C b S

Cyber Space
• Cyberspace is the notional environment in which
communication over computer networks occurs.

• The word became popular in the 1990s when the

uses of the Internet,
Internet networking,
networking and digital
communication were all growing dramatically.

• The term "cyberspace" was able to represent the

many new ideas and phenomena that were
emerging.
• Internet
• The Internet is the global system of
interconnected computer networks that use
the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link
devices worldwide.

• It is a network of networks that consists of

private
private, public
public, academic
academic, business
business, and
government networks of local to global scope,
linked by a broad array of electronic,
electronic wireless,
wireless
and optical networking technologies.
• The Internet is a global network connecting
millions of computers.

• More than 190 countries are linked into

exchanges of data, news and opinions.

• An Internet Service Provider (ISP) allows the

user access to the Internet through their server.
 When….?
• January 1,
1 1983 is considered the official
birthday of the Internet. Because a new
communications pprotocol was established called
Transfer Control Protocol/Internetwork Protocol
(TCP/IP). This allowed different kinds of
computers on different networks to "talk" to each
other.
• ARPANET
• The Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network (ARPANET) was an early packet
switching network and the first network to implement
the protocol suite TCP/IP.

• ARPANET was the network that became the basis

for the Internet.

• Based on a concept first published in 1967,

ARPANET was developed under the direction of the
U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).
• The initial ARPANET consisted of four
IMP ( Internet
I t t Media
M di Producer):-
P d )
• University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

• The Augmentation Research Center at Stanford

R
Research
h IInstitute.
tit t

• University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB).

• The University of Utah School of Computing.

• Each of these computer served has a host on

the network, commonly know today as Server.
• When the ARPANET migrated to the Internet
protocols in 1983, the major application
protocols migrated with it:

• E-mail
• File transfer [File Transfer Protocol (FTP)]
• Voice
o ce ttraffic
a c [[Network
et o Voiceo ce Protocol
otoco ((NVP)]
)]
• Password protection
 World Wide Web
• The World Wide Web (WWW/ W3) is an
information space where documents and other
web resources are identified by URLs,
interlinked by hypertext links, and can be
accessed via the Internet.

• The World Wide Web was invented by English

scientist
i i Tim Ti Berners-Lee
B L ini 1989.
1989
• The World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or the
Web) is an information space where documents
and other web resources are identified
by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs),
interlinked by hypertext links, and can be
accessed d via
i th
the Internet]
I t t] English
E li h scientist
i ti t Tim
Ti
Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in
1989.
1989
• The World Wide Web contains a vast collection
of linked multimedia pages that is ever-
changing.

• However,, there are several basic components

p of
the Web that allow users to communicate with
each other.

• Below you will find selected components and

their descriptions.
• URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
• A URL,
URL as theth name suggests,t provides
id a way to t
locate a resource on the web,
the hypertext system that operates over
the internet.
• The URL contains the name of the protocol to be
used to access the resource and a resource
name.
• The first part of a URL identifies what protocol to
use.
• The second part identifies the IP
address or domain name where the resource is
located.
• TCP/IP protocols
• In order for a computer to communicate on the
Internet, a set of rules or protocols computers
must follow to exchange messages was
developed.

• The two most important protocols allowing

computers to transmit data on the Internet are
– Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
– Internet Protocol (IP).
(IP)

• With these protocols

protocols, virtually all computers can
communicate with each other.
• Domain Name System
• Domain Name System (or Service or Server),
an Internet service that translates domain
names into
i t IP addresses.
dd

• B
Because domain
d i names are alphabetic,
l h b ti th
they're
'
easier to remember. The Internet however, is
really based on IP addresses.
addresses

• Every time you use a domain name

name, therefore
therefore, a
DNS service must translate the name into the
corresponding IP address. For example, the
domain name www.example.com might translate
to 198.105.232.4.
• Top-level domain
Each part of a domain name contains certain
information.

• The first field is the host name, identifying a

single computer or organization.

• The last field is the top-level

top level domain
domain, describing
the type of organization and occasionally
countryy of origin
g associated with the address.
• HTTP:-
• HTTP means HyperText
H perTe t Transfer Protocol.
Protocol

• HTTP is i the
th underlying
d l i protocol
t l usedd byb
the World Wide Web and this protocol defines
how messages are formatted and transmitted,
transmitted
and what actions Web Server and browsers
should take in response
p to various commands.

• For example, when you enter a URL in your

browser, this actually sends an HTTP command
to the Web server directing it to fetch and
transmit the requested Web page.
• The other main standard that controls how the
World Wide Web works is HTML,
HTML which covers
how Web pages are formatted and displayed.
• HTML:-
• HyperText
H perTe t Markup
Mark p Lang
Language
age (HTML) is the
standard markup language for creating web
pages and web applications.
applications

• Web browsers receive HTML documents from

a webserver or from local storage and render
them into multimedia web pages.
p g

• HTML describes the structure of a web

page semantically and originally included cues
for the appearance of the document.
• You will write the HTML document on the word
processor or Notepad,
processor, Notepad WordPad,
WordPad or Simple
Text. When you are finished creating the HTML
document,, yyou'll then open
p the document in a
browser, like Netscape Navigator. The browser
will interpret the HTML commands for you and
display the Web page.

• The <html> tag tells the browser that this is

an HTML document. The <html> tag represents
th roott off an HTML document.
the d t
• <html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
/
</head>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

• The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page

• The <head> element contains meta information about the document
• Th <title>
The titl element
l t specifies
ifi a title
titl for
f the
th document
d t
• The <body> element contains the visible page content
• The <h1> element defines a large heading
• The <p> element defines a paragraph
• Write HTML Using Notepad:-
• Step 1:
1 Open Notepad (PC)
• Step 2: Write Some HTML
• Write or copy some HTML into Notepad
Notepad.
– <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
y
</html>
• Step 3: Save the HTML Page
• Save the file on your computer. Select File > Save as in the
Notepad menu
menu.
• Name the file "index.htm" and set the encoding to UTF-8 (which is
the preferred encoding for HTML files).
• Step 4: View the HTML Page in Your Browser
• Open the saved HTML file in your favorite browser
(double click on the file, or right-click - and choose "Open
with").
• The result will look much like this:
• HTML Tags

• HTML tags are element names surrounded by angle

brackets:

– <tagname>content goes here...</tagname>

• HTML tags normally come in pairs like <p> and </p>

• The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is
the end tag.

• The end tag is written like the start tag, but with a
forward slash inserted before the tag name
name.
• HTML Versions

• Since the early days of the web, there have been many
versions of HTML:

• Version Year
• HTML 1991
• HTML 2.0 1995
• HTML 33.2
2 1997
• HTML 4.01 1999
• XHTML 2000
• HTML5 2014
• HTML Headings
• HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
tags
• <h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines
the least important heading

Example:-

<html>
<body>
y
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>
</body>
</html>
• HTML Paragraphs
• HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag

Example:-
p

<html>
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This
Thi is
i another
th paragraph.</p>
h /
</body>
</html>
• HTML Links

• HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:

• Example:-

<html>
<body>
<a href="https://www.w3schools.com">This
h f "htt // 3 h l " Thi is
i a link</a>
li k /
</body>
</html>
• HTML Images
• HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
tag

• The source file ((src),

), alternative text ((alt),
), width,, and
height are provided as attributes.

• Width & height are in pixels.

• Example
<html>
<body>
body
<img src="w3schools.jpg" alt="W3Schools.com"
width="104" height="142">
</body>
</html>
• HTML Line Breaks

• The HTML <br> element defines a line break.

• Use <br> if you want a line break (a new line) without

starting a new paragraph

• Example:-

<html>
<body>
body
<p>This is<br>a paragraph<br>with line breaks</p>
</body>
</html>
• HTML Background Color

• The background-color property defines the background

color for an HTML element.
• This example sets the background color for a page to
powderblue:
• Example:-
<html>
<bodyy style="background-color:powderblue;">
y g p ;
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
• HTML Text Color
• The color property defines the text color for an HTML
element

• Example:-
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="color:blue;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="color:red;">This
t l " l d " Thi iis a paragraph.</p>
h /
</body>
</html>
• HTML Fonts

• The font-family property defines the font to be used for

an HTML element:

• Example
<html>
<body>
<h1
h1 style="font-family:verdana;">This
t l "f t f il d " Thi iis a h
heading</h1>
di /h1
<p style="font-family:courier;">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
• HTML Text Size

• The font-size property defines the text size for an HTML

element:

• Example
<html>
<body>
<h1
h1 style="font-size:300%;">This
t l "f t i 300% " Thi iis a h heading</h1>
di /h1
<p style="font-size:160%;">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
• HTML Text Alignment

• The text-align property defines the horizontal text

alignment
g for an HTML element:

• Example
<html>
<body>
<h1
h1 style="text-align:center;">Centered
t l "t t li t " C t d Heading</h1>
H di /h1
<p style="text-align:center;">Centered paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
• IP address
• An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a
numerical label assigned to each device connected to
a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication.

• IP address serves two principal functions:

– host or network interface identification
– location addressing.

• Its role has been characterized as follows:

– A name indicates what we seek
seek.
– An address indicate where it is.
– A route indicates how to get.
• Any device connected to the IP network must have an
unique IP address within the network
network.

• An IP address is analogous
g to a street address or
telephone number in that it is used to uniquely identify an
entity.

• The format of an IP address is a 32-bit

numeric address written as four numbers separated
p by
y
periods.

• Each number can be zero to 255.

• For example,
example 11.160.10.240
160 10 240 could be an IP address
address.
• Within an isolated network, you can assign IP addresses
at random as long as each one is unique
unique.

• However,, connectinggap private network to the Internet

requires using registered IP addresses (called Internet
addresses) to avoid duplicates.

• Static Versus Dynamic IP Addresses

• A static IP address will never change and it is a
permanent Internet address.

• A dynamic IP address is a temporary address that is

assigned each time a computer or device accesses the
Internet.
Internet
• Subnet Mask:-
• An IP address has two components
components,
– the network address
– the host address
address.

• A subnet mask separates the IP address into the

network and host addresses (<network><host>).

• Subnetting further divides the host part of an IP address

into a subnet and host address
(<network><subnet><host>) if additional subnetwork is
needed.
• IPv4 uses a 32-bit numbering scheme to represent an IP
address which has an address space of 232 or 4.3
address, 43
billion.

• Internet Protocol Version 6 (or IPv6) is a successor

of IPv4 Address, on the other hand, uses 128-bit
numbering scheme (2128) which has big enough
address space for many decades to come.
• Electronic mail:-
• Electronic mail is a method of exchanging digital
messages between computer users.

• Ab
brief
i f history
hi t off email
il
• Email as a concept predates the internet by a wide
margin.

• The first example of email can be found on computers at

MIT in a program called “MAILBOX”, all the way back in
1965.
• In 1969, the US Department of Defense
implemented ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects A
gency Network), a network connecting numerous
computers across the department for the purpose of
communication
i ti within
ithi th
the organisation.
i ti

• On October 29th 1969

1969, the first message was sent from
computer to computer on ARPANET.

• It was 1971 when Ray Tomlinson invented and

developed electronic mail, as we know it today, by
creating ARPANET
ARPANET’s s networked email system
system.

@ symbol,
• The “@” y , which was probably
p y his most enduring
g
contribution to the internet.
• Indicating a destination for a message became as
simple as addressing it: “username@name
username@name of computer”
computer ,
which is essentially how email has been addressed ever
since.

• By 1976 75% of all ARPANET traffic was electronic

mail.
mail

• Byy the 1980’s,, the infancyy of the internet,, Internet

Service Providers (ISPs) had begun connecting people
across the world, and email “hosting” sites began to pop
up clamouring for their piece of the pie
up, pie.

• Byy 1993 the word “electronic mail” had been replaced

p byy
“email” in the public lexicon and internet use had
become more widespread.
• Over the next few years, America Online (AOL),
Echomail Hotmail and Yahoo shaped the internet and
Echomail,
email landscape.

• With over 2.6 billion active users and over 4.6

billion email accounts in operation, email is the most
important and widely used communications medium on
the internet.
• How email works?
• The sender composes a message using the email client
on their computer.

• When the user sends the message, the email text and
attachments are uploaded to the SMTP (Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol) server as outgoing mail.
mail

• All outgoing messages wait in the outgoing mail queue

while the SMTP server communicates with the DNS
(Domain Name Server–like a phone book for domain
names and d server IP addresses)
dd ) tto fifind
d outt where
h th
the
recipient’s email server is located.
• If the SMTP server finds the recipient’s email server, it
will transfer the message and attachments
attachments. If the
recipient’s server can’t be found, the sender will get a
“Mail Failure” notification in their inbox.

• The next time the recipient clicks “Send & Receive,” their
email client will download all new messages from their
own email server. You’ve got mail!
• Format of e-mail:-
• The general format of an email address
is localpart@domain, and a specific example
is [email protected].

• An address consists of two parts:-

• The part before the @ symbol (local-part) identifies the
name of a mailbox. This is often the username of the
recipient,
p , e.g.,
g , jjsmith.

• The part after the @ symbol (domain) is a domain name

that represents the administrative realm for the mail box,
e.g., a company's domain name, example.com.
• Web Browser:-
• A web browser is a software application that people use
in order to view web pages on the internet.

• The first web browser was created in 1990.

• It can be used to upload or download files on FTP

servers.

• It uses security methods such as SSL and TLS to secure

internet traffic.

• It also uses cookies to store information and it caches

webb pages to make
k iinternet surfing
fi more efficiently.
ffi i l
• The most popular web browsers that are used today are
Mozilla Firefox
Firefox, Google Chrome
Chrome, Microsoft Internet
Explorer, Apple Safari and the Opera browser.
• How Browsers work?
• World Wide Web works on the client
client-server
server model
model.

• A user computer works as a client which can receive

and send data to the server.

• When a web page is requested by a user, the browser

contacts the requested server (where the website is
stored) and by fetching and interpreting the requested
files, it displays the web page on the computer screen.
• Search engines:-
• Search engines are programs that search documents for
specified keywords and returns a list of the documents
where the keywords were found.

• A search engine is really a general class of programs,

however the term is often used to specifically describe
however,
systems like Google, Bing and Yahoo! Search that
enable users to search for documents on the World Wide
W b
Web.

• The search results are generally presented in a line of

results often referred to as search engine results
pages (SERPs).
• The information may be a mix of web pages, images,
and other types
yp of files. Some search engines
g also mine
data available in databases or open directories.

• Unlike web directories, which are maintained only by

human editors, search engines also maintain real-time
information by running an algorithm on a web crawler.
How search engine work
• Social media :-
• Social Media is the future of communication,
communication a countless
array of internet based tools and platforms that increase
and enhance the sharing of information.

• This new form of media makes the transfer of text,

photos audio,
photos, audio video,
video and information in general
increasingly fluid among internet users.

• Social Media has relevance not only for regular internet

users, but business as well.
• Social media are computer-mediated technologies that
allow individuals,, companies,
p , NGOs,, ggovernments,, and
other organizations to view, create and
share information.

• Platforms like twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn have

created online communities where people can share as
much or as little personal information as they desire with
other members.

• The result is an enormous amount of information that

can be easily shared, searched, promoted, disputed, and
created.
• Common Features:-
• Social media are interactive Web 2.0
2 0 Internet
Internet-based
based
applications.

• User-generated content such as text posts or

comments, digital photos or videos, as well as data
generated through all online interactions,
interactions are the
lifeblood of the social media organism.

• Users create service-specific profiles for the website

or app, that are designed and maintained by the social
media organization.
organization

p
• Social media facilitate the development of online social
networks by connecting a user's profile with those of
other individuals and/or groups.
• Twitter:-
• Twitter is an online social networking service that
enables users to send and read short 280-
character messages called "tweets".

• Registered users can read and post tweets, but those

who are unregistered can only read them.
them

• Users access Twitter through

g the website
interface, SMS or mobile device app.

• Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack

Dorsey, Evan Williams, Biz Stone, and Noah
Glass and launched in Julyy 2006.
• The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, with
more than 100 million users p
posting
g 340 million tweets a
day in 2012.

• The service also handled 1.6

1 6 billion search queries per
day.

• In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and

has been described as "the SMS of the Internet".

• As of March 2017, Twitter has more than 328 million

monthly active users
• Advantages of Twitter:
• Twitter is free
free.
• Twitter is easy to join and use.
• Twitter is free from advertisement and its interface is
very handy to use.
• Twitter is massive.
• Twitter for business.
• Twitter security.
• You can follow anyone on twitter and anyone can follow
you.
• Twitter also pprovide yyou SMS notification, means yyou
can get twitter notification instantly.
• Disadvantages of twitter:-
• Many twitter user’s
user s privacy and security issues have
became a matter of serious concern. Many people feel
insecure to use Twitter as it shares all your personal
i f
information
ti withith thi
third
d parties.
ti

• It is so easy to join that there is a new Twitter account in

every second. This overloads the server.

• Through twitter any one can follow you, and you can
follow anyone.

• Twitter is time consuming. Your work, social interaction

can suffer due to yyour continuous tweeting.
g
• The Twitter’s services can easily be imitated. For e.g.
Facebook is also ggiving
g this feature integrated
g in its main
stream website.

• Spam problem: Twitter has also spam problem like other

social networking sites. Some twitter user only tweet
their products, blog or website links. Also some user
send spam messages or they spam you by tweeting
spam tweets.
• Signing up with Twitter
• To create an account on the web:
• Go to http://twitter.com and find the sign up box, or go
directlyy to https://twitter.com/signup.
p g p

• Enter your full name, phone number, and a password.

• Click Sign up for Twitter.

• In order to verify your phone number, they will send you

an SMS text message with a code. Enter the verification
code in the box provided.
• Once you've clicked Sign up for Twitter, you can select
a username (usernames are unique identifiers on
Twitter) — type your own or choose one we've
suggested. They will tell you if the username you want is
available.
il bl

• Double-check your name

name, phone number,
number password,
password
and username.

• Click Create my account. You may be asked to

complete a Captcha to let us know that you're human.

• If you'd like to sign up with Twitter using an email

address,, you
y can do so via the "Use email instead" link
at the bottom of the sign up page
• Facebook:-
• Facebook is a popular free social networking website
that allows registered users to create profiles, upload
photos and video, send messages and keep in touch
with friends, family and colleagues.

• The site,
site which is available in 37 different languages
languages.

• Includes public features such as:

• Marketplace
p - allows members to p
post, read and respond
p
to classified ads.

• G
Groups - allows
ll members
b whoh h
have common iinterests to
find each other and interact.
• Events - allows members to publicize an event, invite
guests and track who plans to attend
attend.

• Pages
g - allows members to create and ppromote a p
public
page built around a specific topic.

• Presence technology - allows members to see which

contacts are online and chat.
• Facebook is a social networking service launched on
February 4
4, 2004
2004.

• It was founded byy Mark Zuckerberg

g with his college
g
roommates and fellow Harvard University student
Eduardo Saverin.

• Zuckerberg developed an interest in computers at an

earlyy age;
g ; when he was about 12,, he used Atari BASIC
to create a messaging program he named "Zucknet."

• His father used the program in his dental office, so that

the receptionist could inform him of a new patient without
yyelling
g across the room.
• The family also used Zucknet to communicate within the
house Together with his friends
house. friends, he also created
computer games just for fun.

• Initially called Facemash , then The Facebook.

• Originally only open to Harvard students.

• In March 2004,
2004 Facebook expanded to the universities
of Columbia, Stanford, and Yale.

• It later gradually opens to most universities in the United

States and Canada.
• On September 26, 2006, Facebook was opened to
everyone at least 13 years old with a valid email
address.
• Statistics-Facebook
• 1.13
1 13 billion daily active users on average for June 2016
• 1.03 billion mobile daily active users on average for June
2016
• 1.71 billion monthly active users as of June 30, 2016
• 1.57 billion mobile monthly active users as of June 30,
2016
• Worldwide, there are over 2.01 billion monthly active
Facebook users for June 2017 , which is a 17 percent
increase year over year.
• Facebook demographics
• People of every age use Facebook:
• 82 percent of 18 to 29-year-olds online in the U.S. use
Facebook.

• 79 percent of 30 to 49-year-olds online in the U.S. use

Facebook.

• 56 percent of U.S.
U S online users ages 65 and up use
Facebook.

• It also spans generations—83 percent of parents with a

teen between the ages of 13 and 17 are friends with their
child on Facebook
Facebook.
• YOUTUBE:-
• YouTube is an American video-sharing
video sharing website
headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States
was activated on Monday, February 14, 2005 at 9:13PM.

• YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen,

and Jawed Karim,
Karim who were all early employees of
PayPal.

• In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65

billion.

• The site allows users to upload, view, rate, share, and

comment on videos
videos.
• Available content includes video clips, TV
show clips,
clips music videos
videos, audio recordings
recordings, movie
trailers, and other content such as video blogging, short
original videos, and educational videos.

• Most of the content on YouTube has been uploaded by

individuals but media corporations
individuals,
including CBS(Columbia Broadcasting System),
the BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation), and other
organizations
i ti offer
ff some off their
th i material
t i l via
i YYouTube,
T b
as part of the YouTube partnership program.

• Unregistered users can watch videos, and registered

users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of
videos
id and
d add
dd comments to videos.
id
• As of July 2016, the website was ranked as the second
most popular site by Alexa Internet
Internet, a web traffic
analysis company.

• According to third-party web

analytics providers, Alexa and SimilarWeb, YouTube is
the third most visited website in the world
world, as of June
2015.

• SimilarWeb also lists YouTube as the top TV and video

website globally, attracting more than 15 billion visitors
per month.
month
• Advantages of YOUTUBE:-
• In education YouTube help in term of provide the video
of teaching and learning for the students to get the
knowledge from the professors in another part of the
world.

• The students are able to access to the sources of

learning anytime anywhere they want without any
payment.

• It is a big digital library which has both image and sound.

• It is the place that everybody can promote their skill, their

talent and there are many people become famous by
uploading their video on YouTube.
• Disadvantages of YOUTUBE:-
• YouTube is a free site which sometime the young
generation will get the bad example from the video.

• There are many pirated movie and song spread in

YouTube which effect to the copy right issue.

• Because of the freedom of uploading video there are

many video was uploaded by another people and it
effect to the whole life of the owner.

• There are many contents foster to use violence to the

young generation or to the country.
• Some skill that was spread vie YouTube will use in
wrong purpose by those robber or terrorist
terrorist.
• WhatsApp:-
• WhatsApp is a free to download messenger app for
smartphones.

• WhatsApp uses the internet to send messages, images,

audio or video.

• The service is very similar to text messaging services

however because WhatsApp uses the internet to send
however,
messages, the cost of using WhatsApp is significantly
less than texting.

• It is popular with teenagers because of features like

group chatting,
chatting voice messages and location sharing
sharing.
• Growth of WhatsApp
• With 1500 Million users
users, as of August 2018
2018, WhatsApp is
currently the biggest online messenger app on the
market.

• Founded in 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum ex-

Yahoo employees it started as a small start
start-up
up and
swelled to 250,000 users in just a few months, growing
so fast that they had to add a charge for using the
service per year to slow the subscription rate down.

• In
I 2014 WhatsApp
Wh t A was acquired
i d by
b Facebook.
F b k
• Features of WhatsApp:-
• Texts
• Group chat
• Whatsapp voice and video calls
• Whatsapp on web and desktop
• Photos and videos
• Documents
• Voice messages
• End-to-end encryption
– Security by Default
– Some of your most personal moments are shared on WhatsApp
WhatsApp,
which is why we built end-to-end encryption into the latest
versions of our app. When end-to-end encrypted, your messages
and calls are secured so only
y you
y and the person
p yyou're
communicating with can read or listen to them, and nobody in
between, not even WhatsApp.
How does end-to-end encryption work?
• WhatsApp is available in over 40 languages (up to 60 on
Android) As a general rule
Android). rule, WhatsApp follows the
language of your phone.

• If you change the language of your phone to Spanish,

WhatsApp will automatically be in Spanish.
• LinkedIn:-
• LinkedIn is a business-oriented
business oriented social networking
service.

• Founded on December 14, 2002, and launched on May

5, 2003, it is mainly used for professional networking.

• As of 2015, most of the site's revenue came from selling

access to information about its users to recruiters and
sales professionals.

• As of March 2016, LinkedIn has more than 433 million

accounts
• The company was founded by Reid Hoffman and
founding team members from PayPal and Socialnet.com
Socialnet com
(Allen Blue, Eric Ly, Jean-Luc Vaillant, Lee Hower,
Konstantin Guericke, Stephen Beitzel, David Eves, Ian
M Ni h Y
McNish, Yan PPujante,
j t Ch Chris
i SSaccheri)
h i)

• In late 2002
2002, Reid recruits a team of old colleagues from
SocialNet and PayPal to work on a new idea.

• The basic functionality of LinkedIn allows users

(workers and employers) to create profiles and
"connections"
connections to each other in an online social network
which may represent real-world professional
relationships. Users can invite anyone (whether a site
user or not)) to b
become a connection.
i
• Features-LinkedIn:-
• Posting Update

• News "Signals“
Signals

• Tags

• "Get Introduced“

• Personalizing Messages When Connecting

• Recommendations

• "Groups You May Like"

• Advantages of using LinkedIn:-
• Professional Connections

• Opinions

• Discussions

• Job Seeking

• New Clients

• Old Connections

• Increase Social Networking

• The disadvantages of LinkedIn includes:
• It takes time to learn

• It takes time to use

• It changes regularly so you have to stay aware of the

changes

• Y
You have
h tto manage your reputation
t ti byb managing
i your
conversations

• Everything you do on LinkedIn must be public, therefore

you can not be a private
• Privacy issues in Social media:-
• Security and privacy related to social networking sites
are fundamentally behavioural issues, not technology
issues.

• The more information a person posts, the more

information becomes available for a potential
compromise by those with malicious intentions.

• People who provide private, sensitive or confidential

information about themselves or other people, whether
wittingly
itti l or unwittingly,
itti l pose a hi
higher
h risk
i k tto th
themselves
l
and others.
• Information such as a person’s social security number,
street address,
address phone number,
number financial information
information, or
confidential business information should not be
published online.

• Similarly, posting photos, videos or audio files could

lead to an organization
organization’s
s breach of confidentiality or an
individual’s breach of privacy
• Six Common Security Problems:-
• Forgetting to Log Out

• Clicking on Enticing Ads

– Viruses and malware often find their way onto your
computer through those annoying, but sometimes
enticing ads.
– However, on the Web, just like in real life, if an offer
seems to good to be true, then it probably is. Save
yourself
lf a potential
t ti l security
it hheadache
d h - don't
d 't click.
li k

• Connecting With Strangers

• Exposing
p g Too Much Information

• Failing to Utilize Security Settings

• Using Third Party Apps
– Part of the appeal of social media sites are all the
various games and apps.

– Even though a significant number of them are safe,

you do grant the app a certain level of permission
concerning your information.
information

– Make sure you know what the app is viewing and

sharing before agreeing to the terms.
 Computer Network Toplogies

• A Network Topology
p gy is the arrangement
g with which
computer systems or network devices are connected
to each other.
• Topologies
T l i may d define
fi b both
th physical
h i l and
d llogical
i l
aspect of the network.

• Point-to-Point
• Bus Topology
• Star Topology
• Ring Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Tree Topology