European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences

ISSN 1450-2275 Issue 42 (2011)

© EuroJournals, Inc. 2011
http://www.eurojournals.com/EJEFAS.htm

Presentation of Organizational Information Databases

Information Aggregation Model Based on
Knowledge Strategic Management

Alireza Poor- Ebrahimi

Information Technology Management Department, E-Campus Branch
Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
E-mail: [email protected]

Abbas Toloie- Eshlaghy

Industrial Management Department, Science and Research Branch
Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Hamidreza Ahmadian Chashmi

Information Technology Management Department, E-Campus Branch
Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
Today, use of techniques such as information aggregation and design of homogenous and
integrated systems in the organizations have been turned into critical case. Selection of
suitable tools and system for implementation of information aggregation structures and
information fetching and access model with emphasis on knowledge management is one of
the managerial considerations in usefulness of hidden and unhidden knowledge in the
organizations. In order to implement knowledge management based information system,
there is need for a systematic and long-term approach, but one can implement some degrees
of this system with equipment available in the organizations.
In this article, we present a combined model of knowledge management in
organizational information databases information aggregation while studying concept of
information aggregation and knowledge management with strategic look. What is
important is that knowledge management will be used as an important but not main factor.
For compiling information database architecture, techniques relating to XML and
information saving have been regarded textual.
Y7g bIn order to assess and optimize the compiled model, genetic algorithm
techniques has been used. In the presented model, four operational modules have been
specified on which basis 15 genes have been identified and genes are assessed and
optimized with regard to theory of experts and final model was compiled on the basis of
final output resulting from optimization.

Keywords: Information aggregation, strategic knowledge management, genetic algorithm

101 European Journal of Economics, Finance And Administrative Sciences - Issue 42 (2011)

1. Introduction
Decision about selection of suitable strategy in aggregation, sharing information and reuse of
organizational common information is a multivariate decision because many factors should be studied
for assessing and selecting strategy. The researches which have been done on Knowledge management
strategic planning are limited and disperse. These researches have regarded limited factors interfering
in decision making and selection of strategy and one of the knowledge management dimensions has
been studied (organizational structure , culture , technology) and other strategic factors have been
neglected. With regard to the performed researches (Alavi, Dorothy, 2001), need for utilization of a
knowledge management dynamic strategy has been proved but few researches have been done to show
if one can perform knowledge management dynamic strategy for the organizations in the fields of
(Abou-Zeid, 2002) . Many studies have been done on information aggregation and formation of
centralized information database. But the model which is based on knowledge management and
gathering information requested by information and organizational systems for (Bukhres, Elmagarmid,
1996) has been rarely observed. Better data management and compilation and execution of strategic
organizational goals lead to belief in and attitude to more knowledge sharing (with use of facilitating
technologies).
Sometimes, these efforts are effective but they are almost inefficient. The most important
questions which are raised (Breitbart, 1990) are as follows:
What tools are used for selection of suitable strategy for the organization? How can we create
dynamic approach and apply for execution of knowledge management strategy in order to establish
aggregated information database? Can we use knowledge management in special processes of the
organization? This article tries to understand this aspect of knowledge strategic management and
suggest a framework for aggregating inter-organizational identified information and information based
on knowledge strategic management which can fetch and aggregate the required information in
centralized data storage.
2. Review of Literature
In this section, we introduce some concepts which should be studied in theoretical review of literature
and final model will be based on them.
• Knowledge management: knowledge management is converted to full commercial task and
new tools of management for many modern organizations (BeikZadeh, Sovari and Sovari,
2006). Management theorists have helped growth of knowledge management in different
aspects and some of them have focused on operational dimensions of knowledge management
while some others have emphasized on conceptual subjects. Some thinkers such as Druker and
Strasman have emphasized on importance of information growth and express knowledge as
organizational sources and Roger has expanded look at knowledge management in information
technology transfer in the field of publication and innovation with use of knowledge
management and Allen has expanded it in MET University (Naseri, Ebdali, Hooshmand, 2005).
• Knowledge strategic management: a set of processes for understanding and applying
knowledge strategic resource in the organization. Knowledge management is a structured
approach which establishes procedures for identification, assessment, organization, storage and
application of knowledge in order to fulfill needs and goals of the organization. Knowledge
strategic planning is a part of knowledge management strategic planning which is allocated to
assessment and selection of effective management strategy for the organization and its
compilation (HaghighiNasab, khosravi, 2010).
Emphasis in this article is on knowledge management with strategic look which relates to the
above definition because nature and content of knowledge which can be applied in organizational
aggregation system is focus of this article.
• Knowledge strategic management frameworks: Many researchers have presented different
models in knowledge management. Most models are similar in some concepts and elements
constituting models in spite of structural differences. For example, user interface layer which is
 used for presentation and sharing of knowledge among the persons dealing with knowledge and
senior managers of knowledge is available in all raised models. (Seif, Karami, 2004) in table 1,
some of the most important models have been mentioned. In order to establish any model, one
should pay attention to hierarchy of knowledge management execution as well as key factors of
success of failure. Most key factors relating to the organization and its components are defined
and specified though one cannot neglect factors effective on tools and component.
• Information aggregation: during 1980, research focused on the distributed model and
computation machines but its low effect caused to consider object-oriented model in 90s. This
model was necessary for controlling combined data and worked simply on special database and
multimedia data. In 2000, new innovation occurred and XML-based model was created. Goal
of this model was to remove difference between documents and data and helps put together all
information sources whether structured or not (Fogel, David, 2000) in presentation of the
related model, XML model was used as basic method for transfer of information and we
transfer fetch and refined information to data warehouse with use of textual information
compaction techniques (XSLT technique) (Sotriakoa, Zeppou, 2004).
103 European Journal of Economics, Finance And Administrative Sciences - Issue 42 (2011)

Table 1: Strategic knowledge management models

/ Model Stages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hicks Create Save Publish Apply
Marc&Mece Ltoje Knowledge production Linking knowledge
Expansion/sharin Exchange in general Exchange
APQC Creation Entrap Spend Culture building
g level /communication
AMS Find Organize Share
Application on
Anderson Consulting Acquire Create Analyze analyze Share
the basis of goals
Di Bella&Nevis Obtain Publish Use Analyze
Marquqet ‘s Learning Transfer and exploit Saving
Wiig Creation of source Gathering and conversion Publication Apply
Creation of new Keeping available and new Knowledge Useful combined
Spek &Spijkernet
knowledge knowledge distribution knowledge
Creation , learning ,
Ruggles Capture , representation or agency Transfer
combination
Agreement/conve
O’Del Identification Gather Organizing Applying Publishing Creating
rsion
Weggeman Determine Develop Save Share Apply Assess
UTI ‫ه‬coordinate Need recognition Share Create Gather/save Undo
Le manageur Control Organize Learn Apply Assess
APOQ Create Diagnose Gather Organize Share Make adjustment Use
Keep&Daly &ham Create Control Make framework Save Share
Establish relationship
Green Wood Create Specify Classify Understand Create
with others
Davenport& Prusak Produce Encode and organize Transfer
Newman &Conard Create Fixing Maintaining Transfer Use
Hjelmeruik &Kirkemo Control Create Show Use
Promote Target Specify Develop Publish Use Save Assess ‫كنيد‬
Creating
Beek man Identification Capture Selection Saving Publication Application
commerce
Holsapple &Jashi Acquisition Selection Internalization Use Production Manifesting
Maintenance
Bukowitz & Willams Finding Application Learning Creation Sharing Assessment
/deletion
Pawlowsky Identification Acquisition Publication Establishment Transfer
Probst &Raub Determination of
Identification Acquisition Development Sharing Use Maintenance Assessment
&Romhard knowledge goals
Nonaka&Ta Keuchi Socialization Externalization Link Internalization
104 European Journal of Economics, Finance And Administrative Sciences - Issue 42 (2011)

3. Foundation of Model Compilation and Data Warehouse System Required for

Aggregation of Information
For compiling the model, different types including conceptual, logical, physical or object-oriented
model have been used. Conceptual model which is called conceptual data model is a plan including
concepts and relations between them. This model describes semantic relations between different parts
of an organization and mentions some hypotheses about its nature. Logical model is a data model for a
given problem which has been created with regard to capabilities and limitations of a data management
technology and depends on technology. Physical model describes how data is stored on physical
media. This storage can be done in a centralized and continuous medium or distributed medium,
therefore, this model based on objects of a logical structure of information maintenance. The model
presented in this article has conceptual structure which will b formed on the basis of the available
logical models in each model section and components communication.
Architecture of information storage is the first important subject which can be referred for
information and data in distribution and computation media (Edvinsson ,1997).generally, information
identified in computations media which are divided into four types of basic and original data which are
common in different systems (such as systemic parameters .etc), metadata of each subsystem which
includes process control and even record standards, processing information which is gathered during
processing stages from other systems and historical information (Fogel, 2000) . The compiled
information storage architecture can support all kinds of the available data. With regard to dispersion
of data, data warehouse is the best structure for keeping information. In figure 1, storage and data
communication system which is basis of data warehouse creation for the model presented in the article
has been shown. Data warehouse system should be total and support the interactional data such as
current data which has high interaction in system and old data which has low interactions and
application but numerous interactions in systems and static data which has the least frequency in
system and support data which ensures information security.

Figure 1: Data storage system

Current information storage

Information database
Historical data storage
Current for keeping
Current
data data .... information

Distributed support
databases

Data Data Data store

support support
database
database
........

4. Position of Data Security in Storage System and Aggregated Information Secure

Access System
In distributed computer media, information of the dynamic data warehouse and static data warehouse is
the main issue of data protection (Bukhres, Elmagarmid, 1996). Regarding protection of data in
105 European Journal of Economics, Finance And Administrative Sciences - Issue 42 (2011)

distributed media, it will be important to pay attention to concepts such as information transfer,
exit/transfer of data and data support/retrieval. According to figure 1, information is transferred
between dynamic data and the past data warehouse and it means that information is being transferred
between bases or tables. Information is transferred to static and older data warehouse. One can possess
suitable tools for exit/entrance of information with this hypothesis that required knowledge and
transaction are provided in database management system. If one can convert information to textual file,
entrance and exit process will be better managed and supervised. Information should be transferred
between static data warehouse and kept and secured data warehouse and this process can be performed
through tools such as copying files for understanding and recognizing work procedure. As mentioned
before, data warehouse is regarded as main structure of information maintenance. Therefore, the
second action for formulation of aggregation model is compilation of stored data access system.
Information access system should be such that system manager and other operators are able to observe
and follow information through the available subsystems. Security of system setting file, parameters
file with the defined mechanisms, control of operational system security should be implemented with
methods of considering system managers (Eiben, et al, 1994). It should have required strategies for
data center and core of logical data security to support differences between base security control, file
system security and the available security mechanism. Dynamicity of the system requires that there
should be three factors of operator, operation and operationalzed subject. Security control layer
recognizes which process is transferred to what users or systems and how to add query of the required
components and other complementary components to the enquiry to write and send queries completely.
All of these roles and initializations are temporary and are canceled at the end of enquiry stage and
provision of the required service (Chamberlin, 2002). In figure 2, model saved information access
system is shown on the basis of the above remarks.

Figure 2: Access to information in aggregated stored system

Data centers managers and

information database managers
Systemic and Systemic and
applied programs applied programs

Systemic information security control layer

Logical data security core layer

Security control layer for interface information

Data store /aggregated information

database

5. The Available Parameters and Compilation of the First Model

Parameters required for compilation of model have been considered in five modules. These modules
include: input sources module, Knowledge strategic management module, search engine module, or
gate of link to other systems, information transfer and storage module in data warehouse and
information access module. Fetched data from the data sources which are online and offline are kept in
temporary database because this data can be refined, filtered, restored, combined or packed for
sending. Therefore, strategic knowledge management module is considered due to importance of data
106 European Journal of Economics, Finance And Administrative Sciences - Issue 42 (2011)

i.e. after information fetch module. At the end of this stage, data should be ready for storage process in
data warehouse. The refined data which is in a temporary information database is converted to Xml
format. Produced Xml files are converted to a file with Xslt format with use of conversion algorithm
and route and transfer map and stored in main data warehouse. Aggregated data can be reused for
online analysis required for applied and commercial models. But we should use data cube for more
effective use of the stored data with regard to use of data warehouse (Ting, 2005).
It is important to design a dynamic search engine as access gate for other systems and users and
even to achieve national total system in the model but the important issue in this field is to which part
of the model gate linking to other applied programs and software systems or even other information
systems. With regard to unknown location, this subject will be dealt with in optimization of model. In
figure 3, information aggregation model of strategic knowledge management based organizational
information databases have been shown on the basis of identified parameters for each module.

Figure 3: Strategic knowledge management –based organizational information databases aggregation

databases

Actions relating to knowledge

strategic management Actions relating to storage of
Data OLTP Information information
sources database

Data transfer
Data Information fetching and and conversion
sources OLA storage process module
Information
database

Stable storage
Data MOLAP
sources Information
database
Temporary Transfer
information and
Dynamic storage database conversion
route map

Data
sources Information Requested storage
database
Model of
transfers
to
Site XSLT
Requested data Filtering, integration,
storage, packaging, security and
protection modules
Metadat
aaa

Information
Data • Reprocessing according to queries
database • Creation of required knowledge
sources Commercial
• Data analysis model and
requirements

Site A Data warehouse

/aggregated
information Output: user reports
and queries
Systemic
parameters Information
database Applied programs of
Search query tools in active
engine applied media
Data
sources
Data cubic building
Site

Processing
parameters

Information
database
Data
sources

Site

Selection
parameters
107 European Journal of Economics, Finance And Administrative Sciences - Issue 42 (2011)

6. Research Method
Methodology, answering the research questions, survey and information gathering are based on the
study and questionnaire. The first stage of this research relates to recognition and pilot study and
dimensions and components of knowledge strategic management models were extracted and
information was aggregated. In the next stage, the primary model was compiled on the basis of the
recognized parameters. Five modules were identified in compilation of the model. After compilation of
the model, stage of model assessment and optimization was performed. In assessment and optimization
stage, genetic algorithm techniques were used and the most important reason was high capability of
this algorithm in optimization (Wright, et al., 2003). 15 genes were specified as assessed and optimized
parameters and the model was optimized on the basis of cost-value model acquired from the optimal
experts (table 2). Genetic algorithm for solving each problem produces a large set of possible solutions
and assesses each one of them with use of fitting function. Then, some of the best solutions which
cause to produce next generation new solutions are selected. During consecutive generations, searching
space evolved in a direction which reaches desirable solution. In case of correct selection of
parameters, this method can be very effective.

7. Data Incompatibilities in Information Aggregation

Incompatibility is important in aggregation because if there is no correct relationship between data
tables and databases, incorrect data will be created and authenticity and incompatibility of the
aggregated data will be reduced. In study on incompatibilities in the model, three models of semantic,
syntactic and structural incompatibility will be studied (Drucker, 1998).
In semantic heterogeneity, dimensions of data ranking, data value and identification of data
were studied and data language and model and query language were studied. In structural
heterogeneity, some cases such as incompatibility in all types of structures, structural evolution, and
structural models and data compaction were studied and a strategy was compiled in order to exit from
each one of the above dimensions.
Information aggregation framework has combination of all incompatibility dimensions.
Suggestion in this article is that XQUERY techniques should be used. With use of XML and
techniques available in XQUERY, many incompatibilities in data processing have been removed
(Syswerda, 1989).
One of the most important points for use of this method is that one should make decision in the
first step how the general data model is (for example, semi-structured or object oriented), then data was
fetched and converted to XML format. Process of conversion to XML format may cause to create
incompatibilities in XML data sources; therefore, XQUERY is used (for definition of data models in
transfer and conversion of data) and predictable incompatibilities are predicted on XML model
available in destination sources and are minimized.

8. Assessment and Optimization of Primary Model

In the presented model (figure 3), four modules have been assessed and studied in terms of authenticity
which include two modules of input data sources, one module relating to strategic knowledge
management and one module relating to search engine. In each one of the modules, we study genes on
the basis of chromosome strain in each one of the modules on the basis of genes experts’ theory and
activate effective or more effective genes.
Therefore, limitation in these modules is extent of activity. In each module, there have been
some effective parameters in which final value and cost are calculated on the basis of effect and weight
of each one of them. At first, we produce a primary population including 100 chromosomes randomly
and we consider them as the first generation chromosomes. For each chromosome available in the first
generation, we calculate fitness rate through fitness function. This fitness function is defined as:
108 European Journal of Economics, Finance And Administrative Sciences - Issue 42 (2011)

Fitness = Value / Cost

Table 2: Table of genes selected for forming the primary chromosome

Module genes Title of module in model Module

● OLTP
● OLAP Data sources online First module
● MOLAP
● Metadata
● Systemic parameters
● Selective parameters Data sources Offline Second module
● Processing parameters
● Filtering
● Aggregation
● Storage Strategic knowledge management Third module
● Packaging
● Security
● Knowledge strategic
management
● Temporary information database Search gate Fourth module
● Aggregated database

9. Finding
Figure 4 shows different executions of genetic algorithm during 50 data generations. All executions
though started with primary values have ended to fixed chromosome. This fixed chromosome is as
follows:

1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0

This chromosome is adjusted with primary genes table, number one shows genes which remain
in the model and number zero indicates genes which are excluded in optimization. As shown in table
4(fitness function ) , in order to prevent from numerous ways and different technologies of information
entry in the first module , we considered the optimization algorithm in such a manner that the most
optimal method in information entry was kept on line and other models of information entry will not be
considered.
In execution of the first module which has been considered in the algorithm, OLTP model
remains and OLAP and MOLAP are excluded. In the second module which information entry
parameters have been studied in information sources off line and we considered the best option during
optimization process and excluded other methods. Result of chromosome shows that metadata value
has the highest optimization value among the available components and other components are
excluded. For selection of search engine, the goal is to select the best location for linking to search
engine of other systems and three locations were considered (strategic knowledge module, temporary
information database, data warehouse) and goal of optimization was to select a location for link as the
best location.
Result of execution shows that if search engine is linked to knowledge strategic management
module, it will have the highest value added in the model. Another module which is studied in
optimization is assessment and optimization of parameters relating to fetching and storage of
information in layer relating to strategic knowledge management. Result of chromosome shows that
the considered parameters have equal rate. Some main functions have been predicted for effect of data
in the model of which the most important ones are data analysis, data reengineering and knowledge
creation. Among the available parameters, packaging obtained the least value in model optimization
109 European Journal of Economics, Finance And Administrative Sciences - Issue 42 (2011)

which we may not consider with regard to nature of this process because this process is observed in
communication between modules.

Figure 4: Fitness output of four modules besides each other

10. Conclusion
In the present article, we presented a framework in the field of knowledge strategic management –
based organizational information systems information aggregation (Naseri, Ebdali, Hooshmand, 2005)
after review of literature and concepts (Agarwal, Keller, Wiederhold, Saraswat, 1995). For this reason,
one can regard it as national model for organizational information aggregation. In order to compile a
model, we study different executive dimensions in the model and study cases relating to data sources in
two online and offline levels, knowledge strategic management, conversion and transfer of data to xml
format and access to information and suggested the primary model on the basis of type of
communication and interactional levels between modules. (Seif, et al.2006). The presented model can
be regarded as new research and model because it includes a combination of technical and instrumental
techniques of knowledge management. In order to study authenticity and optimize model, genetic
algorithm techniques were used. The most important reasons for selection of this algorithm were
comprehensiveness and its capabilities to optimize and conditions available in the model in terms of
parameters. Value-cost values of each parameter were obtained from the experts and entered model
assessment and fitness function. Results obtained from algorithm show priority of the model and
correct selection of the assessed genes. Use of techniques such as micro benchmark can be regarded as
future researches subjects on the basis of this model (Davenport, Jarvenpaaa, Beers, 1998). Interaction
which is ability of different systems to understand each other or operations with each other can be
regarded as another suggested subject through which organizations and units in different levels can
cooperate with each other.
In order for the organizations to interact with each other, it is necessary to identify interaction
level in the organizations. Result of assessment and optimization of the primary model and corrections
in it is observed in the final model of organizational information aggregation based on knowledge
strategic management.

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