DESCRIPTION: ITEM 405-Structural Concrete

SCOPE:

This Item shall consists of furnishing, placing and finishing concrete in all structures except in pavements in
accordance with this specification and conforming to the ines, grades and dimensions shown in the plans.
Concrete shall consists of a mixture of Portland cement, fine and coarse aggregates, admixtures when specified
and water mixed in proportions specified or approved.

CLASSES AND USES OF CONCRETE :

Five classes of concrete are provided for in this Item. They are Class A, B, C, P, Seal. Each class shall be used in
that part of the structure as called for on the plans.

Class A
- Concrete intended for all superstructures and heavily reinforced substructures.

The important parts of the structure included are:

Slabs box culverts retaining walls

Beams reinforced footings
girders reinforced abutments
columns large diameter cast-in-place
arch ribs concrete piles/bored piles

Class B
Footings, pedestals, massive pier shafts, pipe bedding and gravity walls, unreinforced or with only a small
amount of reinforcement.

Class C
Thin reinforced sections, railings,precast R.C. piles and cribbings and for filler in steel grid floors.

Class P
Prestressed concrete structures and members.

Seal
Concrete deposited in water.

MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS

Portland Cement: It shall conform to all requirements of Item 311, subsection 311.2.1.
Fine Aggregate : It shall conform subsection 311.2.2.
Coarse Aggregate: It shall conform subsection 311.2.3,
except that gradation shall conform to Table 405.1
Water : It shall conform subsection 311.2.4.
Reinforcing Steel: It shall conform Item 710-Reinforcing
Steel and Wire Rope
Admixtures: It shall conform subsection 311.2.7.
Curing Materials: It shall conform subsection 311.2.8.
Expansion Joint Materials:
It shall be:

Preformed Sponge Rubber and Cork - AASHTO M-153

Hot-poured Elastic type - AASHTO M-173
Preformed Fillers- AASHTO M-213

Elastomeric Compression Joint Seals - AASHTO M-220

Elastomeric Bearing Pads- AASHTO M-251

1
STORAGE OF CEMENT AND AGGREGATES

It shall conform to all the requirements of subsection 311.2.10.

SAMPLING AND TESTING OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

As work progresses, at least one (1) sample consisting of three (3) concrete cylinder test specimens, 150mm x
300mm (6 x 12 in.), shall be taken from each seventy five (75) cubic meters of each class of concrete or fraction
thereof placed each day.

Compliance with the requirements of this section shall be determined in accordance with the following standard
methods of AASHTO.

 Sampling of fresh concrete

 Weight per cubic meter and air content (gravimetric) of concrete
 Sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates
 Slump of Portland cement concrete
 Specific gravity and absorption of fine and coarse aggregates

TESTS FOR STRENGTH

It shall be made in accordance with the standard methods of AASHTO.

 Making and curing concrete
 Specimens in the field
 Compressive strength of molded concrete cylinders

PROPORTIONING AND STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

 The concrete materials shall be proportioned in accordance with the requirements for each class of
concrete as specified in Table 405.2.
 Other methods of proportioning may be employed in the mix design with prior approval of the Engineer.
 The mix shall either be designed or approved by the Engineer.
 A change in the source of materials during the progress of work may necessitate a new mix design.

 The strength requirements for each class of concrete shall be as specified in Table 405.2.

CONSISTENCY OF CONCRETE

 Concrete shall have a consistency such that it will be workable in the required position.
 It shall be of such a consistency that it will flow around reinforcing steel but individual particles of the
coarse aggregate when isolated shall show a coating of mortar containing its proportionate amount of
sand
 The consistency of concrete shall be gauged by the ability of the equipment to properly place it and not by
the difficulty in mixing and transporting.
 The quantity of mixing water shall be determined by the Engineer and shall not be varied without his
consent.

BATCHING OF CONCRETE
Measuring and batching of materials shall be done at a batching plant.

Portland Cement

 Either sacked or bulk cement maybe used.

 No fraction of a sack of cement shall be used in a batch of concrete unless the cement is weighed.
 All bulk cement shall be weighed on an approved weighing device.
 The bulk cement weighing hopper shall be properly sealed and vented to preclude dusting operation.
 The discharge chute shall not be suspended from the weighing hopper and shall be so arranged that the
cement will neither be lodged in it nor leak from it
 Accuracy of batching shall be within plus or minus 1 mass percent

Water
 Water may be measured either by volume or by weight
2
  The accuracy of measuring the water shall be within a range of error of aid container more than 1 percent.

Aggregates
 Stockpiling of aggregates shall be in accordance with subsection 311.2.10. 1%
 All aggregates whether produced or handled by hydraulic methods or washed shall be stockpiled or binned
for draining for at least 12 hours prior to batching.
 Rail shipment requiring more than 12 hours will be accepted as adequate binning only if the car bodies
permit free drainage.
 If the aggregates contain high or non-uniform moisture content, storage or stockpile period in excess of
12 hours may be required by the Engineer.
 Batching shall be conducted as to result in a 2 mass percent maximum tolerance for the required
materials.

Bins and Scales

 The batching plant shall include the following:

 separate bins for bulk cement, fine aggregate and for each size of aggregate.
 a weighing hopper coarse
 a scales capable of determining accurately the mass of each component of the batch.scales shall be
accurate to one-half percent throughout the range used.
Batching

 When batches are hauled to the mixer, bulk cement shall be transported either in waterproof
compartments or between the fine and coarse aggregates.
 When cement is placed in contact with moist aggregates, batches will be rejected unless mixed within 1
1/2 hours of such contact.
 Sacked cement may be transported on top of the aggregates.
 Batches shall be delivered to the mixer separate and intact.
 Each batch shall be dumped cleanly into the mixer without loss.

Admixtures
 The Contractor shall follow an approved procedure for adding the specified amount of admixture to cach
batch and will be responsible for its uniform operation during the progress of the work.
 The Contractor shall provide separate scales for the admixtures which are to of be proportioned by weight
and accurate measures for those to be proportioned by volume
 Admixtures shall be measured into the mixer with an accuracy of plus or minus 3 percent
 The use of calcium chloride as an admixture will not be permitted.

Mixing and Delivery

1. Concrete maybe mixed:
 at the site of the construction or at the central plant
 by a combination of-central plant and-truck-mixing
 by a combination of central plant mixing and truck agitating

2. Delivery of concrete shall be regulated so that placing is at a continuous rate unless delayed by the
placing operations.
3. The intervals between delivery of batches shall not be so great as to allow the concrete inplace to barden
partially, and in no case shall such an interval exceed 30 minutes.
4. Mixing time shall be measured from the time all materials except water are in the drum.
5. Mixing time shall not be less than 60 seconds for mixers having a capacity of 1.5 cubic meters or less.
6. For mixers having a capacity greater than 1.5 cubic meter, the mixing time shall not be less than 90
seconds.
7. Retempering concrete will not be permitted.
8. Admixtures for increasing the workability, for retarding the set, or for accelerating the set or improving
the pumping characteristics of the concrete will be permitted only when specifically provided for in the
contract, or authorized in writing by the Engineer.

3
Transporting Mixed Concrete

1. Mixed concrete may only be transported to the delivery point in truck agitators or truck mixers operating
at the specified speed, or in non-agitating hauling equipment, provided the consistency and workability of
the mixed concrete upon discharge at the delivery point is suitable for adequate. placement and
consolidation in place.
2. No additional mixing water shall be incorporated into the concrete during hauling or after arrival at the
delivery point.
3. When a truck mixer or agitator is used for transporting concrete to the delivery point, discharge shall be
completed within, one hour or before 250 revolutions of the drum or blades, whichever comes first, after
the 201005 introduction of the cement to the aggregates.
4. Under conditions contributing to quick stiffening of the concrete or when the blades... temperature of the
concrete is 30 degrees centigrade or above, a time less than one hour will be required.

Method of Measurement

1. The quantity of structural concrete to be paid for will be the final quantity placed and accepted in the
completed structure.
2. No deduction will be made for the volume occupied by pipe less than 100mm. in diameter or by
reinforcing steel, anchors, conduits, weepholes or expansion joint materials

4
 ITEM 504 RIPRAP AND GROUTED RIPRAP

DESCRIPTION:
This Item consists of furnishing and placing of riprap with or without grout as the case may be, with or
without filter backing, furnished and constructed in accordance with the lines and grades and dimensions
shown in the Plans.

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS:
Stones for riprap shall consist of rock as nearly rectangular in section as practical, except that riprap of
Class A may consist of round natural stones.

Stones for riprap shall be one of the following classes:

1. Class A stones ranging from a minimum of 15 kg. to a maximum of 25 kg. with at least 50 percent of the
stones weighing more than 20 kg.
2. Class B stones ranging from a minimum of 30 kg. to a maximum of 70 kg, with at least 50 percent of the
stones weighing more than 50 kg.
3. Class C stones ranging from a minimum of 60 kg. to a maximum of 100 kg. with at least 50 percent of
the stones weighing more than 80 kg.
4. Class D stones ranging from a minimum of 100 kg. to a minimum of 200 kg. with at least 50 percent of
the stones weighing more than 150 kg.
Mortar for grouted riprap shall consist of sand, cement and water conforming to the requirements
of the standard set by the DPWH, mixed in the proportion of one part cement to three parts sand by
volume, and sufficient water to produce a thick but fluid mortar.

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Placing of Stones
For grouted riprap, stones shall be laid with close, broken joints and shall be firmly bedded into slope and
against the adjoining stones. Each stone shall be laid with its longest axis perpendicular to the slope. Grouting
The spaces between stones shall be filled with cement mortar throughout the thickness of the riprap.
Sufficient mortar shall be used to completely fill the voids, except that the face surface of the stones shall be
exposed.
ITEM 505 STONE MASONRY

DESCRIPTION:
This Item shall consist of stone masonry in minor structures, in headwalls for culverts, in retaining walls at the
toes of slopes, and at other places called for in the Plans, constructed on the prepared foundation bed, in
accordance with this specifications.

MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS:
Stone

 The stone shall be clean, hard, and durable and shall be subject to the Engineers approval.
 Adobe stone shall not be used unless otherwise specified.

Sizes and Shapes

1. Unless other sizes are shown on the Plans, stones shall have a:
 thickness of not less than 150mm
 widths of not less than 1 & 1/2 times their respective thickness
 lengths of not less than 1 & 1/2 times their respective widths.
2. Each stone shall be of good shape and be free of depressions and projections that might weaken or
prevent it from being properly bedded.

Dressing

 The stone shall be dressed to remove any thin or weak portions.

5
 Face stones shall be dressed to provide bed and joint lines that do not vary more than 200mm from the
true lines and to ensure the meeting of bed and joint lines without rounding of corners of the stones in
excess of 30mm in radius.
 Bed surfaces of the face stones shall be approximately normal to the face of the stones for about 80mm
and from this point may depart from a normal plane not to exceed 50mm in 300mm..

6
6. The exposed faces of individual stones shall be parallel to the faces of the walls in which the stones are set..
7. The stones shall be so handled as not to jar displace the stones, already set.
8. Suitable equipment shall be provided for setting stones larger than those that can be handled by two men.
9. The rolling or turning of stones on the walls will not be permitted.
10. If a stone is loosened after the mortar has taken initial set, it shall be removed, the mortar cleaned off, and
the stone relaid with fresh mortar.

BEDS AND JOINTS

1. Beds for face stones may vary from 20mm to 50mm in thickness. They shall not extend an unbroken line
through more than 5 stones.
2. Joints may vary from 20mm to 50mm in thickness. They shall not extend in an unbroken line more than 2
stones.
3. They maybe at angles with the vertical from zero degrees to forty five degrees.
4. Face stone shall bond at least 150mm longitudinally and 50mm vertically.
5. At no place shall corners of four stones be adjacent to each other.
6. Cross beds for vertical faced walls shall be level, and for battered walls may vary from level to normal to
the batter line of the face of. the wall.

HEADERS

1. Headers shall be distributed uniformly throughout the walls of then structures so as to form at least 1/5 of
the exposed faces.
2. They shall be of such lengths as to extend from the front face of the wall into the backing of at least
300mm.
3. When a wall is 450mm or less in thickness, the headers shall extend entirely from front to back face.

BACKING
1. Backing shall be built chiefly of large stones and in a workmanlike manner.
2. The individual stones composing the backing and hearting shall be well bonded with the stones in the face
wall and with each other.
3. All openings and interstices in the backing shall be filled completely with mortar or with spalls surrounded
completely by mortar

POINTING

1. Both bed and vertical joints shall be finished as shown in the Plans or as directed by the Engineer.
2. The mortar in joints on top of surface of masonry shall be crowned slightly at the center of the masonry to
provide drainage.

COPING

1. Coping, if called for, shall be as shown in the Plans.

2. Where copings are not called for, the top of the wall shall be finished with stones wide enough to cover the
top of the walls from 450mm to 1000mm in length, and in random heights, with a minimum height of
150mm.
3. Stone shall be laid in such a manner that the top course is an integral part of the wall.
4. The tops of top course of stone shall be pitched to the line, in both vertical and horizontal planes.

WEEPHOLES

1. All walls and abutments shall be provided with weep holes.

2. Unless otherwise shown on the Plans or directed by the engineer, the weep holes shall be placed at the
lowest points where free outlets for water can be obtained and shall be spaced not more than 2 m center
to center

CLEANING EXPOSED FACES

Immediately after being laid and while the mortar is fresh, all face stones shall be thoroughly cleaned of mortar
stains and shall be kept clean until the work is completed.

CURING

7
In hot or dry weather, the masonry shall be satisfactory protected from the sun and shall be kept wet for a period
at least three days after completion.

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT
 The quantity to be paid for shall be the number of cubic meters of stone masonry complete in place and
accepted. Projections extending beyond the faces of the walls shall not be included.
 In computing the quantity for payment, the dimensions used shall be those shown on the Plans or ordered
in writing by the engineer.
GROUTED RIPRAP STONE MASOURY

Stones for riprap shall consist of rock as nearly gular The stone shall be clean, hard, and durable and shall
in section as practical, except taht riprap of A may be subject to the Engineer's approval. Adobe stoe shall
consist of round natural stones. not be used unless otherwise specified.

Stones for riprap be one of the following: Stones shall have a thickness of not less than 150 mm,
and widths of not less than one and one-half times
Classes A: A stones ranging from a minimum of 15 kg their respective thickness, and lengths of not less than
to 99 a maximum of 25 kg. With least 50 percent of one and one-half times their repsective widths.
the stones weighing more than.

Classes B- stones ranging from a minimum of 30 kg

to a maximum of 70 kg with at least 50 percent of the
stones weighing more than 50 kg.

Classes C-stones ranging from a minimum of 60 kg.

to a kg maximum of 100 kg with at least 50 percent
of the stones weighing more than 80 kg.

Classes D-stones ranging from a minimum of 100 kg,

to g. a maximum of 200 kg with at least 50 percent of
the stones weighing more than 150 kg.

Sound pieces of broken concrete obtained from the

removal of bridges, culverts and other structures may
be submitted for stones with the approval of the
engineer.

for grouted riprap shall consist of sand, ent and water The mortar for the masonry shall be composed of one
conforming to the requirements of standard set by the part of Portland Cement and two parts of fine
DPWH, mixed in the portion of one part cement to aggregate by volume and sufficient water to make the
three parts sand by e, and sufficient water to produce mortar of such consistency that it can be handled
a thick but mortar. easily and spread with a trowel.

 No deductions shall be made for weep holes, drain pipes or other openings of less than one square meter
in area.

8
9
10
11