make clear school life in Britain differs from that in Germany.

interpret explain the meaning, purpose Interpret the sonnet, focusing on the way structure and
or message of sth. imagery are used to express the speaker’s insight into
the nature of time.

⑤
outline give the main features, Outline Panem’s history as presented in this excerpt.
structure or general principles
of sth.
point out find and explain certain aspects Point out the aspects that underline…
state present the main aspects of sth. State the author’s key reasons for taking a gap year.
briefly and clearly

!
summarize, give a concise account of the Summarize/Sum up the information about
sum up main points or ideas of a text, green energy given in the text.
issue or topic
write (+ text type) produce a text with specific Write the ending of the story / a letter to the
features editor / a dialogue, etc. Write an interior
monologue that reflects the character’s view of
the situation and her / his feelings.

Klausurteil B Sprachmittlung isoliert

Die Aufgabenstellung für die Sprachmittlung enthält einen situativen Kontext mit mit Hinweisen zu Adressat
und Zieltextformat.

Operator Erläuterung Illustrierendes Aufgabenbeispiel

explain make sth. clear taking into Based on the text on environmental policy ex-
account culture-related plain the principle of waste separation in
differences if necessary Germany in an email to your British friend.

outline give a concise account of the Outline Mr. Liu’s career in Germany in an article
main points or ideas of a text for your international school project‘s website on
clarifying culture-related aspects Successful Immigrants.
if necessary
present give a concise account of the For an international school project in the EU,
main points or ideas of a text present the relevant information on the image of
clarifying culture-related aspects if migrants in German media in a formal email to your
necessary partner school in Spain.
summarize, give a concise account of the Sum up Manuel’s views on working and living as a
sum up main points or ideas of a text gap year student in India for your blog. Where
clarifying culture-related aspects if necessary add information which might help to
necessary avoid possible misunderstandings.
write (+ text produce a text with specific Using the information in the German text write an
type) features article in English for your project website in which you
inform your Polish partners how to get a sports
scholarship at a German university.
 wars poverty / gap:
terrorism Global Goals e.g. genetical engineering to fight diseases
rich - poor

ecological ecology
big companies new technologies
challenges mass production
technological
political Global Warming CHANCES progress
RISKS
problems PROGRESS
International
safety / trade / climate pollution Collaboration: tools for communication
POLITICS The UN, the EU
fair trade
Trump media / communication
international
"Trade Wars" sweat shops discourse

outsourcing consumerism current developments

labour
efficiency
different strategies BASICS English as a
Lingua Franca
Globalisation "Think
ECONOMY Global - Act Local"
Capitalism
Process in which (trade) barriers
between nations are removed.
financial crisis cultural exports
HISTORY migration
Process accelerated with modern communication
cultural imperialism technologies, decreased transport costs...
Colonialisation SOCIAL ASPECTS
Difference: Developing countries
"McDonaldisation" / "Americanisation" cultural diversity: - / + undeveloped / industrialisied cpountries.

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AMERICAN DREAM AND NIGHTMARE HANDOUT

Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness

- Written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776
- “We hold these truth to be self evident, that all men are created
equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the
pursuit of Happiness”
- Excludes women and African Americans!
- The 13 colonies declared independence in 1776, declaring a war
on England

The American Constitution

- Written in 1787
- New ideas of a democratic state stated in the preamble to the
Constitution “We the people of the United States, in Order to form a
more perfect Union, establish Justice, ensure domestic Tranquility,
provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and
secure the Blessing of Liberty to ourselves and Prosperity, do ordain
and establish this Constitution of the United States of America”
- The Bill of Rights: first 10 Amendments of the American Constitution
- Guarantees the American citizens certain, inalienable rights, such
as freedom of religion, press, the right to carry weapons
Freedom
- The USA was and still is a country of a million opportunities, where
people can work their way “from rags to riches” It attracted millions of
both legal and illegal immigrants over the centuries, who hoped to find
a better life without the kind of persecution or obstacles they had to
face in their home countries
The American Dream: There is no single definition of what the American
Dream actuality is, as it varies for each and every American
- From The Epic of America in 1931: The American Dream is the
dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and

1
AMERICAN DREAM AND NIGHTMARE HANDOUT

fuller to every man, with opportunity for each according to his

ability of achievement
- The Statue of Liberty
- A gift from France to the US in 1886, celebrating
100 years of American independence
- symbolizes enlightenment, independence, liberty
and freedom
- Ellis Island
- A federal immigration station from 1892 to 1954
- The place where most immigrants first set foot on
American soil
- Island of hopes/island of dreams

The American Nightmare:

● Growing economic inequality
● Concentration of wealth among a small elite
● Static wages and rising living costs
● Increasing financial hardship and insecurity (lower-income households)
● Growing political polarization
● Need for fundamental changes (wealth redistribution, higher wages,
healthcare reform, better education)

A Raisin in the sun:

Segregation:
● impact on African Americans in the 1950s
● struggles to overcome the limitations (e.g. education, housing, jobs)
● psychological toll (feelings of inferiority and hopelessness)
● urgent need for racial equality, importance of fighting against systemic
oppression

2
AMERICAN DREAM AND NIGHTMARE HANDOUT

Multiculturalism:
● through Beneatha's character
● exploring her African heritage
● tensions and challenges (characters navigate different cultural
identities and expectations)
● importance of embracing diversity and finding common ground
● audience to consider the benefits of a more inclusive and diverse
society

Racism against black people in the USA in general:

● long-standing issue
● in various forms (e.g. segregation, violence, economic exploitation)
● Slavery and Jim Crow laws (late 1800s to the mid-1960s) enforced
racial segregation
● violence and harassment, including lynching and police brutality.
● affected areas (e.g. education, housing, employment, access to
resources)
● continues today (e.g. income, wealth, criminal justice)

„Black lives matter“

● began in 2013 after the declaration of innocence of George
Zimmerman in the shooting of the 17yo Trayvon Martin
● no leadership structure
● address issues of intersectionality (=discrimination for multiple
reasons) (e.g. LGBTQ+ rights, impact of COVID-19)
● spread globally (similar movements around the world)
● praised and criticized for its tactics (use of protests, civil disobedience,
social media)

Immigration and Hispanics

3
AMERICAN DREAM AND NIGHTMARE HANDOUT

I‘m going to present the topic of immigration in the USA with the example of
Hispanics. Despite having lived in the USA for generations, there are still a
number of stereotypes surrounding this community, which we are going to
work on today. First, I will give you some brief general information.

Also important: A lot of statistics/numbers but I need you to understand the

context

To avoid any confusion: Hispanic refers to people who speak Spanish or are
descended from Spanish-speaking populations, while Latino refers to people
who are from or descended from people from Latin America .

https://www.masslegalservices.org/content/difference-between-hispanic-and
-latino

Approximately, Hispanics make up 18% of the total US population- however

we can see that the population is diversifying in younger generations. In
comparison to the statistics on top, the Hispanic children’s percentage is
about 7% higher.

Basically, the Hispanic population is still growing at the moment.

4
AMERICAN DREAM AND NIGHTMARE HANDOUT

https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-the-data-say-about-race-ethnicity-and-ame
rican-youth

To understand better what ethnic group the term “Hispanics” includes, let’s
take a look at another statistic:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans#External_links

5
AMERICAN DREAM AND NIGHTMARE HANDOUT

Also very evident here: it is visible that the majority of Hispanics live in
bordering states, such as Texas, New Mexico or Arizona.

A socially and systemically important aspect is the portion they make up in

the workforce of blue collar workers.

https://blog.dol.gov/2021/09/15/hispanics-in-the-labor-force-5-facts

As you see, things like construction, building, cleaning, maintenance etc. are
all hard, physical labor. Hence they support the economy a lot. This directly
correlates to the stereotypes Hispanics are typically associated with, which is
why I would like to collect some of them together with you.

To start off, let’s collect some stereotypes, positive as well as negative. What
do you remember from last year‘s class?

(…)

6
AMERICAN DREAM AND NIGHTMARE HANDOUT

(Quote)

Why did Trump say this? Do you remember his agenda?

answer, then next slide

(It was President Trump, who fueled the prejudices with his political agenda.
Belonging to the conservative wing of America‘s politics, he accused the
immigrants who came from South American countries like Mexico of crossing
the border illegally. His dream was building a huge border wall and
deporting illegal immigrants back to their home countries, so that no one
could cross over into the USA anymore. According to him, they’re „rapists“
who „bring drugs“ and who moreover „steal jobs“.)

7
AMERICAN DREAM AND NIGHTMARE HANDOUT

Trump's agenda is a big reason why we predominantly remember the

negative stereotypes, and as we can see, there are generally just more of the
negative ones.

To practice working with visuals, I wanted to show you this picture here.

briefly- what can you see in this picture? Only description first, we‘ll analyze
after we’ve talked about the picture.

-very dominant in the photograph: very big, rusty bars on a ground full with
dust or sand
-people with a darker skin complexion are standing behind the bars, a lot of
them are reaching out their hand through the bars
-there are mostly men visible
-they have sad and/or desperate facial expressions

8
AMERICAN DREAM AND NIGHTMARE HANDOUT

Okay, now you get 5-10 minutes to do some bullet points on how this
correlates to immigration in the USA. You can exchange ideas with your
partner

-this is the american/mexican border

-the people shown in the picture are probably people are trying to immigrate
from Mexico to the USA, wanting to achieve the american dream -> are met
with the american nightmare instead
-they are reaching their hands through the bars because they want to cross,
they’re trying to reach something ‚unreachable‘
-sad facial expressions because they’re perhaps desperate to cross, maybe
they‘re not allowed to, they wish for a better life on the „other side“ -> better
working conditions, a new start, finding a way out of poverty (typical
american dream behavior lol)

Very well. It‘s important to take a look at what happens to immigrants who
come into the US illegally and how you can permanently stay there legally.

-Illegal immigrants, as long as they‘re not caught, are likely to get exploited
in the workforce, as they don‘t have any official work rights as an employee,
like a normal citizen would
-the access to healthcare is extremely limited (it‘s already a difficult story in
general, even more so for illegal immigrants)
-no opportunity to apply for a green card
-> when caught, e.g. by the Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (ICE) or
another law enforcement will arrest them
-it is possible to stay in immigration jail; sometimes you can get out and the
ICE monitors you (sometimes they let family with children go home)
-in immigration court it is decided if the immigrant is allowed to stay or not, in
a lot of cases they get deported back to their home country

9
AMERICAN DREAM AND NIGHTMARE HANDOUT

-you need a green card to stay permanently

conditions to get one:
-has lived in the US for at least one year
->application to get a green card: through family, employer, asylum or official
lottery
-you can lose your green card if you happen to commit a felony lol

Now that we have analyzed the visual:

How do you think this has affected society? How has this affected Hispanics
as a community? What are your thoughts?

-Colorism still prevails (even within Hispanic communities)

-A lot of conservative people claim that Hispanics aren’t assimilated and
„harm“ America
-lots of racism, e.g. in the workplace
-systemic discrimination and racism have slowed economic mobility -> we
have seen that Hispanics contribute a lot to the workforce, however it is not
appropriately appreciated and instead they‘re accused of stealing jobs

Lastly- I‘ll show you what the current President Joe Biden is planning on
doing:

His focus lies on appreciating the diversity and recognizing the Hispanics as a
core community in American society.

-Invest in Latinos’ economic mobility.

-Make far-reaching investments in ending health disparities by race.
-Expand access to high-quality education and tackle racial inequity in our
education system.
-Combat hate crimes and gun violence.

10
AMERICAN DREAM AND NIGHTMARE HANDOUT

-Secure our values as a nation of immigrants.

The focus today was on the social aspect- there is of course more to the
whole topic of immigration, but don‘t worry, that will be in the handout.

11
Tradition and change in politics and society: − the UK in the European
context − multicultural society
From Empire to Commonwealth:

• Since 16th century Britain had established colonies all over the world

• at some point in history biggest colonial empire in the world

• 1931 the Commenwealth of Nations was founded

• consists of 54 countries: they decided to maintain ties of friendship and practical

cooperation and acknowledge the British monarchy as symbolic head of their
association

• Interests: free trade, humanity, equality, world peace, liberty and human rights

Positive changes of the Empire:

• better medical care, education and transport system

• elimination of barbaric practices, e.g. slavery or cannibalism

• democracy: Commonwealth is committed to promote democratic values and principles

among its member states -> support of democratic institutions, free and fair elections
and rule of law

• advanced human rights: gender equality, LGBTQ, indigenous people, freedom of

speech, combat discrimination and intolerance

• economic development: promote trade, investment among member states -> economic
growth and reduce poverty in many countries

• cultural exchanges among member countries

• Peacebuilding: promote peace and stability in conflict-affected regions, has provided

mediation and conflict resolution services

Negative changes of the Empire:

• indigenous people were treated like children

• discrimination and prejudices

• tried to turn the locals into English -> loss of culture and land

Brexit - Why the exit?

• Great Britain wants to have more power and independence about their own country —>
does not want to complete the EU conditions

• Different types of Brexit: “Soft“ Brexit (more advantages in trade), “Hard“ Brexit (clear
cut with the EU, less bureaucracy)

• Referendum if the Britsh people wanted to leave or not —> 51% wanted to leave

Goals of the Brexit:

- greater autonomy

- less administration, less immigration

- better health system, lower taxes

- better trade deals

—> not all of the goals were reached

Positive aspects of the Brexit:

 - more independence and unity

- less EU taxes and spendings

- less responsibility for other countries

- more control over immigration (border control)

- support local productions

- no costs for EU-membership

Negative aspects of the Brexit:

- visa is needed and Britith drivers licenses are not valid in the EU

- travelling is not as easy and cheap as before

- less cooperation with other countries

- less importand role in the world, less strong economy

- Brexit damages the National Health system instead of improving

Consequences for the UK:

- British economy is suffering from the exit, the leaving has harmed the UK

- divided society and government

- higher costs for administration, logistics, customs, financing and IT-adaption

- due to new immigration rules —> shortage of workers from south and east

Europe which damages health care, gastronomy and agriculture

- pound‘s value has fallen by 10% —> imports are more expensive, rising inflation

Britishness

Characteristics:

- politely, formal, helpful

- tea, red busses

- striving for independence

- distinctive sense for humour

Multiculturalism:

- Coexistence of many cultures

- British empire has resulted in immigration from Commenwealth of many cultures

- EU membership- immigration from EU countries

- Uk is one of the most diverse places globally

- Non-white population is constantly increasing

- Great Britain accepts about 50000 immigrants every year

Pros of multiculturalism:
- Higher level of tolerance towards minorities

- More peaceful society

- Learn about diff ent cultures

- Make connections with people from many different countries

- Multiculturalism is an important part of a modern tolerant society

- Helps to lower prejudices towards certain cultures

- Variety of different foods

- Easier to lern new languages

Effects of multiculturalism:
- tensions between people with different cultural backgrounds
- Many people have a hard time to integrate into society
- Language barrier as a big problem of multicultralism
- Multicultralism may lead to radical movements
- Social tensions may increase

Monarchy

Facts:

- oldest form of government in the UK (King and Queen has head of state)

- British monarchy= constitutional monarchy

- King/ Queen is the head of state BUT he/she resides with an elected parliament

- King/ Queen has just a symbolic role

Advantages of the monarchy:

- popularity is spread all over the country

- boosts national unity

- Queen as a role model and representative

- Queen stands for British values and national unity

- a monarch brings stability

- good for the tourism industry

- politically neutral-draw attention to charity work

Drawbacks of the monarchy:

- much costs to taxpayers

- no place in equal society

- people have no power over who is going to be the next leader -> not democratic

- old fashion

- no political power —> unnecessary

- scandals

 main ethnic groups: White, Indian, Black African, Black 1/8 of the people were born immigrants from the EU
different reasons gradual process Commonwealth of Nations
Caribbean, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese, mixed in another country
mostly from
- problems former colonies
breakup of the empire discussion - pro / con immigration to
island / seafaring nation facing migrants multicultural society
Great Britain

working against discrimination / racism

economic factors reasons for difficulties of refugees /
building an empire forming see INDIA Multiculturalism asylum seekers
The British governments identity (crisis)
Empire
not fully British and not idea: give every citizen
difficulties faced by access to free healthcare
another culture
West Indies, India, North First Empire post-colonial societies
America, Canada, Gibraltar
quality varies - many people
have private health insurance
Decolonialisation economic issues
Second Empire pro / con
America became independent,
focus on trade and expansion The National Health
Service (NHS)
sport welfare state
divide and Post-Colonialism
Western values conquer e.g. right to free
rise of Imperialism
and beliefs Great Britain, UK, treatment of general
were imposed Britishness practitioner in local area
goal: "civilize"
native populations
lack of sensitivity nowadays more
social institutions
chaos
Great Britain / and services
services need to
be (in part) paid
current: PM Multiculturalism for by patients
Theresa May
general elections
current: BREXIT
British Society
every 4-5 years
social security financial aid for
(benefits) needy people
electoral system Britain and Europe
elected MPs debate issues /
policies and make laws British population
the British parliament ecology
traditions vs. modernity
has two chambers
House of Commons numbers of marriages slightly
fell in the last years
parlimentary Politics British politics are Role of the Monarchy
House of Lords democracy dominated by a few
large parties ageing population
the Royal Family is often seen as
limited powers to parliament has an integral part of Britain
influence political supreme authority in
decisions all political matters the Labour Party (trad. class society
left-wing workers' party) monarchy today: mainly
ceremonial, small political role
the Conservative class consciousness
Devolution
Party (Tories) e.g. Head of State, represents
country, official head of the
1990s separate parliaments for Scotland, new seven social
Scottish Independence Church of England ...
Wales and northern Ireland classes in Britain today

they do not replace the central hoped for by many voted to remain Republicans in Britain = organisation
Should Britain traditionally mostly
parliament but have some powers Scottish people in 2014 with the aim to abolish monarchy
remain a monarchy? based on wealth

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Voices from the African Continent: Focus on Nigeria
Nigerian history

Pre colonial
• 11th century : Islam reached Nigeria, before that there were different civilizations, who had their own traditional
religions
• Main pillars of the economy until the 1400s : agriculture, animal husbandry and trade
—> people cultivated their land and grew a variety of crops (yams, rice…)
• 15th century : - Christianity came to Nigeria through Portuguese missionaries
- global slave trade led to chaos in Western Africa —> conflicts among the tribes in the region
—> The slave trade led to the development of the largest settlements at Nigeria’s ports like Lagos

Colonial Nigeria (1861-1963)

• 1820 : the official abolishment of slave trading —> the British stayed in Nigeria
• 1914 : northern and southern regions were combined to create the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
—> while drawing the border the British paid little attention to ethnic, tribal or religious parameters
• Many aspects of modern life were established under British rule (educational system, use of English, the currency..)
• 1960 : Nigeria being granted independence

Post-colonial Nigeria
• Country divided into three large geographic regions, inhabited largely by different ethnic groups
—> West: the Yoruba , East: the Igbo , North: the Hausa
• A series of military coups
• The Biafran War —> millions of Igbo people were murdered, displaced or starved to death

Nigerias present and future

Challenges Achievements
• the enduring process of self-discovery trying to find its • Nigeria = The Giant of Africa
character and identity —> due to it size and population (over 200 million people)
• the countries population has grown much faster than its —> the huge oil industry
economy and infrastructure —> booming film industry (Nollywood)
• reasons the country rarely gets visited by Europeans • tourism plays a major role and may in the future
—> Book Haram terrorists —> various religious festivals
—> crime, pollution, corruption, poverty, unemployment —> breathtaking landscape (rain forests, savannah,
• eviction, land-grabbing waterfalls,
• big diversity between poor and rich beaches…)
—> poor people have to leave • important role in the UN and the international energy
—> a good future, only if you are born into a rich family market
• prostitution —> often only way for women to earn money • Nigerians living outside their home country have been
• injustice (there is no real solution) remarkably successful in finance, business and IT
• decades of weak and corrupt governance technology
• food insecurity
Consequences of 50 years oil exploitation
• Environmental pollution —> soil pollution , illnesses
• No fish in the river —> fishermen have to go far to find fish
• Water is not drinkable —> water pollution
• The landscape is devastated
• A lot of carbon dioxide emissions

People are quite angry because……

• Not all the money that was promised, was used for the project
• Profit from the oil industry (e.g Shell) does not go to Nigeria and environmental projects
• The 1st world countries profit from the oil, not the countries that owns it
• Oil industries leave the people in Nigeria alone with their environmental problems
• The projects that should help the environmental recovery, do not show any positive results

==> pipelines are tapped by political groups and militants to meet raw material needs for undermining political
activities

Postcolonial features in narratives

“Postcolonial”
—> describes things that happened after colonization

“Postcolonial literature”
—> all kinds of literature written from people from formerly colonized countries
—> reflection of the experience of the colonizers or the colonized, before, during or after decolonization

Typical topics of conflict characters deal with in postcolonial texts are the following :
• The question of identity
• The problems of cultural dependence
• The struggle for individual freedom
• The struggle for political freedom
• Discrimination and racism
• Otherness
• Hybridity: belonging to more than one culture
• Ambivalence

met
• Tension
• Migration pollutoin
• Homesickness
-> bad treatment (especially
m i poor (
-> exploitation
-> destroyed housing
-> difficult to leave (visa)
->
the rich are building hotels etc.

-> the poor people give character

3 are innovative etc.
->
living, environmental conditions
in,
 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

was regarded as the greatest English

playwright, poet and actor in the English
literature
“England's national poet“, the "Bard of Avon" (or
simply "the Bard")
He wrote 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long
narrative poems, 10 dramas and a few other
APRIL 1564 APRIL 1616 verses
translation of his plays into every
major living language
performed more often than those of
any other playwright
remains arguably the most influential
writer in the English language
his works continue to be studied and
reinterpreted
 PERSONAL DATA

23rd April 1564 1578 November 1582 May 1583 February 1585 1587

born in finished grammar married their first child they had twins Their only son died
Stratford-on-Avon school Anne Susanna was born Hamnet and presumably of the
Hathaway at Judith Bubonic plague, when
age 18 he was 2 years old

”Lost years” —> nobody knows what he did in those years … until 1592
PERSONAL DATA

1592 1593-1594
1594 1616

went to London published his first became a founding spent more time in his
printed works member of the “Lord hometown Stratford
Chamberlain’s men”, a died in Stratford at the
group of actors age of 52
—> was the company’s
regular dramatist and
wrote about 2 plays a year
for 20 years
Shakespearean Language
Shakespeare used Elizabethan English/early modern
English which was used up until 1690 (followed by
modern English)
invented about 3000 new words (we still use many of
them, despite significant changes to the language since
Shakespeares time e.g. “heart of gold”, “break the ice”)
his works contributed significantly to the
standardisation of grammar, spelling and vocabulary
The
language of shakespeare in practice

-> shakespeare's texts are

very emotional
often
->
acting shakespeare helps convey those emotions
and facial
expressions make the understand, despite
↳
body language texts easier to

the difficulties of Shakespearen English

↳ texts interpreted different
may
be in ways by actors
 Is Shakespeare still relevant ?
Pros:
timeless/ relevant themes (love, family,
relationships, conflicts, death…)
Shakespeares tragedies reflect almost all the
downs of human existence
—> Jealousy (Othello)
—> Insanity and melancholy (Hamlet)
—> passion of love (Romeo and Juliet)
—> violence, physical and psychological abuse
(Titus Andronicus)
 Is Shakespeare still relevant ?
Pros:

Part of history (representative of

Elizabethan age)
important traditional literature
large impact on English language
his expressions are still used today/
he gets quoted a lot
 Is Shakespeare still relevant ?
Cons:

outdated picture of society/women

hard to understand (even for native speakers)
—> people don‘t get the message of his
plays/sonnets
very old-fashioned, no one speaks like that
anymore
His plays are written for the stage, not to be
read in class
 Utopia & dystopia
definition
fictional design of a perfect society an imagined state or society in
describes something that cannot be which there is great suffering or
found in any place injustice
characteristics

people live in peace and harmony with each Futuristic, forgein technology
other & act in solidarity Repressive, authoritarian government
no hunger, no war, no oppression Mass conformity
human rights and freedom are preserved lack of individual expression
medical and technological advances positively questions current moral issues
influence life
society is based on uniformity

The authors’ intention

answer ethical broader ethos and critisism

M on
raise awareness
questions personal philosophy contemporary society

Technology
(AI & brain chips)
Pro Con
can improve people’s lives -> health no ethical values, ethical concerns
care manipulative & concerning
less criminal activity loss of privacy, being tracked all the
enhancement of human life time
core values change
greater rich-poor divide -> wealthy
people have more access

1940s/50s 2000s
WW2 -> recovery with rapid growth of political unrest
technology 9/11
dropping of the atom bomb -> possibility of 2008: financial crisis,
annihilation is real global economic crisis
moral issues monitoring system? wars global warming T. More: imaginary, positive future vision
paradise-like places

Ethical considerations migration / racism changing conditions on earth peace / understanding

safety

discourse / discussions globalisation challenges for mankind

entertainment!? Utopian elements
Designer Babies progress

based on the desire of a better

Utopia / Dystopia life / society with peace
manipulate DNA
Science & Technology
political structures work for
the good of the people
Genetic Engineering
character in
literature humanitarian / natural disaster
GMO IVF
individual
strong female vs. society
protagonists criticism nightmare war / conflicts
food
role / chances
forms of in the society
Dystopian elements
energy AI self-driving cars

degeneration
Technological + Scientific Progress new realities VR vs. AR of society oppressive government

improvement of living conditions sustainability environmentally friendly totalitarianism / dictatorships

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