Researchers organize variables into a variety of categories, the most common of which include:

1. Independent variables 6. Moderating variables

2. Dependent variables 7. Extraneous variables
3. Quantitative variables 8. Confounding variables
4. Qualitative variables 9. Control variables
5. Intervening variables 10. Composite variables

Independent variables Dependent variables

A variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the A variable that relies on and can be changed by
Definition
other variables or factored that are measured other factors that are measured
Age: Other variables such as where someone lives, A grade someone gets on an exam depends on
Example what they eat or how much they exercise are not factors such as how much sleep they got and
going to change their age. how long they studied.

In studies, researchers often try to find out whether an independent variable causes other variables to change and in what
way. When analyzing relationships between study objects, researchers often try to determine what makes the dependent
variable change and how. Independent variables can influence dependent variables, but dependent variables cannot
influence independent variables.

Quantitative variables Qualitative variables

Definition Any data sets that involve numbers or amounts Non-numerical values or groupings
Examples Height, distance or number of items Eye color or dog breed
Types Discrete and continuous Binary, nominal and ordinal

Researchers can further categorize quantitative variables into two types:

Discrete: Any numerical variables you can realistically count, such as the coins in your wallet or the money in your savings
account.
Continuous: Numerical variables that you could never finish counting, such as time.

Researchers can further categorize qualitative, or categorical, variables into three types:
Binary: Variables with only two categories, such as male or female, red or blue.
Nominal: Variables you can organize in more than two categories that do not follow a particular order. Take, for example,
housing types: Single-family home, condominium, tiny home.
Ordinal: Variables you can organize in more than two categories that follow a particular order. Take, for example, level of
satisfaction: Unsatisfied, neutral, satisfied.

Intervening variables Moderating variables

Changes the relationship between dependent and
A theoretical variable used to explain a cause
Definition independent variables by strengthening or weakening the
or connection between other study variables
intervening variable's effect
Access to health care: If wealth is the Age: If a study looking at the relationship between
independent variable, and a long life span is a economic status (independent variable) and how
dependent variable, a researcher might frequently people get physical exams from a doctor
Example
hypothesize that access to quality health care (dependent variable), age is a moderating variable. That
is the intervening variable that links wealth and relationship might be weaker in younger individuals and
life span. stronger in older individuals.

An intervening variable, also known as a mediator or mediating variable, explains the process through which two variables
are related, while a moderating, or moderator, variable affects the strength and direction of that relationship.

Extraneous variables Confounding variables

Factors that affect the dependent variable but Extra variables that the researcher did not account for
Definition that the researcher did not originally consider that can disguise another variable's effects and show
when designing the experiment false correlations
Parental support, prior knowledge of a foreign In a study of whether a particular genre of movie
language or socioeconomic status are affects how much candy kids eat, with experiments are
extraneous variables that could influence a study held at 9 a.m., noon and 3 p.m. Time could be a
Example
assessing whether private tutoring or online confounding variable, as the group in the noon study
courses are more effective at improving students' might be hungrier and therefore eat more candy
Spanish test scores. because lunchtime is typically at noon.
A confounding variable is a type of extraneous variable that is associated with both the independent and dependent
variables.

An extraneous variable is anything that could influence the dependent variable. These unwanted variables can
unintentionally change a study's results or how a researcher interprets those results.
A confounding variable influences the dependent variable, and also correlates with or causally affects the independent
variable. Confounding variables can invalidate your experiment results by making them biased or suggesting a relationship
between variables exists when it does not.
Other kinds of variables
Control variables Composite variables
Characteristics that are constant and do not Two or more variables combined to make a more
Definition
change during a study complex variable
In an experiment about plant development, control Overall health is an example of a composite variable
variables might include the amounts of fertilizer and if a researcher uses other variables, such as genetics,
Example water each plant gets. These amounts are always medical care, education, quality of environment and
the same so that they do not affect the plants' chosen behaviors, to determine overall health in an
growth. experiment.

https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/types-of-variables

SCALE OF MEASUREMENT

In statistics, the term measurement is used more broadly and is more appropriately termed scales of measurement. Scales
of measurement refer to ways in which variables/numbers are defined and categorized. Each scale of measurement has
certain properties which in turn determines the appropriateness for use of certain
statistical analyses. The four scales of measurement are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

Nominal: Categorical data and numbers that are simply used as identifiers or names represent a nominal scale of
measurement. Numbers on the back of a baseball jersey (St. Louis Cardinals 1 = Ozzie Smith) and your social security
number are examples of nominal data. If I conduct a study and I'm including gender as a variable, I will code Female as 1
and Male as 2 or visa versa when I enter my data into the computer. Thus, I am using the numbers 1 and 2 to represent
categories of data.

Ordinal: An ordinal scale of measurement represents an ordered series of relationships or rank order. Individuals competing
in a contest may be fortunate to achieve first, second, or third place. First, second, and third place represent ordinal data. If
Roscoe takes first and Wilbur takes second, we do not know if the competition was close; we only know that Roscoe
outperformed Wilbur. Likert-type scales (such as "On a scale of 1 to 10 with one being no pain and ten being high pain, how
much pain are you in today?") also represent ordinal data. Fundamentally, these scales do not represent a measurable
quantity. An individual may respond 8 to this question and be in less pain than someone else who responded 5. A person
may not be in half as much pain if they responded 4 than if they responded 8. All we know from this data is that an
individual who responds 6 is in less pain than if they responded 8 and in more pain than if they responded 4. Therefore,
Likert-type scales only represent a rank ordering.

Interval: A scale which represents quantity and has equal units but for which zero represents simply an additional point of
measurement is an interval scale. The Fahrenheit scale is a clear example of the interval scale of measurement. Thus, 60
degree Fahrenheit or -10 degrees Fahrenheit are interval data. Measurement of Sea Level is another example of an interval
scale. With each of these scales there is direct, measurable quantity with equality of units. In addition, zero does not
represent the absolute lowest value. Rather, it is point on the scale with numbers both above and below it (for example, -10
degrees Fahrenheit).

Ratio: The ratio scale of measurement is similar to the interval scale in that it also represents quantity and has equality of
units. However, this scale also has an absolute zero (no numbers exist below the zero). Very often, physical measures will
represent ratio data (for example, height and weight). If one is measuring the length of a piece of wood in centimeters,
there is quantity, equal units, and that measure can not go below zero centimeters. A negative length is not possible.

The table below will help clarify the fundamental differences between the four scales of measurement

You will notice in the above table that only the ratio scale meets the criteria for all four properties of scales of measurement.

Interval and Ratio data are sometimes referred to as parametric and Nominal and Ordinal data are referred to as
nonparametric. Parametric means that it meets certain requirements with respect to parameters of the population (for
example, the data will be normal - the distribution parallels the normal or bell curve). In addition, it means that numbers can
be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided. Parametric data are analyzed using statistical techniques identified as
Parametric Statistics.

As a rule, there are more statistical technique options for the analysis of parametric data and parametric statistics are
considered more powerful than nonparametric statistics. Nonparametric data are lacking those same parameters and can
not be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided. For example, it does not make sense to add Social Security numbers to
get a third person.

Nonparametric data are analyzed by using Nonparametric Statistics. As a rule, ordinal data is considered nonparametric
and can not be added, etc.. Again, it does not make sense to add together first and second place in a race - one does
not get third place. However, many assessment devices within the behavioral and social sciences (for example, intelligence
scales) as well as Likert-type scales represent ordinal data but are often treated as if they are interval data. For example,
the "average" amount of pain that a person reports on a Likert-type scale over the course of a day would be computed by
adding the reported pain levels taken over the course of the day and dividing by the number of times the question was
answered.
Theoretically, as this represents ordinal data, this computation should not be done.

As stated above, many measures (ie. personality, intelligence, psycho-social, etc.) within the behavioral and social sciences
represent ordinal data. IQ scores may be computed for a group of individuals. They will represent differences between
individuals and the direction of those differences but they lack the property of indicating the amount of the differences.
Psychologists have no way of truly measuring and quantifying intelligence. An individual with an IQ of 70 does not have
exactly half of the intelligence of an individual with an IQ of 140. Therefore, IQ scales should theoretically be treated as
ordinal data.

In both of the above illustrations, the statement is make that they should be theoretically treated as ordinal data. In
practice, however, they are usually treated as if they represent parametric (interval or ratio) data. This opens up the
possibility for use of parametric statistical techniques with these data and the benefits associated with the use of techniques

https://lsc.cornell.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Intro-to-measurement-and-statistics.pdf
Welcome to Technopreneurship!

Here's your activity to be submitted on paper in next week's ftf class:

What is technopreneurship?
Technopreneurship, on the otherhand, is a branch of entrepreneurship and it is a mergedprocess of technology and
entrepreneurship. It allowscompanies to run their business and produce products orservices electronically and
technologically (An example oftechnopreneurship products are the software products, theapplications that are being used
daily by an individual such asLazada, Shopee, Grab Food, Food Panda, and etc.).
Technopreneurship is the merging of
knowledge in technology with
entrepreneurship skills.
It requires not only technical knowledge but
also a thorough understanding of creativity,
the innovation process, marketing,
finance, and strategic thinking.

Technopreneurship
Edward Lumsdaine
Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan Tech
Special Professor of Business, University of Nottingham
Management Consultant, Ford Motor Company
https://www.me.mtu.edu/advisory_board/spring2007/Attachment_L.pdf

What is technopreneurship?

The term technopreneurship is a fusion of two words, technology, and entrepreneurship. It is a kind of entrepreneurship in
the field of technology. It involves tech-savvy, creative, innovative individuals who have a knack for taking a calculated risk,
unlike entrepreneurship, which can sometimes be a one-person show. The success of a technopreneur depends on how
well they can motivate a team of individuals. So, the success of any technopreneurship start-up involves a group of
dedicated people with different skill sets and resources working hand in hand.

A technopreneur starts with a new idea. This idea has the potential to change the way society has been traditionally
functioning. They create a new product or come up with a solution to some problem using technology. So, science and
technology are the hallmarks of technopreneurship.

There are certain critical areas that a technopreneur needs to focus on. It can be the Information and Technology (IT)
sector, electronics, biotechnology, hi-tech products, technology use in delivering essential services, and service firms where
the primary mission is technology.
https://www.giet.edu/post/technopreneurship-an-emerging-field-of-entrepreneurship/
TECHNOPRENEURSHIP: AN EMERGING FIELD OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

In a digital, knowledge based society,Technopreneurship is integration of technology, innovation and entrepreneurship.

What is the difference between technopreneurship and entrepreneurship?

Entrepreneurship vs Technopreneurship Entrepreneurship and Technopreneurship are both businesses.The only difference
between the two terms is Entre andTechno.
Entrepreneurship is defined as the general term for anyonewho wants to start and run or engage in a business. It is alsothe
actual process of distinguishing opportunities andconverting an idea into a viable business in the form of aproduct or
service. In simple terms, it is an innovative methodthat focuses on finding business opportunities and unmetneeds. It allows
an individual or an entrepreneur to develop asolution to a specific problem that would address the needsand adds the
value(s) to customers in the process of startinga new company or re-launching an existing business bypulling a bunch of
capital in able to grip the new prospectsthat have been established. Technopreneurship, on the otherhand, is a branch of
entrepreneurship and it is a mergedprocess of technology and entrepreneurship. It allowscompanies to run their business
and produce products orservices electronically and technologically (An example oftechnopreneurship products are the
software products, theapplications that are being used daily by an individual such asLazada, Shopee, Grab Food, Food
Panda, and etc.). Throughthe process of technopreneurship, an individual is enabled tofacilitate others by (1) pursuing
ideas with growth, respect,recognition, and financial rewards, as well as to (2) surviveand grow in the changing and
developing environment. Agood match for Technopreneurship is a good softwaredeveloper in the skill in Technopreneur.
ITE20 REVIEWER.docx - Entrepreneurship vs Technopreneurship, https://www.coursehero.com/file/74416397/ITE20-
REVIEWERdocx/
What are the characteristics of a successful technopreneur?
Give three examples of a technology venture. Briefly discuss each.

Financial technology (better known as fintech) is used to describe new technology that seeks to improve and automate the
delivery and use of financial services.. financial technology is aimed to remove the traditional financial services to an online
service FinTech simplifies financial transactions for consumers or businesses, making them more accessible and generally
more affordable
Broadly speaking, fintech strives to streamline the transaction process, eliminating potentially unnecessary steps for all
involved parties. For example, a mobile service like Gcash and Paymaya allows you to pay other people at any time of
day, sending funds directly to their desired account. However, if you paid instead with cash or a check, the recipient would
have to make a trip to the bank to deposit the money.
https://bootcamp.cvn.columbia.edu/blog/what-is-fintech/

Video Streaming Services

The video streaming industry provides a variety of on demand content to users across the globe. Through paid subscriptions
or ad-based viewing, this industry allows customers to watch movies, TV, and live events from their television or mobile
device. Industry leaders often provide a tier-based subscription system where users can go from a free (ad-based) account
to a premium account with a monthly fee.
As the number of cable subscriptions continues to fall each year, streaming services continue to see extensive growth.
Compared to cable subscriptions, video streaming services have lower costs and have mobile accessibility.
Examples of Popular streaming services are Netflix, Amazon, Disney, Discovery and etc.
https://www.biz.uiowa.edu/henry/download/s22_Streaming.pdf
Mobile Application Development
Mobile application development is the process of creating software applications that run on a mobile device, and a typical
mobile application utilizes a network connection to work with remote computing resources. Creating such applications can
be of different purposes such as purchasing – Shoppee, Lazada, Amazon, Education – Canvas, Transportation Service –
Uber, Grab and many more.
https://aws.amazon.com/mobile/mobile-application-development/