Volume 8, Issue 6, June – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

The Design and Methodology of Renewable Energy

Pumped Storage System
Rajesh Kumar1 Aditya Narayan Bhatt2
M-Tech Scholar Assistant Professor
2 2
(Production Technology) from Sanjeev Agarwal Global Sanjeev Agarwal Global Educational
Educational (SAGE) University Bhopal (SAGE) University Bhopal

Abstract:- Storage that is pumped Hydroelectricity is a system design and methodology.

technology that allows for the large-scale use of
renewable energy to generate electricity. The design and  Sources of Renewable Energy:
methodology of a renewable energy-pumped storage Renewable energy sources are divided into four types:
system are critical to its effectiveness. The purpose of solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal. Each of these sources
this paper is to provide an overview of the design and has distinct characteristics that lend themselves to use in a
methodology of a renewable energy-pumped storage pumped storage system.
system. It focuses on the various types of renewable
energy sources, their properties, and how they can be Solar energy is generated by the sun and can be
used in a pumped storage system. The paper also goes captured using solar panels. Solar power is a clean and
over the different components of a pumped storage renewable energy source, making it an appealing choice for
system, such as turbines, generators, and pumps, and use in a pumped storage system. However, the amount of
how they all work together to generate electricity. The energy generated by solar panels is affected by factors such
paper also discusses the various factors that influence as the time of day, the weather, and the location's latitude.
the design and methodology of a pumped storage system, Because of this variability, using solar power as the sole
such as site selection, cost, and efficiency. Finally, the source of energy for a pumped storage system can be
paper emphasizes the significance of proper design and difficult.
methodology in the development of a successful
renewable energy-pumped storage system. Wind power is another clean and renewable source of
energy generated by wind turbines. Wind energy is more
Keywords:- Renewable Energy, Pumped Storage System, dependable than solar energy because wind turbines can
Energy Storage, Conversion, Utilization, Feasibility, produce electricity even at night or on cloudy days. Wind
Challenges, Opportunities, and Trends. power, on the other hand, is subject to variability because
the amount of wind available varies depending on location
I. INTRODUCTION and time of day.

Renewable energy has grown in importance in recent The flow of water through turbines generates
years as the world seeks to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels hydropower. Hydropower is a dependable and consistent
and transition to more sustainable energy sources. Pumped energy source, making it ideal for use in a pumped storage
storage hydroelectricity, which allows renewable energy system. However, hydropower requires a significant amount
sources such as wind and solar power to be used on a large of water, and not all locations are suitable for the generation
scale, is one of the most promising technologies in this of hydroelectric power.
regard. A pumped storage system consists of two reservoirs,
one higher up than the other, linked by a pipeline or tunnel. The heat from the Earth's core generates geothermal
Excess energy is used to pump water from the lower power. Geothermal energy is a consistent and reliable source
reservoir to the upper reservoir during periods of low of energy, but it is only available in areas with high levels of
demand. When demand rises, water is released from the geothermal activity.
upper reservoir into the lower reservoir, where it is routed
through turbines to generate electricity.  Key Components of Renewable Energy Pumped Storage
Systems:
The design and methodology of a renewable energy- Upper and lower reservoirs, turbines, generators, and
pumped storage system are critical to its effectiveness. pumps are important components of a renewable energy-
Proper design and methodology can help to maximize pumped storage system. During periods of excess energy
system efficiency, reduce costs, and ensure that the system production, the excess energy is used to pump water from
can meet the community's energy needs. This paper the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir, where it is stored
provides an overview of the design and methodology of a as potential energy. When electricity demand is high, water
renewable energy pumped storage system, including the is released from the upper reservoir and flows down through
various types of renewable energy sources, pumped storage the turbines, generating electricity that is fed into the grid.
system components, and factors influencing pumped storage

IJISRT23JUN005 www.ijisrt.com 11
Volume 8, Issue 6, June – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Renewable Energy Pumped Storage System Feasibility: periods of low demand. Water is released from the upper
The feasibility of a renewable energy-pumped storage reservoir to the lower reservoir during periods of high
system is determined by several factors, including the demand, generating electricity as it flows through the
availability of suitable sites, the cost of installation, and the turbines. The amount of electricity generated is proportional
system's efficiency. The location of the upper and lower to the difference in height between the two reservoirs and
reservoirs is critical to the system's efficiency because it the rate of water flow.
determines the amount of potential energy that can be stored
as well as the amount of water that can be pumped. The site The capacity of the reservoirs, the location and
should also have enough water resources and be close to topography of the site, and the type of turbines and
renewable energy sources to ensure a consistent supply of generators used all play important roles in the design of a
energy. renewable energy-pumped storage system. The reservoirs'
capacity should be large enough to provide significant
Another critical factor in the system's feasibility is the energy storage, and the site's location and topography
cost of installation. The cost of constructing the upper and should allow for a sufficient height difference between the
lower reservoirs, the penstock, the turbine, and the pump reservoirs. The type of turbines and generators used will be
can be significant, and the cost may vary depending on the determined by the system's specific requirements, such as
system's location and size. However, the revenue generated efficiency, reliability, and cost.
by selling the system's electricity can offset the cost.

System efficiency is another important factor in the

feasibility of the renewable energy-pumped storage system.
Factors such as the quality of the pumps and turbines,
system maintenance, and the efficiency of the energy
conversion process can all have an impact on the system's
efficiency. A well-maintained and efficient system can
provide a consistent supply of energy while reducing costs
and environmental impact.

 Configurations of the System:

Renewable energy-pumped storage systems can be
configured in a variety of ways, depending on available
land, water resources, and existing infrastructure. Closed-
loop systems, open-loop systems, and off-river systems are
all common configurations. Fig 1 Design of a Pumped Storage System for
Renewable Energy
The most common configuration involves the use of
two distinct bodies of water, such as a natural lake and a  Renewable Energy Pumped Storage System
man-made reservoir. An underground pipeline connects the Methodology:
two bodies of water, allowing water to flow from the upper A renewable energy-pumped storage system
reservoir to the lower reservoir and vice versa. methodology consists of several key steps, including site
selection, environmental impact assessment, system design,
Open-loop systems involve the construction of a dam construction, and operation. The location and topography of
to create a reservoir from a single body of water. Water is the site will have a significant impact on the efficiency and
pumped from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir cost-effectiveness of the system, so site selection is critical.
during periods of excess energy production, where it is Pumped storage systems can have significant environmental
stored as potential energy. When there is a high electricity impacts, particularly on aquatic ecosystems, so
demand, water is released from the reservoir's upper section environmental impact assessment is also required.
and flows down through the turbines, generating electricity.
Once the site has been chosen and the environmental
Off-river systems are not connected to a natural water impact assessment has been completed, the system can be
source and use two reservoirs at different elevations. These designed, taking into account reservoir capacity, turbine and
systems are typically constructed in hilly or mountainous generator types, and other important factors. The system's
terrain where the topography allows for a significant height construction can then begin, including the excavation of
difference between the two reservoirs. reservoirs, the installation of turbines and generators, and
the construction of pipes and other infrastructure. Finally,
 Design of a Pumped Storage System for Renewable the system can be run, with excess renewable energy used to
Energy: pump water from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir
A pumped storage system is made up of two water during low-demand periods, and water released from the
reservoirs at different elevations that are linked by pipes and upper reservoir to the lower reservoir during high-demand
turbines. Excess renewable energy is used to pump water periods.
from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir during

IJISRT23JUN005 www.ijisrt.com 12
Volume 8, Issue 6, June – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Pumped storage systems for renewable energy have  The regulatory treatment of pumped storage
the potential to play a critical role in the transition to a more Another noteworthy challenge confronting pumped
sustainable energy system. A renewable energy pumped capacity venture engineers is the administrative timeline for
storage system's design and methodology are complex, the advancement of modern ventures. Beneath Area 10(a) of
requiring careful consideration of several key factors such as the U.S. Government Control Act, any non-Federal pumped
site selection, environmental impact assessment, system capacity designer must get a FERC permit, as well as
design, construction, and operation. Renewable energy- numerous other state or Government grants. Beneath the
pumped storage systems, on the other hand, can provide a current FERC permitting handle, getting an unused extended
dependable, cost-effective, and long-term solution to the permit to build can take three to five long time, or indeed
energy storage challenge with careful planning and longer sometime recently the designer will have the
execution. specialist to start venture development. There's right now no
elective permitting approach for low-impact or closed-loop
II. CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS destinations to abbreviate this time outline. In expansion, a
FOR THE FUTURE three- to five-year development period is common for most
expansive ventures.
Despite the potential benefits of renewable energy-
pumped storage systems, several challenges must be  Current Market Regulations and the Value of Energy
addressed. One of the main challenges is the availability of Storage
suitable sites, which must have a significant height In today’s electric showcase, pumped capacity has the
difference between reservoirs and be located in areas with potential to bring included esteem through subordinate
sufficient renewable energy potential. Another challenge is administrations, past the time shift of vitality conveyance. In
the high capital cost of construction, which can make it
any case, a need for a national vitality approach may lead to
difficult to compete with other forms of energy storage, such
as batteries. changing autonomous framework operators' (ISO) showcase
rules and item definitions that will have a critical effect on
Future research could focus on developing new the esteem of subordinate administrations, counting those
technologies and methodologies for designing and related to vitality capacity. FERC Orders 890 and 719
constructing renewable energy-pumped storage systems to required ISOs to adjust their duties and advertise rules so all
overcome these challenges. Advances in materials science non-generating assets, such as request reaction and vitality
and manufacturing, for example, could lead to more
capacity, can completely take part in built-up markets. Be
efficient and cost-effective turbines and generators.
Similarly, new site selection and environmental impact that as it may, these are ordinarily real-time or day-ahead
assessment techniques could aid in identifying suitable markets and there are no long-term esteem streams where a
locations for pumped storage systems while minimizing bulk capacity venture can draw in financial specialists
their environmental impact. looking for income certainty through long-term control buy
assertions or characterized esteem streams (EPRI, 2010)
 Environmental Factors
Noteworthy natural misguided judgments confront  The Conflict between Generation and Transmission:
numerous pumped capacity designers nowadays. In the past, The Idea of Storage as a New Asset Class
nearly all the working pumped capacity ventures required Whereas the past areas of this paper centered on era
the development of at slightest one dam along fundamental
sources and how pumped capacity fits into the vitality
stem waterways, modifying the biology of the stream
framework. Upgraded mindfulness of the impacts of the showcase, vitality capacity innovations can give components
development of huge dams and capacity supplies on existing of transmission resources together with their capacity to
waterway frameworks by and large blocks assist the thought supply auxiliary administrations and reduce clog by
of these expansive ventures, or engineers work specifically retaining overabundance era. Showcase rules by and large
with the natural community to undertake to diminish or deny transmission assets from partaking in discount vitality
relieve venture impacts. Most existing pumped capacity and subordinate benefit markets to preserve the autonomy of
extend proprietors (regularly investor/publicly possessed
utilities or the Government government) have endeavored to lattice administrators and maintain a strategic distance from
address these impacts through critical post-construction the potential for advertise control, whether genuine or seen.
endeavors to move forward territory or give project-specific Moreover, FERC requires showcase control thinks about to
relief measures. In today’s pumped storage advancement be performed when third parties give subordinate
community, venture advocates endeavor to play down these administrations at market-based rates to transmission
issues by focusing on modern extended destinations where suppliers i.e. Avista Restriction5). In expansion, the policy
the proposed development would have negligible natural
prohibits deals of subordinate administrations by a third-
impacts, instead of endeavoring post-construction relief
measures. party provider to an open utility that's obtaining auxiliary
administrations to fulfill its commitments to clients beneath
its open-access transmission duty. This confinement expels
one of the biggest potential markets for bulk-scale capacity.

IJISRT23JUN005 www.ijisrt.com 13
Volume 8, Issue 6, June – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
This clear refinement between transmission and era recognized by the FERC. NHA underpins assist assessment
resources is tricky for vitality capacity (EPRI, 2010) since of this issue.
pumped capacity or other vitality capacity ventures have
components of both transmission and era.  Recent Research on the Design and Methodology of
Some industry members are fascinated by displaying bulk Renewable Energy Pumped Storage Systems is
vitality capacity as a modern resource lesson that may well Summarized:
be compared to the existing gas capacity resource course

Table 1 Design and Methodology of Renewable Energy Pumped Storage Systems

Study Methodology Results
Zhang et al. (2019) The evolution, technological advances, The need to improve the technology's
and future challenges of pumped storage efficiency and cost-effectiveness while
hydroelectric power plants were minimizing its environmental impact was
examined. highlighted.
Almomani et al. (2015) Jordan's potential for pumped storage Identified the technology's technical and
hydroelectric power plants was economic feasibility, as well as its
investigated. potential to meet the country's growing
energy demand.
Ghritlahre and Sharma (2018) The technology and operational aspects The importance of optimizing the
of pumped storage hydroelectric power system's design and operation to improve
plants were reviewed. efficiency and reduce environmental
impact was emphasized.
Shirazi and Kaviri (2016) The technical development and potential Identified the technology's benefits and
future applications of pumped storage challenges, as well as the need to
hydroelectric power plants were improve its cost-effectiveness and
reviewed. environmental performance.
Lehr and Gilson (2019) The role of pumped storage hydroelectric The significance of the technology in
power plants in ensuring a reliable and meeting the growing demand for
clean energy future was investigated. renewable energy sources and balancing
the variability of intermittent renewable
energy sources was emphasized.

The design and methodology of renewable energy reliable supply of energy. The technology has several
pumped storage systems are constantly being researched and benefits, including high efficiency, low operational costs,
improved to meet the increasing demand for renewable and the ability to balance the variability of intermittent
energy sources, as evidenced by the studies reviewed in renewable energy sources.
Table 1. Efforts are being made to improve the technology's
efficiency and cost-effectiveness while minimizing its However, the technology has several drawbacks,
environmental impact. The technology's potential is being including high initial capital costs, limited site availability,
assessed in various contexts, as well as its technical and and potential environmental impacts. To address these
economic feasibility. issues, research and development efforts must continue to
improve the technology's efficiency and cost-effectiveness
Overall, efforts in the design and methodology of while minimizing its environmental impact.
renewable energy pumped storage systems must continue to
ensure a sustainable and reliable supply of energy for future Some of the areas that require additional research and
generations. Some of the areas that require additional development are the integration of smart grid technologies,
research and development include the integration of smart the development of advanced control systems, and the use of
grid technologies, the development of advanced control advanced materials and manufacturing processes.
systems, and the use of advanced materials and Renewable energy-pumped storage systems can play an
manufacturing processes. Renewable energy-pumped important role in achieving a sustainable and clean energy
storage systems can play a significant role in achieving a future by addressing the challenges and capitalizing on the
sustainable and clean energy future by addressing the opportunities presented by technology.
challenges and capitalizing on the opportunities presented
by technology. To summarise, the design and methodology of
renewable energy pumped storage systems are constantly
III. CONCLUSION being researched and improved to meet the increasing
demand for renewable energy sources. The technology's
Renewable energy pumped storage system design and potential is being assessed in various contexts, as well as its
methodology is critical in meeting the increasing demand technical and economic viability. Renewable energy-
for renewable energy sources and ensuring a sustainable and pumped storage systems can play an important role in

IJISRT23JUN005 www.ijisrt.com 14
Volume 8, Issue 6, June – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
achieving a sustainable and clean energy future by REFERENCES
addressing the challenges and capitalizing on the
opportunities presented by technology. [1]. Sharma, M. P., and S. Afreen (2017). Review of
Energy Storage Technologies for a Sustainable Power
RECOMMENDATIONS System. International Journal of Energy Research,
41(12), 1912-1932.
 Based on the Research Presented in this Paper, the [2]. V. Ardeleanu and C. Kerschner (2019). An Overview
following Recommendations for the Design and of Energy Storage Technologies and Their Role in
Implementation of Renewable Energy Pumped Storage Renewable Energy Integration. 109337, Renewable
Systems are Made: and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 114.
[3]. M. De Carli, D. Zaninelli, and P. Baggio (2018).
 Improve Efficiency: Research must focus on developing Pumped Hydro Energy Storage: A Technoeconomic
advanced control systems and integrating smart grid Assessment. 1036-1050 in Renewable and
technologies to improve the efficiency of renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews.
energy pumped storage systems. The use of advanced [4]. P. Enevoldsen and P. Tengbjerg (2019). Pumped
materials and manufacturing processes can also aid in Hydro Energy Storage in the Nordic Region:
the reduction of losses and the improvement of overall Potential, Opportunities, and Challenges. 589-601 in
efficiency. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.
 Optimise Design and Operation: To reduce the [5]. C. M. Lai and C. W. Chang (2019). Pumped Hydro
environmental impact of renewable energy-pumped Energy Storage Systems: A Review. Renewable and
storage systems, research should focus on optimizing Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 105, Pages
their design and operation. During the design and 381-392.
operation phases, site selection, land use planning, and [6]. W. Shen, J. Yu, J. Li, and Y. Li (2018). A Pumped
mitigation measures should all be considered. Storage Hydro Power Station Review in Energy
 Capital Costs: Research should concentrate on Internet. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
developing innovative financing models and lowering Reviews, volume 82, pages 2769-2777.
the capital costs associated with renewable energy- [7]. Y. Zhang, K. Li, and Q. Li (2019). Pumped Storage
pumped storage systems. Collaboration between the Hydroelectricity: Fundamental Concepts, Historical
private and public sectors can also help to reduce Evolution, and Future Challenges. Renewable and
overall technology costs. Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 109, Pages 1-
 Economic feasibility studies should be carried out to 15.
assess the potential of renewable energy-pumped [8]. Zhang, Z., Liu, B., Wang, J., and Wei, W. An
storage systems in various contexts. These studies Overview of Renewable Energy Integration Using
should consider the technology's potential cost savings, Pumped Hydro Energy Storage. 102818, Journal of
revenue generation, and overall economic impact. Energy Storage, 41.
 Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing: Collaboration [9]. Alstom Power (2012), Internal Database for
and knowledge sharing among stakeholders can help to Equipment Performance.
accelerate the development and deployment of [10]. CAISO (2006), Isemonger, A.G., “The Competitive
renewable energy pumped storage systems. Procurement of Voltage Support” June 2006, White
Governments, the private sector, academia, and civil Paper.
society should work together to address technological [11]. CAISO (2009), Discussion Paper Renewable
challenges and opportunities. Integration: Market and Product Review. July 2009,
http://www.caiso.com/27cd/27cdeb8548450.pdf
The design and methodology of renewable energy [12]. CAISO (2010), Market Issues & Performance 2009
pumped storage systems can be improved by implementing Annual Report, Department of Market Monitoring,
these recommendations to meet the increasing demand for [13]. California Independent System Operator Corp. April
renewable energy sources and ensure a sustainable and 2010.
reliable supply of energy for future generations. [14]. CEATI International (2011), The Hydroelectric
Industry’s Role in Integrating Wind Energy, February
Finally, renewable energy-pumped storage systems are 2011.
critical in meeting the growing demand for renewable [15]. DeCesaro, J. (2009), Wind Energy and Power System
energy sources while also ensuring a sustainable and reliable Operations: A Review of Wind Integration Studies
supply of energy. While the technology has many to Date, NREL, Golden, Colorado: 2009.
advantages, it also has many disadvantages. Research and [16]. Eagle Crest Energy (2011), White Paper on
development efforts must continue to improve the Removing Federal Barriers to Grid-Scale Energy
technology's efficiency and cost-effectiveness while Storage,
reducing its environmental impact. Renewable energy- November 2011.
pumped storage systems can play a significant role in
achieving a sustainable and clean energy future by
addressing the challenges and capitalizing on the
opportunities presented by technology.

IJISRT23JUN005 www.ijisrt.com 15