Scribd
Upload
9 views

Function

A function F from a set X to a set Y is a relation where: 1) Each element x in X is related to exactly one element y in Y. 2) No two elements of X are related to the same element in Y. A function maps each element of its domain (X) to a unique element of its codomain (Y). The set of outputs is called the range. A function's graph consists of all point pairs (x, f(x)) where x is the input and f(x) is the corresponding output.

Uploaded by

MUHAMMAD MUSTAFA AWAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views

Function

A function F from a set X to a set Y is a relation where: 1) Each element x in X is related to exactly one element y in Y. 2) No two elements of X are related to the same element in Y. A function maps each element of its domain (X) to a unique element of its codomain (Y). The set of outputs is called the range. A function's graph consists of all point pairs (x, f(x)) where x is the input and f(x) is the corresponding output.

Uploaded by

MUHAMMAD MUSTAFA AWAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

FUNCTIONS

Muhammad Adeel Ashraf


RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

A function F from a set X to a set Y is a relation from X to Y that


satisfies the following two properties

1. For every element x in X, there is an element y in Y such that


(x,y) ∈F. In other words every element of X is the first
element of some ordered pair of F.

2. For all elements x in X and y and z in Y, if (x,y) ∈F and (x,z)


∈F, then y = z. In other words no two distinct ordered pairs in
F have the same first element.
EXERCISE

Which of the relations define functions


from X = {2,4,5} to Y={1,2,4,6}.
a. R 1 = {(2,4), (4,1)}
b. R 2 = {(2,4), (4,1), (4,2), (5,6)}
c. R3 = {(2,4), (4,1), (5,6)}
SOLUTION:
a. R1 is not a function, because 5 ∈X does not
appear as the first element in any ordered pair in
R1.
b. R2 is not a function, because the ordered pairs
(4,1) and (4,2) have the same first element but
different second elements.
c. R3 defines a function because it satisfy both the
conditions of the function that is every element of
X is the first element of some order pair and there
is no pair which has the same first order pair but
different second order pair.
EXERCISE

Let A = {4,5,6} and B = {5,6} and define binary relations


R and S from A to B as follows:
for all (x,y) ∈A × B, (x,y) ∈ R ⇔ x≥y
for all (x,y) ∈A × B, xSy ⇔ 2|(x-y)
a. Represent R and S as a set of ordered pairs.
b. Indicate whether R or S is a function
SOLUTION
a. Since we are given the relation R contains those order pairs
of A×B which has their first element greater or equal to the
second Hence R contains the order pairs. R = {(5,5), (6,5),
(6,6)}. Similarly S is such a relation which consists of those
order pairs for which the difference of first and second
elements difference divisible by 2. Hence S = {(4,6), (5,5),
(6,6)}
b. R is not a function because 4 ∈A is not related to any element
of B. S clearly defines a function since each element of A is
related to a unique element of B.
FUNCTION:

A function f from a set X to a set Y is a relationship between


elements of X and elements of Y such that each element of X is
related to a unique element of Y, and is denoted f : X →Y. The
set X is called the domain of f and Y is called the co-domain of f.

NOTE: The unique element y of Y that is related to x by f is


denoted f(x) and is called f of x, or the value of f at x, or the
image of x under f.
ARROW DIAGRAM OF A FUNCTION

The definition of a function implies that the arrow


diagram for a function f has the following two properties:

1. Every element of X has an arrow coming out of it.

2. No two elements of X has two arrows coming out of it


that point to two different elements of Y.
EXAMPLE
Let X = {a, b, c} and Y={1,2,3,4}. Define a function f from X to Y by the
arrow diagram.

You can easily note that the above diagram satisfy the two conditions of a
function hence a graph of the function. Note that f(a) = 2, f(b) = 4,and
f(c) = 2
FUNCTIONS AND NONFUNCTIONS
Let X = {a, b, c} and Y={1,2,3,4}. Define a function f from X to Y by the arrow
diagram.
a. b.

a. The relation given in the diagram (a) is Not a function because there is no
arrow coming out of 5∈X to any element of Y.
b. The relation in the diagram (b) is Not a function, because there are two arrows
coming out of 4∈X. i.e.,4∈X is not related to a unique element of Y.
RANGE OF A FUNCTION
a. Let f: X→Y. The range of f consists of those elements of Y that are
image of elements of X.

b. Symbolically, Range of f = {y ∈Y| y = f(x), for some x ∈X}.

NOTE:

1. The range of a function f is always a subset of the co-domain of f.

2. The range of f: X →Y is also called the image of X under f.

3. When y = f(x), then x is called the pre-image of y.

4. The set of all elements of X, that are related to some y ∈Y is


called the inverse image of y.
EXERCISE
Determine the range of the functions f, g, h from X = {2,4,5} to Y =
{1,2,4,6} defined as:
1.

2. g = {(2,6), (4,2), (5,1)}.


3. h(2) = 4, h (4) = 4, h(5) = 1.
SOLUTION

1. Range of f = {1, 6}

2. Range of g = {1, 2, 6}

3. Range of h = {1, 4}
GRAPH OF A FUNCTION

Let f be a real-valued function of a real variable. i.e. f:R →R. The

graph of f is the set of all points (x , y) in the Cartesian coordinate

plane with the property that x is in the domain of f and y = f(x).


EXAMPLE

We have to draw the graph of the function f given by the relation

y=x^2 in order to draw the graph of the function we will first

take some elements from the domain will see the image of them

and then plot then on the graph as follows:

Graph of y = x^2.
SOLUTION

You might also like