Achiever’s Maths Academy

Lesson -Measurement
Fundamental quantities:
A set of physical quantities which cannot be expressed in terms of any other
quantities are known as “Fundamental quantities”. Their corresponding units are
called “Fundamental units”.
There are seven fundamental physical quantities in SI Units (System of
International Units).

Derived quantities:
All other physical quantities which can be obtained by multiplying, dividing or by
mathematically combining the fundamental quantities are known as “derived
quantities”.
Table 1.1 Some of the derived quantities and their units in SI System of units

Area of regularly shaped figures

The area of regularly shaped figures can be calculated using the relevant formulae.
In the table 1.2, the formulae used to calculate the area of certain regularly shaped
figures are given.
Table 1.2 Area of some regularly shaped figures

How can we find the area of these irregularly shaped objects?

We can find the area of these figures with the help of a graph sheet.
The graphical method explained above can be used to find the area of regularly
shaped figures also. In the case of square and rectangle, this method gives the
area accurately.
Volume of regularly shaped objects
As in the case of area, the volume of the regularly shaped objects can also be
determined using an appropriate formula.
Table 1.3 gives the formulae used to calculate the volume of these regularly shaped
objects.
Table 1.3 Volume of regularly shaped objects
Volume of irregularly shaped objects
As we discussed earlier for the case of area, there are no formulae to determine the
volume of irregularly shapedobjects. For such cases, their volume can be
determined using a measuring cylinder and water.
Definition of density:
Density of a substance is defined as the mass of the substance contained in
unit volume (1 m ).3

If the mass of a substance is “M” whose volume is “V”, then, the equation
for density is given as
Density (D) =  mass(M) / Volume(V )
               D  = M / V
Unit of density
SI unit of density is kg/m . The CGS unit of density is g/cm .
3 3

Density of different materials

Different materials have different densities. The materials with higher
density are called “denser” and the materials with lower density are called “rarer”.
Table 1.4 Density of some common substances, at room temperature
Relationship between density, mass and volume
* Density= Mass/ Volume
* Mass= Density × Volume
* Volume= Mass / Density
Do you Know 9 :-

One square metre is the area enclosed inside a square of side 1 metre. Even though area is given
in square metre, the surface need not to be square in shape

Do you Know 10 :-

To measure the volume of liquids, some other units are also used. Some of them are gallon,
ounce, and quart.

1 gallon = 3785 ml

1 ounce = 30 ml

1 quart = 1 litre

Do you Know 11 :-

Water has more density thanoils like cooking oil and castoroil, although these oils appear to
be denser than water. Density of castor oil is 961 kg/m3. If we put one drop of water in oil, water
drop sinks. But, if we put one drop of oil in water, oil floats and forms a layer on water surface.
However, some oils are denser than water.

Measuring distance of celestial bodies

Normally, we use centimeter, metre and kilo metre to express the distances
that we measure in our day to day life. But, for space research, astronomers need to
measure very long distances such as the distance between the earth and a star or the
distance between two stars. To express these distances, we shall learn about two
such units, namely,
i. Astronomical unit
ii. Light year
Astronomical unit
We all know that the earth revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit. Hence, the distance
between the sun and the earth varies every day.
Perihelion position :- Perihelion is position of the shortest distance between the
earth and the sun (is about 147.1 million kilometre.)

Aphelion position:- Aphelion is position of the longest distance

between the earth and the sun.( the distance is 152.1 million kilometer. )
The average distance between the earth and the sun is about 149.6
million kilometer.
This average distance is taken as one astronomical unit
Neptune is 30 AU away from the Sun.
It means it is thirty times farther than the Earth.
One astronomical unit is defined as the average distance between the earth
and the sun.
1 AU = 149.6 million km = 149.6 × 10  km = 1.496 × 10  m.
6 11

Light year
The nearest star to our solar system is Proxima Centauri. It is at a distance of
2,68,770 AU. We can clearly see that using the AU for measuring distances of
stars would be unwieldy.
Therefore, astronomers use a special unit, called ‘light year’, for measuring
the distance in deep space.
We have learnt that the speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 10  m/s. 8

This means that light travels a distance of 3 × 10  m in one second. 8

In a year (non-leap), there are 365 days. Each day has 24 hours; Each hour
has 60 minutes; Each minute has 60 seconds.
Thus, the total number of seconds in one year = 365 × 24 × 60 × 60
                                                                         = 3.153 × 10  second
7
 If light travels a distance of 3 × 10  m in one second, then the distance
8

travelled by light in one year = 3 × 10  × 3.153 × 10  = 9.46 × 10  m. This distance

8 7 15

is known as one light year.

One light year is defined as the distance travelled by light in vacuum during
the period of one year.
1 Light year = 9.46 × 10  m.
15

In terms of light year, Proxima Centauri is at 4.22 light-years from Earth and
the Solar System (and Earth).
The Earth is located about 25,000 light-years away from the galactic center.
 Choose the appropriate answer:
 1. Which of the following is a derived unit?
a. mass
b. time
c. area
d. length
Answer: c) area
 2. Which of the following is correct?
a. 1L= 1cc
b. 1L= 10 cc
c. 1L= 100 cc
d. 1L= 1000 cc
Answer: d) 1L = 1000 cc

3. SI unit of density is
a. kg/m 2
b. kg/m 3

c. kg/m
d. g/m 3

Answer: b) kg/m 3

 4. Two spheres have equal mass and volume in the ratio 2:1. The ratio of
their density is
a. 1:2
b. 2:1
c. 4:1
d. 1:4
Answer: a) 1:2
5. Light year is the unit of
a. Distance
b. time
c. density
d. both length and time
Answer: a) Distance
Fill in the blanks II.
 1. Volume of irregularly shaped objects are measured using the law
of displacement.
2. One cubic metre is equal to 10  cubic centimetre.
6

3. Density of mercury is 13,600 kg m .-3

4. One astronomical unit is equal to 1.496 × 10 m.

11

5. The area of a leaf can be measured using a graph sheet.

 III. State whether the following statements are true or false:
 1. The region covered by the boundary of the plane figure is called its
volume. [False]
The region covered by the boundary of the plane figure is called its area.
2. Volume of liquids can be found using measuring containers. [True]
3. Water is denser than kerosene. [True]
4. A ball of iron floats in mercury. [True]
5. A substance which contains less number of molecules per unit volume is said to
be denser. [False]
A substance which contains more number of molecules per unit volume is said to
be denser.
 IV. Match the items in column-I to the items in column-II:
Column-I         -       Column-II
i. Area                          (a) light year
ii. Distance                    (b) m 3

iii. Density                     (c) m 2

iv. Volume                     (d) kg

v. Mass                           (e) kg / m 3

Answer:

Column-I                        Column-II

i. Area          :                (c) m 2

ii. Distance    :               (a) light year

iii. Density     :               (e) kg / m 3

iv. Volume    :              (b) m 3

v. Mass         :                (d) kg

(2)
Column-I        -     Column-II
i. Area                 (a) g / cm 3

ii. Length             (b) measuring jar

iii. Density           (c) amount of a substance
iv. Volume           (d) rope
v. Mass                (e) plane figures
Answer :

Column-I             :            Column-II

i. Area                  :           (e) plane figures

ii. Length             :           (b) rope

iii. Density           :           (a) g/cm 3

iv. Volume          :            (b) measuring jar

v. Mass                            (c) amount of a substance

 V. Arrange the following in correct sequence:

 1. 1L, 100 cc, 10 L, 10 cc
Answer: 10 cc, 100 cc, 1 L, 10L
2. Copper, Aluminium, Gold, Iron
Answer: Aluminium, Iron, Copper, Gold.

VI. Use the analogy to fill in the blank:

 1. Area: m  :: Volume: m
2 3

2. Liquid: Litre :: Solid: cm 3

3. Water: kerosene :: Iron : Aluminium

 VII. Assertion and reason type questions:
 Mark the correct choice as
a. If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
b. If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
c. Assertion is true but reason is false.
d. Assertion is false but reason is true.
1. Assertion: Volume of a stone is found using a measuring cylinder.
Reason: Stone is an irregularly shaped object.
2. Assertion: Wood floats in water.
Reason: Water is a transparent liquid.
3. Assertion: Iron ball sinks in water.
Reason: water is denser than iron.
Answer :

1) a. If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.

2) b. If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.

3) c. Assertion is true but reason is false.

 VIII. Give very short answer:

 1. Name some of the derived quantities.
Area, volume, speed, electric charge, density

2. Give the value of one light year.9.46 × 10 m 15 

3. Write down the formula used to find the volume of a cylinder.πr2h

r – radius

h - height

4. Give the formula to find the density of objects.

    (D) =    Mass (M) / Volume (V) 

5. Name the liquid in which an iron ball sinks.water

6. Name the units used to measure the distance between celestial objects.
i) Astronomical Unit

ii) Light year

7. What is the density of gold?19,300 kgm -3

  ONE LINER :-
1. _______ is the extent of plane surface occupied. Ans: Area
2. The unit of area is _______ Ans:
3. 1 hectare = _______ acre. Ans: 2.47
4. We use a ________ to measure the area of irregular objects. Ans : graph sheet
5. Area of a triangle is calculated by the formula ________ Ans: ½ bh
6. Area of a circle is given by the formula ______ Ans:
7. The space occupied by a body is its _______ Ans: Volume
8. A ________ is used to make small fixed volume of liquid to flow. Ans:Burette
9. ________ is the mass of unit volume of a substance. Ans: Density
10. Density of water is _______ kg/m3 . Ans: 1000
11. Pendulum clocks work on the principle of ______ Ans: simple pendulum
12. ________ is the average distance between the earth and the sun. Ans: Astronomical unit
13. The unit of density is ______. Ans: kg/ m 3
14. The unit of volume is ______ Ans: m 3
15. A _______ is used to measure time. Ans: clock
16. Quantities got by the multiplication or division of _______ physical quantities are called derived
quantities. Ans: fundamental
17. Volume and density are _________ quantities. Ans: derived
18. Breadth, height, depth, distance,radius, diameter are all different measures of ________ Ans: length
19. C is an unit of _______ Ans: Area
20. ________ is the volume of a cube of side 1m. Ans: 1 Cubic metre
21. Volume of liquid is measured in ________ Ans: Litres
22. 1 litre = ________ Ans: 1000 kgm-3
23. If a substance is lighter than water, it will _______ Ans: float
24. Density of _________ is 1000 kg Ans: water
25. The back and forth motion of a swing is ________ Ans: Oscillatory motion \26. One complete to and
fro motion of a pendulum is called one _________ of the pendulum. Ans: oscillation
27. The time taken to complete one oscillation is called ______ Ans: Time period
28. Time period of a simple pendulum depends on the ________ Ans: Length of the pendulum
29. _______ is the distance upto which the bob is pulled from the position of rest. Ans: Amplitude
30. The distance of the sun from the earth is measured by the unit _____ Ans: light year
31. __________ is the distance travelled by light in vacuum in one year. Ans: Light year

FORCE & MOTION

Introduction
As shown in the above picture, Kavitha can reach her school in two ways. Can you
tell, by choosing which path she could reach the school early.
Road A OR Road B
Road A (1.5 km)

Road B (2 km)

∴ Road A is the answer

Look at the nearby picture

In which path the leaf will reach the ground first? Path A

Uma and Priya are friends studying in the same school. After school hours,
they go to the nearby playground, play games and return back home. Oneday Uma
told that she would reach the playground after visiting her grandmother’s house .
The path in which they took reached the playground is shown here.
 Take a twine and measure the length of the two paths (A & B). Which is the
longest path among the two? Path B
From the above examples, we could conclude that when an object travel
from one place to another, it will reach faster if it travels along the straight line
path.
The straight line path is the shortest distance between two points.
Distance and Displacement
Distance - The total length of a path taken by an object to reach one place from the
other is called distance.
Displacement – The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of an
object.
Both the distance and displacement posses the same unit. The SI unit is meter (m).

Figure shows the motion of a person between two places A and B.

He travels 10 km in first path. In the second path, he travels 7 km.
The distance between A and B via first path is 10 km. In the second path the
distance is 7 km. The shortest distance between the two places is 5 km represented
as 2. So the displacement is 5 km. (In east direction)
The path of an object travelling from A to B is shown in figure. Total distance
travelled by the object is 120 m. The displacement of the object is 40 m (south-east
direction)
The path in which a rabbit ran is shown in figure. Find the distance and
displacement of it in the two figures. Let us consider that each square is in an unit
of one square meter. The rabbit starts from point A and reaches the point B.

i) Distance  - 17 m    Displacement - 3m

ii) Distance  - 27 m   Displacement   - 1m

When will the distance and displacement be equal. Explain. But the starting
and finishing points should be different.
When travelling along the straight line path the distance and displacement be
equal.
When we represent the displacement, we use a positive or negative sign
depending on the direction with which it travels.

Here we can consider the starting point as A and while the object moves from A to
B the displacement is considered to be positive and from B to A it is negative.
 
Answer the following questions:
* Subha goes to the nearby playground from her home. 
1. What is the distance she travelled? 400 m
2. What is her displacement? 
The object moves in a straight line in one direction without turning back.
* The distance travelled by an object is 15 km and its displacement is 15 km. What
do you infer from this?
The distance of a person = 30 km Displacement = 0 km.

* The distance of a person is 30 km and his displacement is 0 km. What do you

inferfrom this?
(i.e.) The initial and the final position is same.

Do you know 12:-

Nautical mile
Nautical mile is the unit for measuring the distance in the field of aviation
and sea transportation. One nautical mile is 1.852 km.
The unit for measuring the speed of aeroplanes and ships is knot. One knot
is the speed taken to travel one nautical mile in hour.
Speed - Velocity
 
Speed
Recapitulation
In sixth standard we already studied about the speed in detail.
Do you know 13:-
1 km/h = 5/18 m/s
How we got this ?
1 km = 1000 m
1 h = 3600 s
1 km / h = 1000 m / 3600 s = 5/ 18 m /s
Do you know 14:-
Science Today
Typical Speeds
Tortoise                     0.1 m/s
Person walking          1.4 m / s
Falling raindrop         9-10 m / s
Cat running               14 m/s
Cycling                      20-25 km/h
Cheetah running        31 m/s
Bowling speed of fast bowlers90-100 miles /h
Badminton smash       80-90 m/s
Passenger jet              180 m/s
Speed is the rate of change of distance .
Speed = distance /time
Unit is metre/second (m/s)
We can classify speed into two types.
 Uniform speed
If a body in motion covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, then the body
is said to be in uniform speed.
 Non- uniform speed
If a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, the body is said to be
in non-uniform speed.
Average speed = total distance travelled / time taken to travel the distance.
 
Velocity
Velocity is the rate of  change in displacement.
Velocity (v) = displacement / time
SI unit of velocity is meter / second (m/s).

If an athlete in the diagram takes 25 s to complete a 200 m sprint event. Find her
speed and velocity.
Speed           = distance / time
                      =200 / 25
                      =8 m/s
velocity = displacement /time
            =50/25
             =2 m/s
 
Uniform velocity
A body has uniform velocity, if it covers equal displacement in the same direction
in equal intervals of time. E.g. light travels through vacuum.
 
Non uniform velocity
If either speed or direction changes, the velocity is non uniform. E.g. a train
starting and moving out of the station.
 
Average velocity
Average velocity = total displacement / total time taken
E.g. Figure shows a car that travels 5 km due east and makes a U – turn to travel
another 7 km. If the time taken for the whole journey is 0.2 h. Calculate the
average velocity of the car.

Average velocity = total displacement/time taken. (taking the direction due east of
point O as positive)
                  = (5–7)/0.2
                  = –2 / 0.2
                  = –10 km/h (or) –10 × 5/18 = 25/9
                  =   –0.28 m / s

The triangle method can help you to recall the relationship between velocity (v),
displacement (d), and time(t).
       v = d / t , t = d / v, d = v × t
 
Answer the following questions:
* Calculate the velocity of a car travelling with a uniform velocity covering
100 m distance in 4 seconds.
Velocity  = Sistance / time = 100/4 = 25 m/s

* Usain Bolt covers 100 m distance in 9.58 seconds. Calculate his speed. Who
will be the winner if Usain Bolt comepetes with a Cheetah running at a speed
of 30 m/s?
Speed of Usain Bolt = 10.43 m/s

Speed of cheetah = 30 m/s

Cheetah will be the winner.

* You are walking along east covering a distance of 4 m, then 2 m towards

south,then 4 m towards west and at last 2 m towards north. You cover the
total distancein 21 seconds, what is your average speed and average velocity?
Total distance covered = 12 m

Total time taken =21 seconds

Average speed = Total distance covered / total time = 12m / 21 = 0.571 m/s

Average velocity = 0 m/s

12m / 21 = 0.571 m/s

Average velocity = 0 m/s

Average velocity is zero because the starting point and the finishing point is same

∴Displacement is zero so, average velocity is also

Average velocity = Total distance / time

Acceleration
Acceleration (a)
Acceleration is the rate of change in velocity. In other words if a body changes its
speed or dirction then it is said to be accelerated.
Acceleration = change in velocity/ time = [final velocity (v) – intial velocity (u) ] /
time (t)
a = (v–u) / t
SI unit of acceleration is m/s 2

In other words, the object undergoes acceleration when its speed and/or direction
change(s).

The velocity at different times of a train departing direction is given in the figure.
Analyse this and complete the table .

Answer:

Analysis:

When the train covers the distance A to B and B to C, it is accelerated motion.

When it covers the distance C-D, there is no acceleration (i.e) uniform velocity.

When it covers the distance D to E and E to F it has negative acceleration or

deceleration or retardation, (i.e.) Its velocity decreases with respect to time.

 
Tell me

A car at rest starts to travel in a straight path. It reaches a velocity of 12 m/s in 4 s .

What is its acceleration. Assuming that it accelerates uniformly?
Initial velocity u      =0 m/s (since the car starts from rest)
Final velocity (v)      =12 m /s
Time taken (t )           =4 s
acceleration ( a )       =(v – u) / t
                                 = (12–0)/4
                                 =3 m / s 2

 Do you know 15:-

See how brisk I am !

` My name is cheetah. I can run at a great speed. Do you know what my speed
is? 25 m/s to 30 m/s. My speed changes from 0 to 20 m/s in 2 second. See how
good my acceleration is !
Acceleration of the cheetah = [ Final velocity(v) - Initial velocity(u) ] / [time taken]

= [ v - u ] / t = 20-0 / 2 = 20/2 = 10 m/s 2

Acceleration of the cheetah = 10 m/s 2

Tell me
From the above information, can you calculate the acceleration of the cheetah?
 
Positive acceleration
If the velocity of an object increases with respect to time, then the object is said to
be in positive acceleration or just acceleration.
 
Negative acceleration or deceleration or retardation
If the velocity of an object decreases with respect to time, then the object is said to
be in negative acceleration or deceleration or retardation.

The velocity of a golf ball rolling in a straight line changes from 8 m/s to 2 m/s in
10 s. What is its deceleration, assuming that it is decelerating uniformly ?
Initial velocity (u)      =8 m/s
Final velocity (v)       =2 m/s
Time taken(t)             =10 s
Acceleration (a)          =(v – u)/t
                                  =(2 – 8)/10
                                  = –0.6 m/s 2

The deceleration is –0.6 m/s 2

 
Uniform acceleration
An object undergoes uniform acceleration when the change (increase or decrease)
in its velocity for every unit of time is the same.
Table shows a moving bus with uniform acceleration.
When the velocity of the object is increasing by 20 m/s the acceleration is 20 m/s   2

When the velocity of the object is decreasing by 20 m/s the deceleration is 20 m/s .
2

When the velocity of the object is decreasing by 20m/s the deceleration is 20 m/s2.

Deceleration = Decrease in velocity / Deceleration = t = 20/20 = 1s

The velocity of the object is decreasing by 20m/s in one second.

 
Non – uniform acceleration
An object undergoes non uniform acceleration if the change in its velocity for
every unit of time is not the same.

Note that the change in velocity is not the same for every second. The moving
object is undergoing non uniform acceleration.
Distance - Time Graphs

Figure shows a car travelling along a straight line away from the starting point O.
The distance of the car is measured for every second. The distance and time are
recorded and a graph is plotted using the data. The results for four possible
journeys are shown below.
Speed – time graphs
Let us consider a bus travelling from Thanjavur to Trichy. The speed of the bus is
measured for every second. The speed and time are recordedand a graph is plotted
using the data. The results for four possible journeys are shown.
 
Comparisons between distance – time and speed – time graphs
Speed – time  graphs  and  Distance –  time  graphs look very similar, but they give
different information.  We  can  differentiate them  by  looking at the labels.
Raghul and his father starting from home to the school by car. At the school gate,
he stopped the car to drop Raghul. After 2 minutes he went back to home to pick
up his mother. Then they both started to go to their work. On the way, they are
waiting for the signal.

Centre of gravity
Try to balance a cardboard on your figure tip.What do we observe. We observe
there isonly one point which the cardboard is balanced. The point which the
cardboard is balanced is called the cenre of gravity of the cardboard.
Centre of gravity: The centre of gravity of an object is the point through which
the entire weight of the object appears to act.
How to we find the centre of gravity of a object ?
 
Centre of gravity for Regular – shaped objects

Generally the centre of gravity of the geometrical shaped object lie on the
geometric centre of the object.
Examples of centre of gravity for Regular-shaped objects. 1. Weight of Card, 2.
Weight of Triangle, 3. Weight of Disc, 4. Weight of Ring.
 
What about irregular shaped objects ?
Apparatus : Irregularly shaped card, string, pendulum bob, stand
1. Make three holes in the lamina.
2. Suspend the lamina from the optical pin through one of the holes as shown.
3. Suspend the plumbline from the pin and mark the position of the plumbline on
the lamina.
4. Draw lines on the lamina representing the positions of the plumbline.
5. Repeat the above steps for the holes.
6. Label the intersection of the three lines as X, the position of the centre of gravity
of the lamina.
 
Meter Rule
The ruler is in equilibrium when supported at its centre of gravity.

For a regular object such as a uniform meter rule , the centre of gravity is at the
centre of the object. When the object is supported at that point, it will be balanced.
If it is supported at any other point, it will topple.
Stability
Stability is a measure of the body’s ability to maintain its original position.
The three types of stability are
a. Stable equilibrium
b. Unstable equilibrium
c. Neutral equilibrium
 
a. Stable Equilibrium
The frustum can be tilted through quite a big angle without toppling.
Its centre of gravity is raised when it is displaced.
The vertical line through its centre of gravity still falls within its base.
So it can return to its orginalpositionl.
 
b. Unstable Equilibrium
The frustum will topple with the slightest tilting. Its centre of gravity is lowered
when it is displaced.

The vertical line through its centre of gravity falls outside its base.
 
c. Neutral Equilibrium
d. It causes frustum to topple.
e. The frustum will rolls about but does not topple.
f. Its centre of gravity remains at the same height when it is displaced.
g. The body will stay in any position to which it has been displaced.
 
Condition for Stability
* To make a body more stable
* Lower its centre of gravity Increase the area of its base
* This box is at the point of tipping over
* A heavy base lowers at the centre of gravity So the box does not tip over
* A brode base makes the box more difficult to tip over
 
The Thanjavur Doll
It is s type of traditional Indian toy made of terracotta material. The centre of
gravity and the total weight of the doll is concentrated at its bottom most point,
generating a dance-like continuous movement with slow oscillations.
Do you know 16:-
 
Real Life Applications of Centre of Gravity
It is for the reasons of stability that the luggage compartment of a tour bus is
located at the bottom and not on the roof. Extra passengers are not allowed on the
upper deck of a crowded double decker bus. Racing cars are built low and broad
for stability. Table lamps and fans are designed with large heavy bases to make
them stable.

 IX. Fill in the boxes.

“She moves at a constant speed in a constant direction”. Rephrase the same

sentence in fewer words using concepts related to motion.
Saphira moves with a uniform velocity.

Correct your friend who says “The acceleration gives the idea of how fast the
position changes”.
The acceleration gives the idea of change of velocity with time.
Choose the best answer.
 1. A particle is moving in a circular path of radius r. The displacement after
half a circle would be
a. Zerob.
b. R
c. 2 r.
d. r / 2
Answer : c. 2r 
 2. Which of the following figures represent uniform motion of a moving
object correctly?

 3. Suppose a boy is enjoying a ride on a marry go round which is moving with
a constant speed of 10 m/s. It implies that the boy is
a. at rest
b. moving with no acceleration
c. in accelerated motion
d. moving with uniform velocity
Answer : c. in an accelerated motion
 4. From the given v-t graph it can be inferred that the object is

a. in uniform motion
b. at rest
c. in non uniform motion
d. moving with uniform acceleration
Answer : d. moving with uniform acceleration

5. How can we increase the stability of an object?

a. lowering the centre of gravity

b. raise the centre of gravity

c. increasing the height of the object

d. shortening the base of the object

Answer : a. lowering the centre of gravity

Match the following:

 
Displacement                                            -                Knot
Light travels through vacuum                   -                Geometric centre
Speed of ship                                             -                Metre
Centre of gravity of the geometrical shaped object  -   Larger base area
Stability                                                    -                  Uniform velocity
Answer:

1. Displacement                            -    Metre

2. Light travels through vacuum   -    Uniform velocity

3. Speed of ship                               -   Knot

4. Centre of gravity of the geometrical shaped object- Geometric centre

5. Stability                                        -  Larger base area

Analogy
1. velocity : metre/ second : : acceleration : meter / second . 2

2. length of scale : metre : : speed of aeroplane: knot.

One liner
1. The measure of how fast or slow an object is moving is its _______ Ans: speed

2. ________ of a body is the distance travelled by it in one second. Ans: speed

3. The unit of speed is _____ Ans: m/s

4. A cycle is _______ than a car. Ans: slower

5. Distance covered = ________ Ans: Speed x Time

6. Average speed = ________ Ans: Total distance travelled / Total time taken

7. If a body moves with the same speed at all times, it is said to have _____ speed. Ans: uniform

8. Change of distance with time may be represented by a ________ graph. Ans: Distance-time

9. _________ gives the speed of the vehicle at every instant. Ans: Speedometer

10. ________ measures the total distance covered by a vehicle in metre. Ans: Odometer

11. Speedometer gives the speed of a vehicle in ______ Ans: km/hr

12. For _______ speed, the distance-time graph is a straight line. Ans: uniform

13. __________ the speed, steeper will be the distance-time graph. Ans: Greater

14. __________ is the shortest distance between two points. Ans: Displacement
15. Speed in a definite direction is called ________ Ans: Velocity

16. _______ is the change of velocity in one see. Ans: Acceleration

17. The unit of velocity is _______ Ans: m/sec

18. The unit of acceleration is ________ Ans: m/s 2

19. If the velocity of a moving body decreases, it has _______ Ans: retardation

20. The average value of acceleration due to gravity is ______ Ans: 9.8 m/s 2

21. ________ are made of aluminium alloy. Ans: Hang gliders

22. The latest aero sport is ______ Ans: Para gliding

Heat and Temperature

The measurement of warmness or coldness of a substance is known as its
temperature.

It is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object.

Temperature is related to how fast the atoms within a substance are moving.

Temperature Units:
There are three units which are used to measure the temperature: Degree Celsius,
Fahrenheit and Kelvin.

Degree Celsius: Celsius is written as °C and read as degree. For example 20°C; it

is read as twenty degree Celsius. Celsius is called as Centigrade as well.

Fahrenheit: Fahrenheit is written as °F for example 25°F; it is read as twenty five

degree Fahrenheit.

Kelvin: Kelvin is written as K. For example 100K; it is read as hundred Kelvin.

* SI unit of The temperature is kelvin (K).
The high temperature means that the molecules within the object are moving at a faster rate.

Molecules in any substance are very small to analyze and calculate its movement (Kinetic energy) in
order to measure its temperature. You must use an indirect method to measure the kinetic energy
of the molecules of a substance.

In a thermometer, when liquid gets heat, it expands and when it is cooled

down, it contracts. It is used to measure temperature.

Why Mercury or Alcohol is used in Thermometer?

Mostly Alcohol and Mercury are used in thermometers as they remain in liquid
form even with a change of temperature in them. A small change in the
temperature causes change in volume of a liquid. We measure this temperature by
measuring expansion of a liquid in thermometer.

Do you Know -17:-

In humans, the average internal temperature is 37°C (98.6°F),
though it varies among individuals. However, no person always has
exactly the same temperature at every moment of the day. Temperatures
cycle regularly up and down through the day according to activities and
external factors.
Properties of Mercury:-
* Its expansion is uniform. (For equal amounts of heat it expands by equal
lengths.)

* It is opaque and shining.

* It does not stick to the sides of the glass tube.

* It is a good conductor of heat.

* It has a high boiling point (357°C) and a low freezing point (−39°C). Hence a
wide range of temperatures can be measured using a mercury thermometer

 Properties of Alcohol

* The freezing point of alcohol is less than −100°C. So it can be used to measure
very low temperatures.

* Its expansion per degree Celsius rise in temperature is very large.

* It can be coloured brightly and hence is easily visible.

Mercury is a toxic substance and is very difficult to dispose of if a thermometer breaks. These days,
digital thermometers are available which do not use mercury. Digital thermometers are mainly used
to take the body temperature.

Do you Know -18:-

Maximum _ minimum the rmometer

The maximum and minimum temperatures of the previous day reported in

weather reports are measured by a thermometer called the maximum - minimum
thermometer.

Celsius scale
Celsius is the common unit of measuring temperature, termed after Swedish
astronomer, Anders Celsius in 1742, before that it was known as Centigrade as
thermometers using this scale are calibrated from (Freezing point of water) 0°C to
100°C (boiling point of water). In Greek, ‘Centium’ means 100 and ‘Gradus’
means steps, both words make it centigrade and later Celsius.

Fahrenheit Scale
Fahrenheit is a Common unit to measure human body temperature. It is termed
after the name of a German Physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit. Freezing point
of water is taken as 32°F and boiling point 212°F. Thermometers with Fahrenheit
scale are calibrated from 32°F to 212°F.

Kelvin scale
Kelvin scale is termed after Lord Kelvin. It is the SI unit of measuring
temperature and written as K also known as absolute scale as it starts from absolute
zero temperature.

Temperature in Celsius scale can be easily converted to Fahrenheit and Kelvin

scale as discussed ahead

Relation between Fahrenheit scale and Celsius scales is as under.

(F - 32)/ 9 = C/5  

K = 273.15 +C

The equivalence between principal temperature scales are given in Table for some
temperatures.
Do you Know -19:-
Most of the people in the world use the Celsius scale to measure temperature
for day to day purpose. The Kelvin scale has been designed in such a way, it is not
only an absolute temperature scale, but also 1°C change is equal to a 1K change.
This makes the conversion from Celsius to absolute temperature scale (Kelvin
scale) easy, just the addition or subtraction of a constant 273.15

But in United States they prefer to use the Fahrenheit scale. The problem is,
converting Fahrenheit to absolute scale (Kelvin) is not easy.

To sort out this problem they use The Rankine scale. It named after the
Glasgow University engineer and physicist Rankine, who proposed it in 1859. It is
an absolute temperature scale, and has the property of having a 1°R change is equal
to a 1°F change. Fahrenheit users who need to work with absolute temperature can
be converted to Rankine by

R= F+ 459.67
1. How much will the temperature of 68°F be in Celsius and Kelvin?

Given :

Temperature in Fahrenheit   =F=68°F

Temperature in Celsius        =C=?

Temperature in Kelvin        =K=?

(F-32) /9 = C/5

(68-32) / 9 = C/5

C = 5 × 36/9 = 20°C

K = C + 273.15 = 20 + 273.15 = 293.15

Thus, the temperature in Celsius = 20ºC and in Kelvin = 293.15 K

3. Convert the given temperature :

1. 45°C = 113 °F

2. 20°C = 68 °F

3. 68°F = 292.15 K = 20 °F

4) 185°F = 85 °C

5.  0°C = 273.15 K

6.  -20°C = 253.15 K

7. 100K = -173.15 °C

8) 272.15 K = -1 °C

I. Choose the correct answer

 1. International unit of measuring temperature is . ______________
a. Kelvin

b. Fahrenheit
c. Celsius

d. Joule

Answer: a) Kelvin

 2. In thermometer when bulb comes in contact with hot object, liquid inside it

a. expands

b. contracts

c. remains same

d. none of above

Answer: a. expands

 3. The body temperature of a healthy man is;

a. 0°C

b. 37°C

c. 98°C

d. 100°C

Answer: b. 37°C

4. Mercury is often used in laboratory thermometers because

it______________

a. is a harmless liquid

b. is silvery in colour and is attractive in appearance

c. Expands uniformly

d. is a low cost liquid

Answer: c. expands uniformly

 5. Which of the following temperature conversions is incorrect

K ( Kelvin) = °C ( Celsius) + 273.15

      °C                                      K

a. -273.15                                  0

b. -123.                                 +150.15

c. + 127.                               + 400.15

d. + 450                                + 733.15

Answer:  d. +450 = +733.15

 II. Fill in the blanks

 1. Doctor uses clinical thermometer to measure the human body temperature.

2. At room temperature Mercury is in liquid state.

3. Heat energy transfer from hot to cold

4. -7°C temperature is less than 0°C temperature.

5. The common laboratory thermometer is a Celsius scale thermometer

III. Match the following

 i. Clinical thermometer                      -      A form of energy
ii. Normal temperature human body    -     100°C of

iii. Heat                                              -       37°C

iv. Boiling point of water                   -       0°C

v. Melting point of water                    -       Kink

Answer :

i) Clinical thermometer  - Kink

ii) Normal temperature of human body - 37°C

iii) Heat  -  A form of energy

iv) Boiling point of water - 100°C

v) Melting point of water  - 0°C

 IV. Give very short answer

 1. Temperature of Srinagar (J&K) is 4°C and in Kodaikanal is 3°C which of

them has greater temperature ? What is the difference between the
temperatures of these two places?
Kodaikanal has a higher temperature than Srinagar. The temperature difference is
7°C.

2. Jyothi was prepared to measure the temperature of hot water with a

clinical thermometer. Is it right or wrong? Why?
A clinical thermometer can be used only to measure body temperature. It is scaled
from 35°C to 42°C only. So it cannot be used to measure the temperature of hot
water because the temperature of hot water will exceed 42°C. It is wrong to make
such an attempt because the greater expansion of mercury will cause the bulb to
break.

3. A clinical thermometer is not used to measure the temperature of air, why?

A clinical thermometer is scaled from 35°C to 42°C only. Its bulb should be
completely covered by the part of the body such as a patient's armpit or under the
tongue. So it cannot be used to measure the temperature of air.

4. What is the use of kink in clinical thermometer?

The kink prevents the mercury from flowing back into the bulb when the
thermometer is taken out of the patient's mouth. Therefore we can measure the
temperature conveniently.

5. Why do we jerk a clinical thermometer before we measure the body

temperature?
The mercury level in a clinical thermometer will remain in the same high level
even when it is taken out of the patient's mouth. So we jerk the clinical
thermometer to bring the level of mercury down.

 V. Give short Answer

 1. Why do we use Mercury in thermometers? Can water be used instead of
mercury? What are the problems in using it?
1. The expansion of mercury is uniform.

2. Mercury is opaque and shining.

3. Mercury does not stick to the side of the glass.

4. It is a good conductor of heat.

5. As it has highest boiling point and a low melting point a wide range of
temperatures can be measured using mercury.

6. Mercury remains in liquid form.

7. Even a small change in temperature causes visible expansion in it.

 Water cannot be used in a thermometer. The Relative Density of mercury is 13.6

where as the R.D of water is just 1. So if we use water in a thermometer the length
of the thermometer tube should be 13.6 times longer. It is not practicable. So we
cannot use water in a thermometer.

2. Swathi kept a laboratory thermometer in hot water for some time and took
it out to read the temperature. Ramani said it was a wrong way of measuring
temperature. Do you agree with Ramani? Explain your answer.
Yes, I agree with Ramani. The laboratory thermometer has no kink in it. So when
we take it out of the hot water the mercury level will drop down immediately. So
the laboratory thermometer should not be taken out of the hot liquid while we note
the reading.

3. The body temperature of Srinath is 99°F. Is he suffering from fever? If so,

why?
No, Srinath doesn't have a fever. The normal body temperature is 98.6°F. Srinath's
body temperature is just 99°F. This slight difference cannot be considered as fever
because body temperature varies slightly from person to person.

1. What must be the temperature in Fahrenheit, so that it will be twice its

value in Celsius?
  -24.61°F temperature is the Fahrenheit scale reading equal to twice that of the
Celsius value.
2. Go to a veterinary doctor (a doctor who treats animals). Discuss and find
out the normal temperature of domestic animals and birds.
The normal temperature of birds and animals are given below:

Birds have higher body temperature and much higher metabolism than
human beings. So, normal body temperature of birds are 40 degree Celsius or 105
degree Fahrenheit which varies in different species of birds.

Body temperatures of domestic animals such as Cattle, Buffalo, Cow, Sheep,

Goat, Donkey, Horse, Pig, Dog and Chicken falls in the range of 38 to 42 degree
Celsius (or 100.4 to 107.6 degree Fahrenheit).
One liner

1. 100 degree on the Celsius scale is equal to 180 degree on the Fahrenheit scale. Then 1 degree Celsius
is equal to

a. F-32 x 100/180 b. F-32x 180/100 C. F+ 32x 100/180 d. F+ 32x 180/100

2. On the Fahrenheit scale the number of divisions between upper and lower fixed position is

a. 212 b. 180 c. 100 d. 32

3.Ajay stands 1 m infront of a mirror. He moves 50 cm forward towards the mirror. The distance
between Ajay and his image is
a. 50 cm b. 2 m c. 3 m d. 1 m
4. To see your face in a mirror inside a dark room, you should shine light from a torch on to

a. The mirror b. Your face c. The nearest way d. The ceiling of the room

5. Which of these will form both real and virtual images?

a. Plane mirror b. Concave mirror c. Convex mirror d. All the above

6. The amount of heat energy produced by sun per second is

a. 3.8× Joule b. 3.8× Joule c. 3.8× Joule d. 3.8× Joule

7. The heat energy of sun is produced by

a. Combustion b. Friction c. Nuclear Friction d. Nuclear Fusion

8. The unit used to measure heat energy is

a. Pascal b. Joule c. Celsius d. Fahrenheit

9. A sensation of hotness or coldness is called as

 a. Temperatureb. B.Boiling point c. Melting point d. Heat

10. The SI unit of temperature is

a. Joule b. Celsius c. Kelvin d. Fahrenheit

11. On the Kelvin scale Kelvin is equal to

a. C b. C c. C d. C

12. The formula we use to convert Celsius scale into Fahrenheit is

C F−32 C F−32 C F−32

a. = b. = = c. =
180 100 100 100 100 180
C F−32
d. = =
120 100

13. The number of division in the Celsium Thermometer is

a. 100 b. 180 c. 32 d. 212

14. The number of division in Fahrenheit thermometer is

a. 100 b. 180 c. 32 d. 212

15. The lower fixed point in Fahrenheit scale is

a. 00C b. 1000C c. 2120F d.320 F

16. The lower fixed point in Celsius scale is

a. 00C b. 1000C c. 1800C d.1120 C

17. The graduation marked in the Laboratory thermometer is

a. 00C -100OC b. -00C -100OC c. 100C -110OC d. -100C -110OC

18. The graduations marked in the clinical thermometer is

a. 00C -100OC b. 350C -42OC c. -00C -100OC d. 00C -36.9OC

19. The normal human body temperature is

a. 98.40C b. 98.40F c. 98.40A d. 38.40A

20. The normal body temperature of man in Celsius scale is

a. 98.40C b. 98.40F c. 98.40A d. 36.90C

21. The bouncing back of light from a surface is

 a. Refraction b. Reflection c. Deviation d. Total internal reflection

22. Which of the following is a transparent object

a. Table b. Chair c. Glass d. Wall

23. An image is produced by

a. Refraction of light b. Reflection of light c. Scattering of light d. Total internal reflection

24. A plane mirror is _____ is shape

a. Bulged b. Hollow c. Flat d. None

25. An image which cannot be caught over a screen is called

a. Real b. Virtual c. Inverted d. Erect

26. A mirror with bulged reflecting surface is

a. Convex mirror b. Concave mirror c. Plane mirror d. Transport mirror

27. A mirror with a hollow reflecting surface is called

a. Convex mirror b. Concave mirror c. Plane mirror d. Transport mirror

28. Concave mirrors

a. Diverge light b. Converge light c. Scatter light d. Absorb light

29. Convex mirrors

a. Diverge light b. Converge light c. Scatter light d. Absorb light

30. The mirror used as rear view mirrors in automobiles is

a. Concave b. Convex c. Plane d. Transparent

31. The mirror used in solar cookers is

a. Concave b. Convex c C. Plane d. Transparent

32. The splitting up of white light into seven colour is called

a. Refraction b. Reflection c. Dispersion d. Scatter

33. The image formed by convex mirrors are

a. Real b. Virtual c. Enlarged d. Same size

II. Fill in the blanks

1. _____ is a measure of heat energy possessed by a body. Ans: Temperature

2. The type of a moving vehicle becomes hot due to ______ Ans: Friction

3. On a thermometric scale the boiling point of water is taken as the _______ Ans: Upper fixed point

4. In a cinema, the image on the screen is a _____ Ans: Real image

5. Bouncing back of light from a surface is called ____ Ans: Reflection

6. The sun gives out heat besides _______ Ans: light

7. _____ is the prime source of heat energy. Ans: Sun

8. The ancient man used ______ to produce a spark. Ans: Spark

9. Ancient man rubbed two _______ to make a fire. Ans: flint stones

10. ________ measures the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. Ans: Temperature.

11. Liquids ______ on heating and ______ on cooling. Ans: Expand, Contract

12. Kelvin Scale is also known as ______ scale of temperature. Ans: Absolute

13. Kelvin is also known as _________ Ans: Absolute zero

14.In a thermometer the lower fixed point is the _____ point of pure ice. Ans: melting

15. In a thermometer the upper point is the _______ point of water. Ans: Boiling

16. In some thermometers _________ is used. Ans: alcohol

17. _________ is a form of energy that gives us sensation of vision. Ans: Light 18. ______ is a opaque
object. Ans: Table

19. __________ is a transparent material. Ans: Glass

20. The image formed by a plane mirror is _________ and ________ Ans: Virtual, Erect

21. In a plane mirror the size of the image formed is always _________ to the size of the object. Ans:
equal

22. Mirror have a thin layer of ______ at the back with the coating of red or orange pain. Ans: silver

23. In a plane mirror right appears as left and left appears as right. This property is known as ________
Ans: lateral inversion

24. Convex and concave mirrors are referred to as _________ Ans: spherical mirrors
25. The image formed on a paper or screen is called a ________ Ans: real image

26. ______ mirrors form only virtual images that are diminished in size. Ans: convex

27. ________ mirror is used by Dentists and ENT Doctors to focus light on parts to be examined. Ans:
concave

28. The band of colours formed due to dispersion is called as _______ Ans: spectrum

29. To prove that white colour is formed due to combination of seven primary colour we use
___________ disc. Ans: Newton’s III.

Match the following

1. 1. Sun a. Combustion

2. Burning of paper b. Measures temperature

3.. Thermo meter c.Dispersion of light

4. Convex Mirror d. Source of heat and light

5. Spectrum e. Diverges light

Ans: 1-d,2-a,3-b,4-e,5-c

2. 1. VIBGYOR a. Converges

2. Convex mirror b. Virtual images

3. Concave mirror c. Spectrum

4. Always erect d. Used to watch over a large area

Ans: 1-c,2-d,3-a,4-b

3. 1. Fossil full a. Electronic device

2. Kelvin b. Expands uniformly

3. Digital thermometer c. SI unit of temperature

4. Mercury d. Kerosene

Ans: 1-d,2-c,3-a,4-b

ELECTRICITY
Introduction
In 1882, when it was sun set in the west that miracle happened in New york city.
When Thomas Alva Edison gently pushed the switch on 14,000 bulbs in 9,000
houses suddenly got lighted up. It was the greatest invention to mankind. From
then the world was under the light even in the night.

Many countries began using electricity for domestic purposes. Seventeen years
after the New York, in 1899 electricity first came to India. The Calcutta Electric
Supply Corporation Limited commissioned the first thermal power plant in India
on 17 April 1899

Around 1900s, a thermal power station was set up at Basin Bridge in Madras city
and power was distributed to the government press, general hospital, electric
tramways and certain residential areas in Madras. Today electricity is a common
household commodity.

In your class 6, we learned about electricity and their sources. From operating
factories, running medical equipments like ventilator, communications like mobile,
radio and TV, drawing water to the agricultural field and light up homes electricity
is important. What is electricity? We can see that. it is a form of energy, like heat
and magnetism.

We have learnt that all materials are made up of small particles called atoms.
The centre of the atom is called the nucleus. The nucleus consists of protons and
neurtrons. Protons are positively charged. Neutrons have no charge. Negatively
charged electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular orbits. Electricity is a form
of energy that is associated with electric charges that exists inside the atom
Electric charge is measured in a unit called coulomb. One unit of coulomb is
charge of approximately 6.242×10  protons or electrons.
18

Electrical charges are generally denoted by the letter `q`

Electric Current
The flow of electric charges constitute an electric current. For an electrical
appliance to work, electric current must flow through it. An electric current is
measured by the amount of electric charge moving per unit time at any point in the
circuit. The conventional symbol for current is ‘I’.

Unit of Electric Current

The SI unit for measuring an electric current is the ampere, which is the flow of
electric charge across a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second.

I=q/t

Where I ⇒ current (in Ampere - A)

q ⇒ charge (in coulomb - c)

t ⇒ time taken (in seconds - s)

 

Worked example 2.1

If  30 coulomb of electric charge flows through a wire in two minutes, calculate the
current in the wire?

Solution

Given :

Charge (q)   = 30 coulomb

Time (t)      = 2 min x 60s

                   = 120 s

Current I = q/t = 30C/120s = 0.25 A

1. Conventional Current and Electron Flow

Before the discovery of electrons , scientists believed that an electric current
consisted of moving positive charges.

This movement of positive charges is called conventional current.

2. Measurement of electric current

Electric current is measured using a device called ammeter. The terminals of an
ammeter are marked with + and - sign. An ammeter must be connected in series in
a circuit.

Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the milli ampere or micro ampere
range, are designated as milli ammeters or micro ammeters.

1 milliampere (mA) = 10  ampere.

-3

                               = 1/1000 ampere

1 microampere (µA) = 10  ampere -6

                                 = 1/1000000 ampere

Do you Know 20:-

All muscles of our bodies move in response to electrical impulses

generated naturally in our bodies

Worked Examples 2.2

If 0.002A current flows through a circuit, then convert the current in terms of
micro ampere?

Solution:

Given that the current flows through the circuit is 0.002A

We know that

               1A=10 µA
6

           0.002A = 0.002 × 10  µA 6

                = 2 × 10-3 × 10  µA

6

                = 2×10 µA
3

                0.002A = 2000 µA

Potential difference (v)

Electrical charges need energy to push them along a circuit.

Water always flows from higher to lower ground. Similarly an electric charge
always flows from a point at higher potential to a point at lower potential.

An electric current can flow only when there is a potential difference (V) or P.D.

The potential difference between any two points in the circuit is the amount of
energy needed to move one unit of electric charge from one point to the other.

1. Unit of potential difference

Did you ever notice the precautionary board while crossing the railway track and
the electrical transformer? What does the word high voltage denotes?

The term metioned in the board volt is the measurement for the electric potential
difference.

The SI unit of potential difference is volt (V). potential difference between two
points is measured by using a device called voltmeter.
The electric current flow from the higher potential level to the lower potential level
is just like the water flow.

2. Electrical conductivity and Resistivity

Resistance (R)

An electrical component resists or hinders the flow of electric charges, when it is

connected in a circuit. In a circuit component, the resistance to the flow of charge
is similar to how a narrow channel resists the flow of water.

The higher the resistance in a component, the higher the potential difference
needed to move electric charge through the component. We can express resistance
as a ratio.
Resistance of a component is the ratio of the potential difference across it to the
current

flowing through it.

R = V/I

The S.I unit of resistance is ohm

Greater the ratio of V to I, the greater is the resistance

Electrical conductivity (σ)

Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the measure of a material's ability

to conduct an electric current. It is commonly represented by the Greek letter σ
(sigma) The S.I Unit of electrical conductivity is Siemens/meter(S/m)

Electrical resistivity (ρ)

Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance, or volume

resistivity) is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how strongly that
material opposes the flow of electric current. The SI unit of electrical resistivity is
the ohm-metre (Ω.m).

3. Analogy of Electric Current with Water Flow

An electric current is a flow of electrons through a conductor (like a copper wire).
We can't see electrons, however, we can imagine the flow of electric current in a
wire like the flow of water in a pipe.
Let us see the analogy of flow of electric current with the water flow.

Water flowing through pipes is pretty good mechanical system that is a lot like an
electrical circuit. This mechanical system consists of a pump pushing water
through a closed pipe. Imagine that the electrical current is similar to the water
flowing through the pipe. The following parts of the two systems are related

* The pipe is like the wire in the electric circuit and the pump is like the battery.

* The pressure generated by the pump drives water through the pipe.

* The pressure is like the voltage generated by the battery which drives electrons
through the electric circuit.

* Suppose, there are some dust and rust that plug up the pipe and slow the flow of
water, creating a pressure difference from one end to the other end of the pipe. In
similar way, the resistance in the electric circuit resists the flow of electrons and
creates a voltage drop from one end to the other. Energy loss is shown in the form
of heat across the resistor.

It has two terminals. When electric cells are used, a chemical reaction takes place
inside the cells which produces charge in the cell.
 

1. Types of cell – primary cell and secondary cell

In our daily life we are using cells and batteries for the functioning of a remote,
toys cars, clock, cell phone etc. Event hough all the devices produces electrical
energy, some of the cells are reusable and some of them are of single use. Do you
know the reason why? Based on their type they are classified into two types
namely – primary cell and secondary cell.

Primary cell

The dry cell commonly used in torches is an example of a primary cell. It cannot
be recharged after use.

Secondary cells

Secondary cells are used in automobiles and generators. The chemical reaction in
them can be reversed, hence they can be recharged. Lithium cylindrical cells,
button cells and alkaline cells are the other types that are in use.

3. Primary cell – simply Dry cell

A dry cell is a type of chemical cell commonly used in the common form batteries
for many electrical appliances. It is a convenient source of electricity available in
portable and compact form. It was developed in 1887 by Yei Sakizo of Japan.
Dry cells are normaly used in small devices such as remote control for T.V., torch,
camera and toys.

A dry cell is a portable form of a leclanche cell. It consists of zinc vessel which
acts as a negative electrode or anode. The vessel contains a moist paste of saw dust
saturated with a solution of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride.

The ammonium chloride acts as an electrolyte.

Electrolytes are substances that become ions in solution and acquire the capacity to
conduct electricity.

The purpose of zinc chloride is to maintain the moistness of the paste being highly
hygroscopic. The carbon rod covered with a brass cap is placed in the middle of
the vessel. It acts as positive electrode or cathode.

It is surrounded by a closely packed mixture of charcoal and manganese dioxide

(MnO ) in a muslin bag. Here MnO  acts as depolarizer. The zinc vessel is sealed at
2 2

the top with pitch or shellac. A small hole is provided in it to allow the gases
formed by the chemical action to escape. The chemical action inside the cell is the
same as in leclanche cell.

The dry cell is not really dry in nature but the quantity of water in it is very small,
as the electrolyte is in thefrom of a paste. In other cells, the electrolyte is usually a
solution

4. Batteries
Batteries are a collection of one or more cells whose chemical reactions create a
flow of electrons in a circuit. All batteries are made up of three basic components:
an anode (the ‘+’ side), a cathode (the ‘–’ side), and some kind of electrolyte.
Electrolyte is a substance that chemically reacts with the anode and cathode.

5. Invention of the Battery

One fateful day in 1780, Italian physicist, physician, biologist, and philosopher,
Luigi Galvani, was dissecting a frog attached to a brass hook. As he touched the
frog’s leg with an iron scapel, the leg twitched.

Galvani theorized that the energy came from the leg itself, but his fellow scientist,
Alessandro Volta, believed otherwise.

Volta hypothesized that the frog’s leg impulses were actually caused by different
metals soaked in a liquid.

He repeated the experiment using cloth soakedin brine instead of a frog corpse,
which resulted in a similar voltage. Volta published his findings in 1791 and later
created the first battery, the voltaic pile, in 1800.
The invention of the modern battery is often attributed to Alessandro Volta. It
actually started with a surprising accident involving the dissection of a frog.

Similarity and Difference between Series and Parallel Circuit

 
Science to mind pricking
If an electrician attending an electrical fault at your home gets current shock, will
you touch him in order to get rid off him from current risk? Will you use the wet
stick to beat him to avoid further effects of electric shock?
Why do the electric line man are wear rubber gloves in their hands while doing
electrical works on a electrical pole?

We know that all materials are made up of the basic building block, the ‘atom’. An
atom, in turn, contains electrically charged particles. Many of these particles are
fixed to the atoms but in conductors (such as all metals) there are lots of particles
that are not held to any particular atom but are free to wander around randomly in
the metal. These are called ‘free charge’.

Do you Know 21:-

Short circuit

You might have observed the spark in the electric pole located nearby your
house. Do you know the cause of this electric spark? This is due to the short
circuiting of electricity along its path. A short circuit is simply a low resistance
connection between the two conductors supplying electrical power to any circuit.
Arc welding is a common example of the practical application of the heating due to
a short circuit.

Conductors
Conductors are the materials whose atoms have electrons that are loosely bound
and are free to move through the material. A material that is a good conductor
gives very little resistance to the flow of charge (electron) on the application of
external voltage. This flow of charge (electron) is what constitutes an electric
current. A good conductor has high electrical conductivity in the above activity.

In general, more the free electrons, the better the material will conduct (for a
certain applied voltage).
 

Insulators
Those  materials which don’t have enough ‘free electrons’ are not good at
conducting electricity or we can say that they would be ‘poor conductors’ of
electricity and they are called insulators.

Do you Know 22:-

This is the material used in SIM Cards, Computers, and ATM cards. Do you
know by which material I am made up off?

 The chip  which are used in SIM Cards, Computers, and ATM cards are made up
of semiconductors namely, silicon and germanium because of their electrical
conductivity lies between a conductor and an insulator.

An insulator gives a lot of resistance to the flow of charge (electron). During the
drift of the electrons in an object when an external voltage is applied, collisions
occur between the free electrons and the atoms of the material also affect the
movement of charges. These collisions mean that they get scattered. It is a
combination of the number of free electrons and how much they are scattered that
affects how well the metal conducts electricity. The rubber eraser does not allow
electric current to pass through it. So rubber is a non-conductor of electricity.
Rubber is an insulator

Most of the metals are good conductors of electricity while most of the non-metals
are poor conductors of electricity.

Do you Know 23:-

Wires made of copper, an nelectrical conductor, have very low resistance.

Copper wires are used to carry current in households. These wires are in turn
enclosed in electrical insulators, or materials of high electrical resistance. These
materials are usually made of flexible plastic.

Effects of Electric Current

You performed many experiments with electricity in Class 6 and learned quite a
few interesting facts. For example, you saw that a bulb can be made to light up by
making electricity flow through it. The light of the bulb is thus one of the effects of
electricity. There are several other important effects of electricity. We shall study
some of these effects in this chapter. There are 3 main effects of electricity as,

* Heating effect

* Magnetic effect (Magnetism)

* Chemical effect

 Heating effect

When an electric current passes through a wire, the electrical energy is converted
to hear. In heating appliances, the heating element is made up of materials with
high melting point. An example of such a material is nichrome (an alloy of nickel,
iron and chromium).
The heating effect of electric current has many practical applications. The electric
bulb, geyser, iron box, immersible water heater are based on this effect. These
appliances have heating coils of high resistance.

Generation of heat due to electric current is known as the heating effect of

electricity. 

Factors affecting Heating Effect of current

1. Electric Current

2. Resistance

3. Time for which current flows

Electric Fuse

Electric fuse is a safety device which is used in household wiring and in many
appliances. Electric fuse has a body made of ceramic and two points for connecting
the fuse wire. The fuse wire melts whenever there is overload of the current in the
wire. This breaks the circuit and helps in preventing damage to costly appliances
and to the wiring. In electrical devices, a glass fuse is often used. This is a small
glass tube, in which lies the fuse wire.
 

MCBs (Miniature Circuit Breaker)

MCBs have been replacing electric fuse from wirings at most of the places. The
electric fuse has a big practical problem. Whenever the wire fuses, one needs to
replace the wire to resume electric supply. More often than not, this proves to be a
cumbersome task. Miniature circuit breakers break the circuit automatically. One
just needs to switch it on to resume the electric supply. Many models of MCBs
have a built in mechanism by which the electric supply is automatically resumed.

Magnetic Effect of electricity

The next effect of electric current is Magnetism. In 1819, Hans Christian Oersted
discovered the electricity that has a magnetic effect. The experiment in activity-5
will help you understand the magnetic effect of electric current.

1. Application of magnetic effect of electric current - Electromagnet

Magnetic effect of electric current has been used in making powerful
electromagnets. Electromagnets are also used to remove splinters of steel or iron in
hospitals dealing with eye injuries.

Electro magnets are used in many appliances that we use in our day to day life,
namely, electric bell, cranes and telephone. Let us know how the magnetic effect
of electric current is applied in telephones.
ACTIVITY 5
Materials required

* Iron nail

* Battery & Switch

* Wire

Take around 75 cm long piece of insulated flexible wire and an iron nail say about
8 - 10 cm long. Wind the wire tightly around the nail in the form of a coil. Connect
the free ends of the wire to the terminals of a cell as shown. Place some pins on or
near the end of the nail. Now switch on and switch off the current, What happens?

When the switch is kept in on position the pins starts to cling to the end of the nail.

When the electric current is switched off the coil generally loses its magnetism.
Such coils are called as electromagnets.

The  polarities of both ends of the coil changes according to the direction of
electric current passes.

2. Telephone
In telephones, a changing magnetic effect causes a thin sheet of metal (diaphragm)
to vibrate. The diaphragm is made up a metal that can be attracted to magnets.

1. The diaphragm is attached to spring that is fixed to the earpiece.

2. When a current flows through the wires, the soft – iron bar becomes an
electromagnet.
3. The  diaphragm  becomes  attracted  to  the  electromagnet.

4.As  the  person  on  the  other  end  of  the  line  speaks,  his  voice  cause  the 
current  in  the  circuit to change.  This causes the diaphragm in the earpiece to
vibrate, producing sound.

Chemical Effects of Electricity

 Chemical  reactions happens, when electricity passes through various conducting
liquids. This is known as chemical effects of electricity. You will learn chemical
effect of electricity in your higher classes.
Thomas Alwa Edison

He invented an advanced instrument Gramophone in 1877.

He used a platinum wire coil in a vacuum glass and discovered the first electric
bulb in 1879.

Thomas Alva Edison invented a commercially viable electric bulb. This was
exhibited in 1897

By using mechanical power in a battery, electric power was generated by providing

the voltage. Edison proved that voltage is given in the ends of battery. The same
was transferred into an electric motor which provided mechanical energy. 
By extending Kinetoscope into 50 feet film strip, he made first talkie film by using
electric motor a magnifying glass in 1891.

As a mark of respect to Edison on his death, the light of “Statue of Liberty” in New
York was turned off. Except the road lights of Chicago and Broadway, all the
lights in the city were turned off. 

Edison was an American Scientist and Industrialist. He invented many instruments

like Electric bulb, electric motor, gramophone and kinetoscope. He was known as
for taking the world of darkness to brightness crossing all the obstacles in life.

POINTS TO REMEMBER
* An electric current is a flow of electric charge or the amount of charge flowing
through a given cross section of a material in unit time.

* Conventional current is in the direction opposite to electron flow.

* One ampere is defined as the flow of electric charge across a surface at the rate
of one coulomb per second.

* An electric cell is something that provides electricity to different devices that are
not fed directly or easily by the supply of electricity

* A dry cell is a portable form of a leclanche cell

* Batteries are a collection of one or more cells whose chemical reactions create a
flow of electrons in a circuit
* The cell is the basic single electrochemical unit which converts chemical energy
to electrical energy.

* Ammeter — An instrument for measuring the flow of electrical current in

amperes. Ammeters are always connected in series with the circuit to be tested.

* Ampere (A) — A unit of measure for the intensity of an electric current flowing
in a circuit. One ampere is equal to a current flow of one coulomb per second.

* Circuit — A closed path in which electrons from a voltage or current source

flow. Circuits can be in series, parallel, or in any combination of the two.

* Current (I) — The flow of an electric charge through a conductor. An electric

current can be compared to the flow of water in a pipe. Measured in ampere.

* Fuse — A circuit interrupting device consisting of a strip of wire that melts and
breaks an electric circuit if the current exceeds a safe level.

* Conductor — Any material where electric current can flow freely. Conductive
materials, such as metals, have a relatively low resistance. Copper and aluminum
wire are the most common conductors

* Insulator — Any material where electric current does not flow freely. Insulation
materials, such as glass, rubber, air, and many plastics have a relatively high
resistance. Insulators protect equipment and life from electric shock.

* Parallel Circuit — A circuit in which there are multiple paths for electricity to
flow. Each load connected in a separate path receives the full circuit voltage, and
the total circuit current is equal to the sum of the individual branch currents.

* Series Circuit — A circuit in which there is only one path for electricity to flow.
All of the current in the circuit must flow through all of the loads.

*  Short Circuit — When one part of an electric circuit comes in contact with
another part of the same circuit, diverting the flow of current from its desired path.

 * One unit of coulomb is charge of approximately 6.242×1018 protons or

electrons.

* The potential difference between any two points is the amount of energy needed
to move one unit of electric charge from one point to the other.
* Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the measures a material’s
ability to conduct an electric current

 * Electrical resistivity is the property of a material that quantifies how strongly

that material opposes the flow of electric current.

* The sources which produce the small amount of electricity for shorter periods of
time is called as electric cell or electro chemical cells.

*Electrolytes: A substance that dissociates into ions in solution and acquires the
capacity to conduct electricity. Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and
phosphate are examples of electrolytes.

I. Choose the correct answers

 
1. In the circuit diagram below, 10 units of electric charge move past point
x every second What is the current in the circuit ___________

 a. 10 A

a. 1 A

 c. 10 V

d. 1 V

Answer: a) 10A 

2. In the circuit shown, which switches (L,M or N) must be closed to light up

the bulb?
a. switch L only

b. switch M only

c. Switch M and  Nonly M N

d. either switch L or switches M and N

Answer: d) either switch L or switches M and N

3. Small amounts of electrical current are measured in milliampere  (mA).

How many milliampere are there in 0.25 A ?

a. 2.5 mA

b. 25 mA

c. 250 mA

d. 2500 mA

Answer: c) 250 mA

4. In which of the following circuits are the bulb connected in series?

Answer: B

II. Fill in the blanks.

 
1. The direction of conventional current is opposite to electron flow.
2. One unit of coulomb is charge of approximately 6.242 × 10  protons or 18

electrons.

3. Ammeter is used to measure the electric current.

4. In conducting materials electrons are loosely bounded with atoms.

5. S.I. unit of Electrical conductivity of a conductor is Siemens / meter (S/m).

III. True or False – If False give the correct answer

 
1. Electron flow is in the same direction to conventional current flow. (False)
Electron flow is in the opposite direction to conventional current flow.

2. The fuse wire does not melts whenever there is overload in the wiring. (False)
The fire wire melts whenever there is overload in the wiring.

3. In a parallel circuit, the electric components are divided into branches.

4. The representation of the electric current is A. (False)

The representation of the electric current is I.

5. The electrical conductivity of the semiconductor is in between a conductor and

an insulator. (True)

IV. Match the following

 
1 .Cell - used to open or close a circuit

2. Switch - safety device used in electric circuit

3. Circuit - A complete path for the flow of an electric current

4. Miniature - Reset by hand, circuit circuit becomes complete once Breaker again

5. Fuse - A device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy

Answer:

1 .Cell - A device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy

2. Switch - used to open or close a circuit

3. Circuit - A complete path for the flow of an electric current

4. Miniature circuit Breaker - Reset by hand, circuit becomes complete once
again

5. Fuse - safety device used in electric circuit

V. Analogy
 
1. Water : pipe : : Electric current : wire.

2. Copper : conductor : : Wood : non-conductor.

3. Length : metre scale : : Current : Ammeter.

4. milli ampere: micro ampere : : 10-3A : 10 -6

VI. Assertion and Reason

 
1. Assertion (A) : Copper is used to make electric wires.

Reason (R) : Copper has very low electrical resistance.Option:

a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b. Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

c. A is true but R is false.

d. A is false but R is true.

e. Both A and R are false

Answer: A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Assertion (A): Insulators do not allow the flow of current through themselves.

Reason (R) : They have no free charge carriers.

a. If both A and R are true and the R is correct explanation of A.

b. If both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A.

c. If A is true and R is false.

d. If both A and R are false.

Answer : B. If both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A.

VII. Very short answer

 
1. What is the speed of electric current?

280,000,000 meters per second.

2. What is the S.I unit of electrical conductivity?

Siemens/meter (S/m)

3. Name the device used to generate electricity.

Electric cell

4. Define fuse.

The fuse is a wire that melts whenever there is an overload of current in a circuit.

5. Name some devices that run using heat effect of electric current

Electric stove, geyser, room heater, electric iron.

6. Name few insulators.

Rubber, plastics, glass, wood.

7. What is a battery?

A battery is a collection of one or more cells in a circuit.

VIII. Short Answer

 
1. Define an electric current.
An electric current is a flow of electric charge or the amount of charge flowing
through a given cross section of a material in unit time.

2. Differentiate parallel and serial circuits.

 Parallel Circuit — A circuit in which there are multiple paths for electricity to
flow. Each load connected in a separate path receives the full circuit voltage, and
the total circuit current is equal to the sum of the individual branch currents.

Series Circuit — A circuit in which there is only one path for electricity to flow.
All of the current in the circuit must flow through all of the loads.

3. Define electrical conductivity.

Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the measure of a material’s

ability to conduct an electric current.

IX. Long Answer

 
1. Explain the construction and working of an Telephone.
In telephones, a changing magnetic effect causes a thin sheet of metal (diaphragm)
to vibrate. The diaphragm is made of a metal that can be attracted to magnets.
1. The diaphragm is attached to spring that is fixed to the earpiece.

2. When a current flows through the wires, the soft - iron bar becomes an
electromagnet.

3. The diaphragm becomes attracted to the electromagnet.

4. As the person on the other end of the line speaks, his voice causes the current in
the circuit to change. This causes the diaphragm in the earpiece to vibrate,
producing sound.

2. Explain the heating effect of electric current.

When an electric current passes through a wire, the electrical energy is converted
to heat.

 In heating appliances, the heating element is made of materials with high
melting point. An example of such a material is nichrome (an alloy of nickel, iron
and chromium).

The heating effect of electric current has many practical applications. The electric
bulb, geyser, iron box, immersible water heater are based on this effect. These
appliances have heating coils of high resistance. Generation of heat due to electric
current is known as the heating effect of electricity.

Factors affecting Heating Effect of current

1. Electric Current

2. Resistance

3. Time for which current flows

3. Explain the construction and working of a dry cell.

 A dry cell is a portable form of a leclanche cell. It consists of zinc vessel which
acts as a negative electrode or anode. The vessel contains a moist paste of saw dust
saturated with a solution of ammonia chloride and zinc chloride.

The ammonium chloride acts as an electrolyte. (Electrolytes are substances that

become ions in solution and acquire the capacity to conduct electricity).

The purpose of zinc chloride is to maintain the moistness of the paste being highly
hygroscopic. The carbon rod covered with a brass cap is placed in the middle of
vessel. It acts as positive electrode or cathode.

It is surrounded by a closely packed mixture of charcoal and manganese dioxide

(MnO ) in a muslin bag. Here MnO acts as depolarizer. The zinc vessel is sealed at
2 2 

the top with pitch or shellac. A small hole is provided in it to allow the gases
formed by the chemical action to escape. The chemical action inside the cell is the
same as in leclanche cell.

X. Higher Order Question

A student made a circuit by using an electric cell, a switch, a torch bulb (fitted
in the bulb holder) and copper connecting wires. When he turned on the
switch, the torch bulb did not glow at all. The student checked the circuit and
found that all the wire connections were tight.

* What could be the possible reason for the torch bulb not glowing even when
the circuit appears to be complete?
The filament in the bulb must be fused. The cell may be without electric charge.

XI Picture based Questions

 

1. Three conductors are joined as shown in the diagram

The current in conductor RS is 10 A. The current in conductor QR is 6 A.

What will be the current in conductor PR

a. 4 A

b. 6 A

c. 10 A

d. 16 A
Answer : a) 4 A

2. Draw the circuit diagram for the following series connection

3. Study the electric circuit below.  Which  of the following switches should be
closed so that only two bulbs will light up

a. S1,S2 and S4 only

b. S1, S3 and S5 only

c. S2, S3 and S4 ony

d. S2, S3 and S5 only

Answer : a) S1,S2 and S4 only

4. Study the three electric circuits below. Each of them has a glass rod (G), a
steel rod (S), and a wooden rod (W).

In which of the electric circuits would the bulb not light up .

a. A only

b. C only

c. A and B only

d. A , B and C

Answer : c) A and B only

 
Worked example 2.1

If  30 coulomb of electric charge flows through a wire in two minutes, calculate the
current in the wire?

Solution

Given :

Charge (q)   = 30 coulomb

Time (t)      = 2 min x 60s

                   = 120 s

Current I = q/t = 30C/120s = 0.25 A

Worked Examples 2.2

If 0.002A current flows through a circuit, then convert the current in terms of
micro ampere?

Solution:

Given that the current flows through the circuit is 0.002A

We know that

               1A=106µA

           0.002A = 0.002 × 106 µA

                = 2 × 10-3 × 106 µA

                = 2×103µA

                0.002A = 2000 µA

I. Choose the correct answer. 1.An electric cell converts a. Chemical energy into electrical energy b.
Mechanical energy into chemical energy c. Electrical energy into light energy d. Light energy into heat
energy 2. An electric current flowing through the conductor produces _________ around it. a. Heat b.
Magnetic field c. A mechanical force d. All the above 3. Secondary cells ______ a. cannot be recharged b.
cannot be reused c. cannot be recharged and used d. can be recharged and reused 4. Find the odd one
out. a. Electric toaster b. Electric fan c. Electric iron d. Room heater 5. An electric fuse wire melts if the
amount of current flowing through it is_______ a. more than minimum amount Winmeen Study
Materials 2018 7 th Std Science Term 2 – Book Back Questions With Answers in English 13
www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads To Ruling More Book Back Questions https://goo.gl/rSCNT8 b. less
than minimum amount c. more than maximum amount d. less than maximum amount 6. Indira Gandhi
centre for Atomic Research is situated at a. Neyveli b. Ennore c. Kalpakkam d. Kudangulam 7. In tamil
nadu Hydroelectric Power Station is situated at a. Mettur Dam b. Santhanoor Dam c. Vaigak Dam d.
Ennore 8. Thermal Power Plant in Tamil Nadu is at a. Kalpakkam b. kudangulam c. Ennore d. Mettur 9.
The wind power generating capacity of Tamil Nadu is a. 2000MW b. 3000MW c. 4000MW d. 5000MW
10. Solar cells convert a. Mechanical energy into electrical energy b. Light energy into electric energy c.
Heat energy into electric energy d. Wind energy into electric energy 11.To stop or allow the flow of
current, the device used is a. Switch b. wire c. Bulb d. Battery 12. The device used to detect the flow of
current in electric circuits a. Volt meter b. Ammeter c. Galvano meter d. Han’s meter 13. Electric ceel fish
lives in Winmeen Study Materials 2018 7 th Std Science Term 2 – Book Back Questions With Answers in
English 14 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads To Ruling More Book Back Questions
https://goo.gl/rSCNT8 a. Asia b. America c. South America c. Australia 14. The filament inside the bulb is
made of a. Copper b. Iron c. Nicrome d. Tungsten 15.The electric current flows from the _______
terminal to the _______ terminal of the battery. a. Positive/Negative b. Negative / Positive 16. The first
electric cell was developed by a. Lugi Galvani b. Alessandro Volta c. Ohm d. Alexander Flemming 17.
Which one of the following is a good conductor of electricity. a. Wood b. Plastic c. Human body d.
Rubber 18.Which one of the following is a good insulator. a. Iron b. Silver c. Earth d. Wood 19. The
heating element in an electric appliance is a coil of wire made of a. Copper b. Aluminium c. Nichrome d.
Tangsten 20. The electric fuse works on the principle of a. Heating effect of electric current b. Magnetic
effect of electric current c. Light effect of electric current d. Both light and magnetic effect of electric
current 21. Who found that there is a magnetic field around a wire carrying current? a. Volta b. Oersted
Winmeen Study Materials 2018 7 th Std Science Term 2 – Book Back Questions With Answers in English
15 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads To Ruling More Book Back Questions https://goo.gl/rSCNT8 c.
Ohm d. Flemming 22. The unit used to measure potential difference is a. Volt b. Ampere c. Watts d. Ohm
23. An electric bell works on the principle of a. Electromagnets b. Heating effect of electricity c.
Mechanical energy d. Atomic energy 24. A device that prevents damage of electric appliances in a circuit
is a. Circuit Breaker b. Electric Fuse c. Switch d. Battery II. Fill in the blanks 1. A drawing of an electrical
circuit with standard symbols is called a______ Ans: circuit diagram 2. Electric toasters and electric irons
get hot when switched on because of the _______ effect of current. Ans: heating 3. A fuse is a _____
device. Ans: safety 4. In an electric bulb the filament is made of ______ Ans: Tungsten 5. A pivoted
magnetic needle will always point to the ________ direction. Ans: North-South 6. ________ and
________ carry the electric current wherever it is needed. Ans: cables and wire 7. Coal is a ________
fuel Winmeen Study Materials 2018 7 th Std Science Term 2 – Book Back Questions With Answers in
English 16 www.winmeen.com | Learning Leads To Ruling More Book Back Questions
https://goo.gl/rSCNT8 Ans: fossil 8. In Nuclear power stations, splitting of ________ produces energy,
which is used to heat water. Ans: Uranium 9. In hydro-electric power stations, _______ is used to turn
the turbines. Ans: fast flouring water 10. Electric current is the flow of ______ Ans: electrons 11. ______
is improved the first electric cell developed by Luigi Galvani. Ans: Alessandro Volta 12. Primary cells
_______ recharged. Ans: cannot be 13. Secondary cells ________ recharged. Ans: can be 14. When the
current flows the circuit is said to be _______ , when the current does not flow, the circuit is said to be
________ Ans: closed, open 15. When current passes through a wire it gets ______ Ans: hot 16.
________ is an instrument used to detect the flow of current in electrical circuits. Ans: Galvanometer
17. The amount of heat produced depends on the _______ and _______ of current flow. Ans: Duration,
Quantity 18. Nichrome is an alloy of ________ and _____ Ans: Nickel and Chromium 19. ________ can
be reset manually or automatically to restore. Ans: Circuit Braker Winmeen Study Materials 2018 7 th
Std Science Term 2 – Book Back Questions With Answers in English 17 www.winmeen.com | Learning
Leads To Ruling More Book Back Questions https://goo.gl/rSCNT8 20. Many toys have ________ inside.
Ans: Electromagnets III. Match the following 1. 1. Electric cell a. Flow of charge 2. Fuse wire b. Source of
electric current 3. Insulators c. Electromagnet 4. Electric bell d. Prevents damage of electric appliances.
5. Electric current e. Do not allow current to pass through them Ans: 1- b,2-d,3-e,4-c,5-a 2. 1. Electric
Bell a. Glass 2. Oersted b. Earth 3. Insulator c. Cell phone 4. Conductor d. Electromagnet 5. Storage cell e.
Magnetic effect of current Ans: 1-d,2-e,3-a,4-b,5-c

Light
Introduction
When you enter into a dark room, nothing is visible. The moment you switch on
the light, everything in the room becomes visible. How do we see things with our
eyes? When you look at this book, the light falling on the book is reflected and
enters your eyes. Light is a type of energy that helps us to see all the things around
us. Light can be detected by the human eye. We all know that light is essential for
vision. Let us see more about light in this chapter
Light is the only source of energy for plants. So, they entirely depend on light.
People and animals derive energy from carbohydrates, protein and fat through their
food. Plants produce food using the energy from Sun light, carbon-di-oxide and
water by the process called as Photosynthesis. Sun light acts a vital role in the
process of photosynthesis.
Sources of Light.
Objects which are able to emit light are known as light sources. Light rays can
come from different sources. There are two types of sources of light.
1. Natural sources of light
2. Artificial sources of light
 
Natural Sources of light
Sources which emit light naturally are known as natural sources of light. The Sun
is the primary and the major source of natural light. Stars also produce light, in the
same way as the Sun do. However, as they are much farther away than the Sun, the
light from them are too weak. The moon provides light, particularly in the night.
Some living organisms have the ability to produce light named by
bioluminescence. It is the effect of certain chemical reactions occurring in the
organism. Fireflies, jellyfish, glow worm, certain deep sea plants and some
microorganisms can emit light naturally.
 
Artificial Sources of light
Apart from the natural sources, light can also be produced artificially. The different
light sources that are able to produce light artificially can be put under three broad
categories.
Is the moon a luminous object?
The moon provides light as well, but it cannot produce light by its own. The light
emitted by the Moon is the light of the Sun reflected towards the Earth. When we
see the Moon, we see only the Moon’s lighted part. Thus, half of the moon is
always facing the Sun and receiving light from it. Hence, we receive light from the
moon.

Artificial sources are man – made light sources such as flame of candle,
incandescent lamp, neon lamp, Sodium lamp etc.
1. Incandescent Sources: When certain objects are heated to a high temperature,
they begin to emit light. The glowing of hot iron rod is a kind of Incandescent
light.
Example: Candle, incandescent lamp.
2. Gas Discharge Sources: Passing electricity through certain gases at a very low
pressure (discharging) can produce light .
Example: Neon lamp, Sodium lamp
We often use a kind of gas- discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce
visible light. The electric current in the gas excites mercury vapour, which
produces short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor coating on the
inside of the lamp to glow in visible light.

Properties of light
In this section, we shall examine some properties of light. Light has some
fundamental properties as mentioned below
* Rectilinear propagation of light
* Reflection
* Speed
* Interaction of light with matter
• Types of material according to permeability
• Formation of shadows
• Plane mirror and images
* Spectrum
Pinhole Camera
Pin hole camera is a simple device which helps us to understand about the
rectilinear propagation of light.
The above picture shows a model of a pin hole camera. O is small hole by a pin.
XY is the object and Y'X' is the image of XY. As light travels in straight line, one
light ray from X travels along the XO strikes the screen X'.
 Reflection
A mirror reflects our face. A still water body like a pond reflects the scenery
around it. When we see our face in the mirror, we see the light rays from our face
bouncing off the surface of the mirror. How the rays of the light are reflected?

Take a plane mirror. Cover it with black paper. Cut a small slit as shown in the
figure. If you shine light on the mirror from a torch light or sunlight, you will get a
small ray of light. We can use this to study the properties of light.
Before the advancement of camera, Pinhole camera was used to photograph
movement of the sun over a long period of time. This type of photography is
known as solography and also be used for observing and recording solar eclipses.
And it was also used to take photograph of stationary objects.
Place a blank white sheet on a level ground out in the open. Choose a place where
partly the sheet gets sunlight and partly it is in shadow. Hold the mirror with the
slit facing the sun. You can see a straight ray of light reflected from the slit on the
paper. Hold another mirror to reflect this ray. Observe well.
The light falling on the mirror is called as incident ray and the light reflected is
called reflected ray.
Is there any relationship between the incident ray and reflected ray?
Draw a straight line ABC and angles as shown in the figure above. The line 1 is at
60º from BD, 2 at 30º from BD. Now , the line 4 at 60º from BD and line 3 at 30º
from BD. The line BD is perpendicular, to ABC. Hold the mirror along the line
ABC. Use the mirror with slit and make a ray go along the line 1 and reach the
mirror at point B. Observe where the reflected ray is? Is the reflected ray go along
4?
Now, try keeping the mirror with slit and make the incident ray go along line 2.
Now do we see that the reflected ray is along line 3?
Line BD, which is perpendicular the mirror surface is called as normal. The angle
between the incident ray and the line BD is called angle of incident. Similarly, the
angle between reflected ray and the normal is called as angle of reflection.
Can you make out relationship between the angle of incident ray and the angle of
reflected ray? Yes. Is it not obvious that the angle of incident is same as the angle
of reflection?
Terms used in reflection of light.
Incident ray: The ray of light that falls on the surface of the reflection materials.
In figure, PO is the incident ray.
Reflected ray: The ray of light that comes from the point when the incident ray
falls on the reflection material. In the figure, OQ is the reflected ray.
Point of incidence : The point of which are incident ray strikes the reflecting
surface is the point of incidence. In the figure ‘O‘ point of incidence.
Normal : The perpendicular line drawn from the point of incidence to the plane of
reflecting surface is called normal. In figure, ON is the normal.
Angle of incidence: The angle formed between the incident ray PO and the normal
‘ON’ is angle of incidence. It is denoted by ∟i
Angle of reflection: The angle formed between the reflected ray OQ and the
normal ON is angle of reflection. It is denoted by ∟i
Laws of reflection:
1. The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection. ∟i = ∟r
2. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence lie on
the same plane.
 
Example 1
In the figure, the incident ray makes 27° with the normal, then find the angle of
reflection.
Solution:
Angle of incidence = 27°
According to the laws of refelection, the angle of refelection = Angle of incidence
= 27°
 
Example 2:
A light ray strikes a reflective plane surface at an angle of 43° with the plane
surface.
i. Find the angle of incidence.
ii. Find the angle of reflection.
iii. Find the angle between the incident and the reflected ray
iv. Find the angle between the reflected ray and the plane surface.
Solution:
We use the diagram shown below to answer the questions.

a. Angle of incidence: i = 90 -43 = 47°

b. angle of reflection r = i = 47°
c. i + r = 47 + 47 = 94°
d. x = 90 - r = 90 - 47 = 43°
periscope uses the laws of reflection.

ypes of reflection
On a mirror we can see our image, but not on the wall. Why? Both the surface
reflects light. Only because the reflected light comes to our eyes, we are able to see
it. If the wall was not reflecting light, then we cannot see it.

We saw earlier that the light reflects off surfaces in a very predictable manner, in
accordance with the law of reflection. The laws of reflection holds good for all
surfaces irrespective of the shape. Vertical surfaces, angled surfaces, and even over
the curved surfaces, the laws of reflection holds good. As long as we can draw the
normal, perpendicular to the surface at the point can be drawn, the angle of
incidence at that point will be equal to angle of reflection.
The law of reflection is always observed regardless of the orientation of the
surface. If the surface is smooth, and flat, all points on it have the normal in the
same direction. Therefore a set of parallel rays striking the surface will be reflected
at an angle, but the rays themselves will still remain parallel to each other.
However ,consider a surface which is not smooth. Such as the surface of a wall.
What happen when the light ray hits the rough surface? Roughness of the wall
means that each individual ray meets a surface which has a different orientation.
The diagram below depicts the case. Five incident rays labelled as A, B, C, D and
E approach a surface. The normal line at each point of incidence is shown in black
and labelled with an N. In each case, the law of reflection is followed, resulting in
five reflected rays labelled A', B', C', D', and E'. While the incident rays were
parallel to each other, the reflected rays are going in different directions. The result
is that the rays of light are incident upon the surface in a concentrated bundle and
are diffused upon reflection.

Broadly, we can say that there are two types of reflection. If the surface is smooth
then we have specular reflection. The parallel light rays striking the surface gets
reflected, yet individual reflected rays remain parallel.
If the surface is rough, then we have diffused reflection. Light rays, after reflection
go in many directions.
In fact during the day, our class room is illuminated by sunlight . Walls and floors
are exposed to diffused reflection. Suppose walls were smooth mirror like.
Then sunlight entering through the window will get bounced by the floor at an
angle above towards the roof. And it will never get reflected to left or right. That is
left and right walls will remain dark. However walls and floors are not smooth
surfaces. Therefore, incident light from the window get bounced in all directions
that the whole room is illuminated with diffused light.
Types of beam of light
Generally light is not a single ray, but a bundle of rays which are called as a beam
of light.
A light beam can be a bundle of parallel rays, convergent rays or divergent rays.
Let us look at the light coming from the Sun. The rays of sunlight are parallel.
Often the headlight of car gives parallel rays. However look at the rays of light
coming out of a candle. Light rays go in all directions, from the candle fire. These
rays are divergent. Light rays from a flash light is also divergent. Using lenses we
can converge light rays. Using a lens, you can focus sunlight at a point. That is
what we are making the light rays to converge.
Speed of light:
When lighting a bulb in a dark room, light spreads the whole room quickly. This is
because the light travels very fast. Light travels three lakh kilometers per second in
air or vacuum. In theory , nothing can travel faster than light
Interaction of light with matter
Take a piece of clear glass, a paper and a metal sheet. Shine a light from one side
of each object and see if the light penetrate on the other side. Readily, we can see
light enters and comes out of the other end of clear glass, whereas the light is bit
dim through a paper. Light does not pass through metal sheet. Depending upon
permeability, materials can be classified into three categories.
Transparent Material:
Materials that allow light to pass through completely are known as transparent
material.
Example: Eye glasses, clear drinking glass, clear water, face glasses used in buses.
Translucent Material:
Objects that allow light to pass through partially are called translucent material.
For example, we cannot see the image of someone who stands behind a rough
window glass, because it allows only a part of light from the person.
Opaque Material:
Materials that are not able to allow light to pass through, are called opaque
material. Example: Wall, thick card board, stone, etc.

Shadows
How are shadows formed?
As we saw earlier, light is obstructed by certain materials. Light travels in
a straight line. Hence it cannot go around such objects. That is why we see shadow.
Shadow is always against, opposite side of light source. It is caused by opaque
objects that stop light from propagating.
 
Parts of shadow
When an opaque object is placed in the path of light from a point source, a uniform
dark shadow will appear on the screen. This is shadow
is called as umbra. When an opaque object is placed in the path of light coming
from a broad source of light, a small umbra will appear on the screen and an
illuminated shadow area appears around umbra. This illuminated shadow area is
called as penumbra. The penumbra always surrounds the umbra. The umbra is the
darkest part of a shadow. In this part, light rays are completely prevented by the
opaque object. The lighter shade of shadow is the penumbra.
Properties of shadow
1. All objects do not form shadows. Only opaque objects form shadows
2. Shadows will be formed in the opposite side of light source
3. It cannot be determined the characteristics of an object by its shadow.
4. The shadow will be always darker, whatever may be the color of light rays
5. Light source, opaque object are shadow all are in a straight line.
6. The size of shadow depends upon the distance between light source and object
and the distance between object and the screen.

Eclipses
An eclipse is an incident, when any astronomical object is partially or fully
obscured due to the placement of another astronomical object in the presence of
light. Thus, solar and lunar eclipses are occurring that are due to the property of
light known as the rectilinear propagation of light.
Solar eclipse
Solar eclipse occurs, when the moon arrives between the sun (S) and the earth(E).
The shadow of the moon appears on the earth at A as shown in picture. Hence,
those who are at the region A are unable to see the Sun instantly. This is solar
eclipse. But, those who are at the region B and C are able to see the sun partially.

Lunar eclipse
Lunar eclipse: Lunar eclipse occurs, when the earth (E) comes between the sun (S)
and the moon (M). The earth prevents light coming from the sun and makes
shadow on the moon. This is lunar eclipse

TRY THIS
Plane Mirror and Reflection
 A polished (or) smooth surface (like glass) which forms image by reflection is
known as mirror. A plane mirror is a mirror with a flat reflective surface. A plane
mirror makes an Image of objects in front of it.
Optical fibre is a device that works on the principle of total internal reflection by
which light Transmitter output signal signals (huge data) can be transmitted from
one place to another place with a negligible loss of Light ray trapped in the energy
in a very short time. It consists of a cable Electrical core of the bre  having one or
more thin flexible fibers with input signal  a glass core through which light signals
can be sent. Optical fiber can be twisted and bent easily. When a light a ray of light
is incident at one end of the core of optical fiber, it suffers  total internal reflection
at the many places inside the fiber  and emerges at the other end with negligible
loss of energy.  The data or information in the form of pulses of light, can be  sent
through bundles of optical fibers. Optical fibers have become very important in
high-speed communications, such as cable TV and high-speed broadband services.
Fiber optic cables are able to carry more signals than traditional copper cable
telephone lines.
Real and virtual images
We have seen images being formed in a pinhole camera and a mirror. Can we see
what is different in both of these images? Firstly, the image of the pinhole camera
was formed on a screen.  While  the  image made by the mirror is not obtained on a
screen. The images that are obtained on a screen are called ‘real image’ and that
which cannot be obtained on a screen ‘virtual image’. Also notice that the image
on pinhole camera was upside down. While the mirror image was upright.

Properties of Image formed in a plane mirror

Image formed in a plane mirror is upright

Image formed in a plane mirror is virtual

The image is of the same size as the object

The distance of the image from the plane mirror is equal to the distance of the
object from the mirror

Image is laterally inverted.

 There are eight letters in the word EINSTEIN

1. Write the word in front of a plane mirror shown in diagram
2. Write down how these letters appear in the mirror
3. How many of these letters appear to be different, when the word is reflected?
4. Write down the letters that appear to be the same.
Answer:
(i) 

(ii) 

(iii) 3 letters (E, N, S)

(iv) I, T

Colour
Colour of sunlight : Light is a form of energy in the form of a wave that simulates
that retina of our eyes. Visible light is a spectrum of a number of waves with
different wavelength range from 400nm to 700nm (1nm = 10-9 metre) each wave
has a definite wavelength represents a particular color. The band of visible light is
VIBGYOR.
V - Violet
I - Indigo
B - Blue
G - Green
Y - Yellow
O- Orange
R - Red
Violet colour has shorter wavelength and red color has longer wavelength.
When light ray of particular wavelength (Colour) strikes the retina of our eye, our
brain perceives that specific colour. When all colors of visible light strikes the
retina of our eye at the same time, our brain perceives white.
Why is the word “AMBULANCE” written backwards in ambulance vehicle? This
is due to lateral inversion .The phenomenon due to which the left side of an object
appears to be right side of the object in its image in a reflecting medium (mirror).
so that drivers see the word the right way around in their rear-view mirror
This shows, white is not a colour at all. But, it is the combination of all the colors
of the visible light spectrum. If all the wavelength (colours) of visible light
spectrum give appearance of white similarly, the observe of all there wavelength of
visible light, will lead appearance of black
What is prism?
A prism is an object made up of a transparent material, like glass or plastic that has
at least two flat surfaces that from an acute angle (less than 90O degrees).

 
ACTIVITY 8
We have seen that white light is made of different colors and we can split white
light. Is it possible to do the reverse? That is, can you get white color by mixing
colors? Try this activity.
You need oil pastel and white paper. Take different oil pastel colors. Choose colors
which are exactly seen on the rainbow. Apply colors over each other on a white
paper. Did you get white color?

This arrangement of colors in sunlight is called spectrum.

Why danger lights in vehicles are red in colour?

1. Red color is scattered the least by air molecules.

2. Red color has the highest wavelength of all the other colors. So red color is able
to travel the longest distance through air, fog.
 
When white light is passed through a prism as shown in the figure, the colors of the
rainbow emerge from the prism
Newton Disc:
Newton suggested a process of mixing different colors to make white color by
setting an arrangement as shown figure below. Newton Disc is a card board disc
with seven equal sectorscolored red, yellow, orange, green, blue, indigo and violet.
When the disc turned quickly, the retina receives the sensation of the spectrum
simultaneously and disc appears white. Using this disc, one can explain that white
is a combination of VIBGYOR

We know that white shirt will reflect white light and we have seen that white light
consists
of different colours. When we look at the white shirt through the yellow gelatin
paper, we see it as yellow in color. From this, we can say that the yellow gelatin
paper did not allow any other color except yellow to pass through. Similarly, we
conclude that red gelatin paper allows only red light and blue gelatin paper allows
only the blue light.
 Synthesis of colour
Synthesis of colour is the method of creating colour by mixing various proportion
of two (or) three distinct colours of light. These distinct colours are Red, Green and
Blue called as primary colours.
* Equal proportions of two primary colour create a secondary color.
* Magenta, Cyan and yellow are called secondary colour.
* Equal proportions of all three primary colour create white.

I. Choose the correct option

 
1. Light travels only in a . It is  because of this property that are formed
a. curved line, shadows
b. straight line, shadows
c. straight line, reflection
d. curved line and then straight line, shadows
[Answer: (b) straight line, shadows] 

 
2. Light that hits a mirror gets
a. Transmitted
b. Reflected
c. Absorbed
d. Refracted
[Answer: (b) Reflected]

 
3. Surface reflects the light well.
a. water
b. compact disc
c. mirror
d. stone
[Answer: (c) Mirror]

 
4. Light is a form of
a. matter
b. energy
c. medium
d. particle
[Answer: (b) energy]

 
5. You can see your image in polished floors, but not in wooden table because
a. regular reflection takes place in wooden table and irregular reflection in polished
floor
b. regular reflection takes place in polished floor and irregular reflection in wooden
table
c. regular reflection takes place in both polished floor and wooden table
d. irregular reflection takes place in both polished floor and wooden table
[Answer: (b) regular reflection takes place in polished floor and irregular
reflection in wooden table]

 
6. Choose the translucent substance from the following
a. glass
b. wood
c. water
d. Clouds
[Answer: (d) Clouds]

 
7. Reflection occurs , when the light
a. about to reach a surface
b. approaches a surface
c. passes through a surface
d. None of these
[Answer: (b) approaches a surface]

 
8. Which of the following is the best reflector of light?
a. plastic plate
b. plane mirror
c. wall
d. paper
[Answer: (b) plane mirror]

 
9. Sivarajan placed a meter stick in the playground at 7.00 am in the morning.
How will the shadow of the stick at noon look in comparison to the one in the
morning
a. There will be no shadow
b. The shadow will be longer and on the opposite side as the sun
c. The shadow will be shorter and on the same side as the sun
d. The shadow will be shorter
[Answer: (d) The shadow will be shorter]

 
10. The image formed by a pinhole camera is in-verted because,
a. light travels in straight lines
b. light rays become laterally inverted as they pass through a pinhole camera
c. light rays pass through the pinhole
d. light rays get reflected
[Answer: (a) light travels in straight lines]

 
11. Which of the following facts explain how shadows are formed?
a. Light travels in straight lines
b. Opaque bodies do not allow light to pass through them
c. Reflection occurs at a smooth surfaces like mirrors
d. Lateral inversion happens
a. both A and B
b. both A and D
c. both B and C
d. only A
[Answer: (a) both A and B]

 
II. Fill in the blanks
 
1. A plane mirror produces a virtual and erect image
2. A regular reflection helps us to see the objects
3. The light ray gets reflected when it falls on any polished surface.
4. Sunlight is a blend of seven colors
5. The splitting of white light in to seven colors is called dispersion.
6. The moon reflects sun light
7. The sunlight can be split into its constituent colors using prism.
8. Reflection of light from rough surface is called irregular reflection
 
III. Say TRUE or FALSE
 
1. The image of right hand in a plane mirror looks like a left hand Answer: True
2. Rainbow is formed by dispersion of which light by water drops Answer: True
3. The image formed by the plane mirror is laterally inverted, hence the image seen
through the periscope is also laterally in-verted Answer: False. 
Correct statement: The image formed by the plane mirror is laterally inverted,
hence the image seen through the periscope is erect. This is because in periscope,
image is reflected by two mirrors.

4. We see planets because they reflect light from the sun Answer: True
5. We see a book because it reflects the light that falls on its surface Answer: True
6. The image formed in a pinhole camera is always inverted Answer: True
7. The image formed in a pinhole camera is always the same size as the
object Answer: False.
8. The image formed in a plane mirror is upside down Answer: False. 
Correct statement: The image formed in a plane mirror is erect.
9. A plane mirror is opaque Answer: True
10. A shadow is formed on the same side of the object as the source of
light. Answer: False. 
Correct statement : A shadow is formed on the opposite side of the object as the
source of light.
11. we are able to see things around us with the help of regular reflection Answer:
True
12. After passing through a prism, white light splits into a band of seven
colours Answer: True
 
IV. Match the following
 
Rectilinear propagation -            Primary source of light
Plane Mirror -                             Non-luminous object
Fire fly -                                     Periscope
The Moon -                                Pinhole camera
Wide light source -                     Spectrum of light
Regular reflection -                    luminous object
The sun -                                    Penumbra
Band of seven colors -               Glossy surface
Answer:

1. Rectilinear propagation  -         Pinhole camera

2. Plane Mirror                   -          Periscope

3. Fire fly                            -          Luminous object

4. The Moon                     -            Non-luminous object

5. Wide light source       -              Penumbra

6. Regular reflection      -              Glossy surface

7. The sun                         -            Primary source of light

8. Band of seven colors    -            Spectrum of light

 
V. Answer the following questions in short
 
1. With the help of a diagram, state the laws of reflection
Answer: Laws of reflection:
(i) The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection ∠i = ∠x  

(ii)  The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence
lie on the same plane.

2. Figure shows a pencil placed above a mirror

a. Draw its image formed by the mirror

b. Show how light rays from the object are reflected at the mirror to form the
image for the eye.
Answer: 
3. A person is looking at the image of a tree in a mirror placed 3.5 m in front
of him. Given that the tree is at 0.5 m behind his eyes. Find the distance
between the image of the tree and his eyes. What are needed to see an object?
Answer:

Distance between the person and the mirror = 3.5 m

Distance between the person and tree (object) = 0.5 m.

The image formed in the mirror                       = 4 m

The distance between the image of the tree and his eyes = 4 + 3.5  = 7.5 m

Things needed to see an object :

❖ Source of light

❖ Object

❖ Eyes

4. What are luminous objects?

Answer: All objects which emit light energy by themselves are called luminous
objects. Ex.: Sun, electric bulb.

5. Is the moon a luminous object?

Answer: No, the moon is non-luminous. The reason is that moon does not produce
its own light. Instead, it reflects the light of the sun falling on it.

6. What are the three types of materials based on the absorption of light?
Answer:

(i) Transparent Material

(ii) Translucent Material

(iii) Opaque Material 

7. What are the parts of shadow?

Answer: (i) Umbra (ii) Penumbra

8. What are the properties of shadow?

Answer: Properties of shadow :

(i) All objects do not form shadows. Only opaque objects form shadows.

(ii) Shadows will be formed in the opposite side of light source.

(iii) It cannot be determined the characteristics of an object by its shadow.

(iv) The shadow will be always darker, whatever may be the color of light rays.
(v) Light source, opaque object are shadow all are in a straight line.

(vi) The size of shadow depends upon the distance between light source and object
and the distance between object and the screen.

9. What is plane mirror?

Answer: A plane mirror is a mirror with a flat reflective surface. A plane mirror
makes an image of objects in front of it.

10. What is prism?

Answer: A prism is an object made up of a transparent material, like glass or
plastic that has at least two flat surfaces that form an acute angle (less than 90°).

11. What do you mean by visible light?

Answer: Visible light is a spectrum of a number of waves with different
wavelength range from 400nm to 700nm (1 nm.= 10  meter) each wave has a
-9

definite wavelength represents a particular colour.

12. Write the items given here in the correct column (Stars, brick walls,
plants, mirror, planets, electric light bulb, candle)

Answer:

Sources of Light : Stars, Electric light bulb, Candle

Objects that reflect light : Brick walls, Plants, Mirror , Planets

13. A boy of height 1m 45 cm is standing in front of a long mirror at a distance

of 2 m. From this information, fill up the following sentences:
a. The distance between the boy and his image is 4m.
b The height of the image is same.
c. When the boy moves 1m forward, the distance between her and her image
is 2m.
14. Draw a diagram of a pin hole camera showing the rays of light passing
between the Object and its image
Answer:

15. Why is the writing on the front of an ambulance back to front as shown in
the picture?

Answer:

(i) This is due to lateral inversion.

(ii) The phenomenon due to which the left side of an object appears to be right side
of the object in its image in a reflecting medium (mirror).

(iii) So that drivers see the word the right way around in their rear-view mirror.
16. Explain with examples, why some capital letters look the same in a mirror
but others are reversed.
Answer: Any letter that has a bilateral symmetry will have its mirror image the
same as that of the object.

Example:

A|A

H|H

17. Two plane mirrors M1 and M2 are placed perpendicular with each other,
as shown in figure. The ray AB makes an angle 39 ° with the plane mirror M1,
then

1. The reflected rays are , ____________,____________

2. The incident rays are , ____________,____________
3. What is the angle of incident corresponding to the ray BC?
4. What is the angle of reflection corresponding to the ray CD
Answer:
1. BC, CD

2. AB , BC

3. ∟i =39°

4. ∟r  =39°

18. Rajan was playing with the mirror images of a clock. He looked at the
clock in his room. It was showing 1:40. Draw the position of the hands on the
real clock and on its mirror reflection. Write below the picture what time each
picture is showing.

Answer:

19. What is reflection of light?

Answer: The bouncing back of light from a reflecting surface of an object is called
as reflection of light.

20. If a ray of light is falling on a plane mirror at an angle of 500 is formed,

what will be the angle of reflection?
Answer: 
Angle of incidence

∟i = 90° - 50°

∟i = 40°

According to laws of reflection,

∟i  = ∟r

Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

∟i = 40°

∴  ∟r = 40°

Angle of reflection  ∟r = 40°

21. What do you mean by lateral inversion?

Answer: The phenomenon due to which left hand side of object appears as right
hand side and vice versa is called lateral inversion.

22. How do you obtain a spectrum of light?

Answer: When white light is made to fall on the surface of a prism, it disperses
and we obtain a spectrum of light.

23. Why do we see white color in Newton’s disc, when we rotate it very fast?
Answer: When the disc turned quickly, the retina receives the sensation of the
spectrum simultaneously and disc appears white.

24. What is a shadow? What things are necessary for the formation of a
shadow?
Answer:

(i) Shadows are formed because light travels in straight lines.

(ii) Shadow is always against, opposite side of light source.

(iii) Shadow is formed by opaque objects that stop high from propagating.

(iv) Things necessary for the formation of shadow: source of light, opaque object.

Example 1
In the figure, the incident ray makes 27° with the normal, then find the angle of
reflection.

Solution:
Angle of incidence = 27°
According to the laws of refelection, the angle of refelection = Angle of incidence
= 27°
 
Example 2:
A light ray strikes a reflective plane surface at an angle of 43° with the plane
surface.
i. Find the angle of incidence.
ii. Find the angle of reflection.
iii. Find the angle between the incident and the reflected ray
iv. Find the angle between the reflected ray and the plane surface.
Solution:
We use the diagram shown below to answer the questions.
a. Angle of incidence: i = 90 -43 = 47°
b. angle of reflection r = i = 47°
c. i + r = 47 + 47 = 94°
d. x = 90 - r = 90 - 47 = 43°

Q. A person is looking at the image of a tree in a mirror placed 3.5 m in front

of him. Given that the tree is at 0.5 m behind his eyes. Find the distance
between the image of the tree and his eyes. What are needed to see an object?
Answer:

Distance between the person and the mirror = 3.5 m

Distance between the person and tree (object) = 0.5 m.

The image formed in the mirror                       = 4 m

The distance between the image of the tree and his eyes = 4 + 3.5  = 7.5 m

Things needed to see an object :

❖ Source of light
❖ Object

❖ Eyes

Q. A boy of height 1m 45 cm is standing in front of a long mirror at a distance

of 2 m. From this information, fill up the following sentences:
a. The distance between the boy and his image is 4m.
b The height of the image is same.
c. When the boy moves 1m forward, the distance between her and her image
is 2m.

Q. Draw a diagram of a pin hole camera showing the rays of light passing
between the Object and its image
Answer:

Q. Two plane mirrors M1 and M2 are placed perpendicular with each other,
as shown in figure. The ray AB makes an angle 39 ° with the plane mirror M1,
then
1. The reflected rays are , ____________,____________
2. The incident rays are , ____________,____________
3. What is the angle of incident corresponding to the ray BC?
4. What is the angle of reflection corresponding to the ray CD
Answer:

1. BC, CD

2. AB , BC

3. ∟i =39°

4. ∟r =39°

Q. Rajan was playing with the mirror images of a clock. He looked at the
clock in his room. It was showing 1:40. Draw the position of the hands on the
real clock and on its mirror reflection. Write below the picture what time each
picture is showing.

Answer:

Q. If a ray of light is falling on a plane mirror at an angle of 500 is formed,

what will be the angle of reflection?
Answer: 

Angle of incidence

∟i = 90° - 50°

∟i = 40°

According to laws of reflection,

∟i  = ∟r

Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

∟i = 40°

∴  ∟r = 40°

Angle of reflection  ∟r = 40°

Optical fibre is a device that works on the principle of total internal reflection by
which light Transmitter output signal signals (huge data) can be transmitted from
one place to another place with a negligible loss of Light ray trapped in the energy
in a very short time. It consists of a cable Electrical core of the bre  having one or
more thin flexible fibers with input signal  a glass core through which light signals
can be sent. Optical fiber can be twisted and bent easily. When a light a ray of light
is incident at one end of the core of optical fiber, it suffers  total internal reflection
at the many places inside the fiber  and emerges at the other end with negligible
loss of energy.  The data or information in the form of pulses of light, can be  sent
through bundles of optical fibers. Optical fibers have become very important in
high-speed communications, such as cable TV and high-speed broadband services.
Fiber optic cables are able to carry more signals than traditional copper cable
telephone lines.
Is the moon a luminous object?
The moon provides light as well, but it cannot produce light by its own. The light
emitted by the Moon is the light of the Sun reflected towards the Earth. When we
see the Moon, we see only the Moon’s lighted part. Thus, half of the moon is
always facing the Sun and receiving light from it. Hence, we receive light from the
moon.

We often use a kind of gas- discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce
visible light. The electric current in the gas excites mercury vapour, which
produces short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor coating on the
inside of the lamp to glow in visible light.
Light is the only source of energy for plants. So, they entirely depend on light.
People and animals derive energy from carbohydrates, protein and fat through their
food. Plants produce food using the energy from Sun light, carbon-di-oxide and
water by the process called as Photosynthesis. Sun light acts a vital role in the
process of photosynthesis.

Al-hasan -Haytham was ascientific thinker who made important contribution to

the understanding of vision, optics and light. He observed that light coming
through a tiny hole travelled in straight lines and projected an image onto the
opposite wall. Based on such experimentation, he concluded that vision is
accomplished by rays coming from external luminous sources and entering the eye,
rather than through rays emitted from the eye as was then commonly believed. He
is the first one to experiment with light and found important properties like the
rectilinear propagation of light.
Before the advancement of camera, Pinhole camera was used to photograph
movement of the sun over a long period of time. This type of photography is
known as solography and also be used for observing and recording solar eclipses.
And it was also used to take photograph of stationary objects.

Why is the word “AMBULANCE” written backwards in ambulance vehicle? This

is due to lateral inversion .The phenomenon due to which the left side of an object
appears to be right side of the object in its image in a reflecting medium (mirror).
so that drivers see the word the right way around in their rear-view mirror

Why danger lights in vehicles are red in colour?

1. Red color is scattered the least by air molecules.
2. Red color has the highest wavelength of all the other colors. So red color is able
to travel the longest distance through air, fog.

New syallapus
HEAT AND TEMPERATURE I. Choose the correct answer: 1. International unit of measuring temperature
is ____________ (a) Kelvin (b) Fahrenheit (c) Celsius (d) Joule 2. In thermometer when bulb comes in
contact with hot objects, liquid inside it (a) Expands (b) Contracts (c) Remains same (d) None of above 3.
The body temperature of a healthy man is; (a) 0oC (b) 37 o C (c) 98 o C (d) 100 oC 4. Mercury is often
used in laboratory thermometers because it ______________ (a) Is a human liquid (b) Is silvery in colour
and is attractive in appearance (c) Expands uniformaly (d) Is a low cost liquid 5. Which of the following
temperature conversions is incorrect K (Kelvin) = oC (Celsius) + 273.15 oC K (a) -273.15 0 (b) -123
+150.15 (c) +127 +400.15 (d) +450 +733.15 Additional questions: 6. Heat energy is the total __________
of the particles that make up a substance. (a) Potential energy (b) Kinetic energy (c) Temperature (d)
None 7. Heat energy is always transferred from __________ to ________ temperatures. Science
Prepared By www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling Page 2 of 32 (a) Lower, higher (b) Higher,
lower (c) Conductor, insulator (d) Both (a) and (b) 8. A clinical thermometer is calibrated from ________
to _________ (a) 10oC to 100oC (b) 32oC to 110oC (c) 0oC to 100oC (d) 35oC to 42oC 9. The
thermometer which ranges from -10oC to 110oC is __________ (a) Clinical thermometer (b) Digital
thermometer (c) Laboratory thermometer (d) All of these 10. Which one of the following scale has lower
fixed point as 0oC? (a) Kelvin scale (b) Fahrenheit scale (c) Celsius scale (d) All of these 11. The lower
fixed point on the Celsius scale is ____________ (a) Melting point of mercury (b) Melting point of ice (c)
Boiling point of water (d) None 12. The measure of degree of hotness or coldness of a body is called
__________ (a) Heat energy (b) Celsius (c) Kelvin (d) Temperature 13. Digital thermometer is widely
used for the measurement of the temperature due to ______________ (a) Analog display (b) Mercury
(c) High accuracy (d) Low accuracy 14. Temperature of boiling water cannot be measured by a
___________ thermometer. (a) Laboratory (b) Digital (c) Clinical (d) Both (b) & (c) 15. When a substance
is heated, its temperature ___________ (a) Rises (b) Falls (c) Remains same (d) None II. Fill in the blanks:
1. Doctors uses ______________ thermometer to measure the human body temperature. Ans: Clinical
2. At room temperature mercury is in ________ state. Ans: Liquid 3. Heat energy transfer from
___________ to ________________. Science Prepared By www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling
Page 3 of 32 Ans: Higher temperature region, lower temperature region 4. -7oC temperature is
______________ than 0oC temperature. Ans: Less 5. The common laboratory thermometer is a
_______________ thermometer. Ans: Mercury Additional questions: 6. Digital thermometers do not use
_____________ Ans: Mercury. 7. In a thermometer, when liquid gets heated, it _________ and when it
is cooled down, it _____________. Ans: Expands, contracts. 8. The SI unit of temperature is __________
Ans: Kelvin 9. A small change in the temperature causes change in ________ of a liquid. Ans: Volume 10.
The freezing point of alcohol is less than _________ Ans: -100oC 11. All clinical thermometers have a
_____________ that prevents mercury from flowing back into the bulb. Ans: Kink 12. A clinical
thermometer indicates temperatures from a minimum of _________ oF to a maximum of __________
oF. Ans: 94oF, 108oF 13. Before use, the mercury level in clinical thermometer should be below
__________ Ans: 35oC or 94oF 14. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on earth is
___________ Ans: 178.45 K Science Prepared By www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling Page 4 of
32 15. The hottest natural temperature ever recorded on earth is __________ Ans: 329.85 K 16.
Temperature of the universe in the earliest moments after the big bang is ___________ Ans: 1032 K III.
Match the following: 1. Clinical thermometer (a) A form of energy 2. Normal temperature of human
body (b) 100oC 3. Heat (c) 37oC 4. Boiling point of water (d) 0oC 5. Melting point of water (e) Kink Ans:
1-e, 2-c, 3-a, 4-b, 5-d Additional questions: 6. Mercury (a) Maximum minimum thermometer 7. Weather
report (b) -173.15oC 8. 32oF (c) Opaque and shining 9. 100 k (d) 0oC Ans: 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b V. Assertion
and Reason: Additional questions: 1. Assertion (A): Heat energy is transferred from one body to another
due to a temperature difference between them. Reason (R): Heating a substance causes a rise in
temperature. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of assertion. (b) Both (A)
and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion. (c) (A) is true but (R) is false (d) (A) is
false but (R) is true. Science Prepared By www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling Page 5 of 32 2.
Assertion (A): When a very hot liquid is poured into a thick glass tumbler it cracks. Reason (R): Unequal
expansion of inner and outer glass walls causes the glass to crack. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is
the correct explanation of assertion. (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion. (c) (A) is true but (R) is false (d) (A) is false but (R) is true. UNIT – 2 ELECTRICITY I. Choose the
correct answer: 1. In the circuit diagram below, 10 units of electric charge move past point x every
second. What is the current in the circuit ______________. (a) 10 A (b) 1 A (c) 10 V (d) 1 V 2. In the
circuit shown, which switches (L, M or N) must be closed to light up the bulb? Science Prepared By
www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling Page 6 of 32 (a) Switch L only (b) Switch M only (c) Switch
M and N only (d) Either switch L or switches M and N 3. Small amounts of electrical current are
measured in milliampere (mA). How many milliampere are there in 0.25 A? (a) 2.5 mA (b) 25 mA (c) 250
mA (d) 2500 mA 4. In which of the following circuits are the bulb connected in series? Ans: (b) Additional
questions: 5. An electric component used as a safety device in electric circuit is ________ (a) Cell (b)
Electric wires (c) Switch (d) Fuse 6. In an electric circuit, the current starts from (a) The positive terminal
of the battery (b) The negative terminal of the battery (c) Either of the terminals of the battery Science
Prepared By www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling Page 7 of 32 (d) None 7. ______________
was developed in 1887 by Yei Sakizo of Japan (a) Alkaline cell (b) Button cell (c) Lead accumulator (d) Dry
cell 8. ______________ is used to operate devices such as mobile phones, computers and emergency
lights. (a) Primary cell (b) Secondary cell (c) Lithium cell (d) None 9. A battery is a group of __________
(a) Only two cells (b) Only single cell (c) Two or more cells (d) All of these 10. Which of the following is an
electrical conductor? (a) Cork (b) Wood (c) Plastic (d) Silver 11. Which one of the following phenomenon
occurs when two naked wires of electricity supply line touch other? (a) Lightning (b) Short circuiting (c)
Overloading (d) None 12. Magnetic effect of current was discovered by __________ (a) Flemming (b)
John Dalton (c) Newton (d) Hans Christian Oersted 13. Which of the following is the symbol for a bulb?
Ans: (c) 14. Electricians wear rubbers gloves because it is _________ (a) Soft (b) An insulator (c)
Conductor (d) Water proof II. Fill in the blanks: 1. The direction of conventional current is ___________
to electron flow. Ans: Opposite. Science Prepared By www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling Page
8 of 32 2. One unit of coulomb is charge of approximately ___________ protons or electrons. Ans: 6.242
x 1018 3. ______________ is used to measure the electric current. Ans: Ammeter. 4. In conducting
materials electrons are ____________ bounded with atoms. Ans: Loosely 5. S.I. unit of Electric
conductivity of a conductor is ________________ Ans: Siemens/metre (s/m) Additional questions: 6.
_______________ is a common example of the practical application. Ans: Arc welding 7. An insulator
gives a lot of ___________ to the flow of charge (electron). Ans: Resistance 8. Wires made of
_____________, an electrical conductor, have very low resistance. Ans: Copper. 9. The chip which are
used in SIM cards and ATM cards are made up of _________ Ans: Semi-conductors 10. ______________
are used to remove splinters of steel or iron in hospitals dealing with eye injuries. Ans: Electromagnets.
11. Edison used a __________ wire coil in a vacuum glass and discovered the first electric bulb in 1879.
Ans: Platinum 12. ____________ cells cannot be recharged after use. Ans: Primary. 13. The SI unit of
potential difference is ___________ Ans: Volt (V). 14. The SI unit of resistance is ___________ Science
Prepared By www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling Page 9 of 32 Ans: Ohm. 15. An electric charge
always flows from a point at ___________ to a point at _________ Ans: Higher potential, lower
potential. III. True or False – If false give the correct answer: 1. Electron flow is in the same direction to
conventional current flow. Ans: False. Electron flow is in the opposite direction to conventional current
flow. 2. The fuse wire does not melts whenever there is overload in the wiring. Ans: False. The fuse wire
melts whenever there is overload in the writing. 3. In a parallel circuit, the electric components are
divided into branches. Ans: True. 4. The representation of the electric current is A. Ans: False. The
representation of the electric current is I. 5. The electrical conductivity of the semiconductor is in
between a conductor and an insulator. Ans: True. Additional questions: 6. Insulators do not carry electric
current because they do not have free electrons. Ans: True. 7. An MCB can be used instead of a fuse in
an electric circuit. Ans: True. 8. The flow of electric charge per unit time is called potential difference.
Ans: False. The flow of electric charge per unit time is called current. 9. The source which produce the
small amount of electricity for shorter period of time is called as electro chemical cell. Ans: True. 10.
Electric cell converts electrical energy into chemical energy. Ans: False. Electric cell converts chemical
energy into electrical energy. Science Prepared By www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling Page 10
of 32 11. The pipe is like the wire in the electric circuit and the pump is like the battery. Ans: True 12. All
batteries are made up of three components an anode, a cathode and some kind of electrolyte. Ans:
True. 13. An insulator gives a less resistance to the flow of charge Ans: False. An insulator gives a more
resistance to the flow of change. 14. Electric fuse has a body made of ceramic and two points for
connecting the fuse wire. Ans: True. 15. Chemical reaction happens, when electricity passes through
various conducting liquids. Ans: True. IV. Match the following: 1. Cell (a) Used to open or close a circuit.
2. Switch (b) Safety device used in electric circuit. 3. Circuit (c) A complete path for the flow of an electric
current. 4. Miniature circuit Breaker (d) Reset by hand, circuit becomes complete once again. 5. Fuse (e)
A device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy Ans: 1-d, 2-a, 3-c, 4-d, 5-b Additional
questions: 6. 1 mA (a) Series 7. 1µA (b) Ohm – meter 8. Ammeter (c) 10-6 ampere 9. Electrical resistivity
(d) 10-3 ampere Ans: 1-d, 2-c, 3-a, 4-b 10. Current I (a) Protons, neutrons Science Prepared By
www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling Page 11 of 32 11. Resistance R (b) 𝑞 𝑡 12. Nucleus (c) σ 13.
Electrical conductivity (d) 𝑉 𝐼 Ans: 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c 14. Dry cells (a) Reversible 15. Electrolyte (b) Opens
or closes the circuit 16. Switch (c) Solution 17. Secondary cell (d) Torches Ans: 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a Ans: 1-b,
2-c, 3-d, 4-a V. Analogy: 1. Water : pipe : : Electric current : __________ Ans: Wire. 2. Copper : conductor
: : Wood : __________ Ans: Insulator. 3. Length : metre scale : : Current : __________ Ans: Ammeter. 4.
Milli ampere : micro ampere : : 10-3A : ______________ Ans: 10-6A Science Prepared By
www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling Page 12 of 32 VI. Assertion and Reason: 1. Assertion (A):
Copper is used to make electric wires. Reason (R): Copper has very low electrical resistance. (a) Both (A)
and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the
correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is true but (R) is false. (d) (A) is false but (R) is true. (e) Both (A) and (R)
are false. 2. Assertion (A): Insulators do not allow the flow of current through themselves. Reason (R):
They have no free charge carries. (a) If both (A) and (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of
(A). (b) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not a correct explanation of (A). (c) If (A) is true and (R) is
false. (d) If both (A) and (R) are false. Additional questions: 3. Assertion (A): Charges flow from higher
potential to the lower potential. Reason (R): Current flows mainly due to flow of electrons. (a) Both (A)
and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is true but (R) is false. (d) (A) is false but (R) is true. 4. Assertion (A):
Insulators do not allow flow of current through them. Reason (R): Insulators have no free charge carrier.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R)
is not the correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is true but (R) is false. Science Prepared By
www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling Page 13 of 32 (d) (A) is false but (R) is true. 5. Assertion
(A): A current carrying wire should be charged. Reason (R): The current in a wire is due to flow of free
electrons in a definite direction. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (b)
Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is true but (R) is false. (d) (A)
is false but (R) is true. 6. Assertion (A): The connecting wires are made of copper. Reason (R): The
electrical conductivity of copper is high. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of
(A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.
7th Science 3rd Term Book Back Questions in English [New Book] 1. LIGHT I. Choose the Correct Answer
1. Light travels only in a ______. It is because of this property that are formed a. curved line, shadows b.
straight line, shadows c. straight line, reflection d. curved line and then straight line, shadows 2. Light
that hits a mirror gets __________ a. Transmitted b. Reflected c. Absorbed d. Refracted 3. ________
Surface reflects the light well. a. water b. compact disc c. mirror d. stone 4. Light is a form of
__________ a. matter b. energy c. medium d. particle 5. You can see your image in polished floors, but
not in wooden table because a. regular reflection takes place in wooden table and irregular reflection in
polished floor b. regular reflection takes place in polished floor and irregular reflection in wooden table
c. regular reflection takes place in both polished floor and wooden table d. irregular reflection takes
place in both polished floor and wooden table 6. Choose the translucent substance from the following a.
glass b. wood c. water d. Clouds 7. Reflection occurs , when the light a. about to reach a surface b.
approaches a surface c. passes through a surface d. None of these 8. Which of the following is the best
reflector of light? a. plastic plate b. plane mirror c. wall d. paper 9. Sivarajan placed a meter stick in the
playground at 7.00 am in the morning. How will the shadow of the stick at noon look in comparison to
the one in the morning a. There will be no shadow b. The shadow will be longer and on the opposite side
as the sun c. The shadow will be shorter and on the same side as the sun d. The shadow will be shorter
10. The image formed by a pinhole camera is inverted because, a. light travels in straight lines b. light
rays become laterally inverted as they pass through a pinhole camera c. light rays pass through the
pinhole General Studies Prepared By www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling Page 2 of 8 d. light
rays get reflected 11. Which of the following facts explain how shadows are formed? a. Light travels in
straight lines b. Opaque bodies do not allow light to pass through them c. Reflection occurs at a smooth
surfaces like mirrors d. Lateral inversion happens a. both A and B b. both A and D c. both B and C d. only
A II. Fill in the blanks: 1. A plane mirror produces a Virtual image 2. A Light reflection helps us to see the
objects 3. The light ray gets reflected when it falls on any polished surface. 4. Sunlight is a blend of Seven
colors 5. The splitting of white light in to seven colors is called Dispersion 6. The moon reflects sun light
7. The sunlight can be split into its constituent colors using Prism 8. Reflection of light from rough
surface is called Diffuse reflection III. Say TRUE or FALSE 1. The image of right hand in a plane mirror
looks like a left hand. True 2. Rainbow is formed by dispersion of which light by water drops. True 3. The
image formed by the plane mirror is laterally inverted, hence the image seen through the periscope is
also laterally inverted. True 4. We see planets because they reflect light from the sun. True 5. We see a
book because it reflects the light that falls on its surface. True 6. The image formed in a pinhole camera
is always inverted. True 7. The image formed in a pinhole camera is always the same size as the object.
False 8. The image formed in a plane mirror is upside down. False 9. A plane mirror is opaque. True 10. A
shadow is formed on the same side of the object as the source of light. False 11. we are able to see
things around us with the help of regular reflection. False 12. After passing through a prism, white light
splits into a band of seven colours. True IV. Match the following 1. Rectilinear propagation - Primary
source of light 2. Plane Mirror - Non-luminous object 3. Fire fly - Periscope 4. The Moon - Pinhole camera
5. Wide light source - Spectrum of light 6. Regular reflection - luminous object 7. The sun - Penumbra 8.
Band of seven colors - Glossy surface ANSWER: 7,4,2,1,8,3,5,6 2. Universe and Space General Studies
Prepared By www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling Page 3 of 8 I. Choose the correct answer 1.
The moon takes _________ days to complete one revolution around the Earth a. 25 b. 26 c. 27 d. 28 2. If
the Moon is appeaing in the sky today near the star Karthikai , the position of the Moon after 27 days is
near the star a. Bharani b. Karthikai c. Rohini d. Asvini 3. Telescope was invented by a. Han Lippershey b.
Galilio c. Nicolus Coppernicus d. Ptolomy 4. The galaxy containing young and hot stars is a. elliptical
galaxy b. irregular galaxy c. cluster d. spiral galaxy 5. With the launch of this satellite, ISRO became
capable of launching 4 ton heavy satellites. a. GSAT- 13 b. GSAT- 14 c. GSAT- 17 c. Way par GSAT- 19 II.
Fill in the blanks. 1. Waxing of moon means changing of Full Moon 2. Heliocentric model is proposed by
Nicolaus Copernicus 3.Big Bang theory is the prevailing model of Evolution of the Universe 4. Ursa Major
is a large constellation which covers a large part of the sky. 5. Aryabatta is the first satellite launched by
India III True or False 1. On a full moon day, when the Sun is setting in the west, moon rises in the West.
False 2. The word crescent refers to the phases where the moon is less than half illuminated. True 3.
Galilio accepted the Geo-centric model. False 4. Our Milky Way galaxy is identified as an elliptical galaxy.
False 5. The planet Venus in our solar system doesn’t have a moon. True IV Match the following 1.
Rohini - GSLV-Mark III 2. GSAT-14 - GSLV Mark III M1 3. GSAT-19 - SLV-3 4. Chandrayaan-2 - PSLV-XL C25
5. Mangalyaan - GSLV-D5 ANSWER: 3,4,1,5,2 V Analogy 1. Older stars : elliptical galaxies :: younger
stars : Spiral Galaxies 2. Nearest galaxy : Andromeda :: Nearest star : Proxima Centauri
7 th New Science 1 st Term Book Back Questions in English 1. Measurements I. Choose the appropriate
answer: 1. Which of the following is a derived unit? a) mass b) time c) area d) length 2. Which of the
following is correct? a) 1L = 1cc b) 1L = 10 cc c) 1L = 100 cc d) 1L = 1000 cc 3. SI unit of density is a) kg/m2
b) kg/m3 c) kg/m d) g/m3 4. Two spheres have equal mass and volume in the ratio 2: 1. The ratio of their
density is a) 1: 2 b) 2: 1 c) 4: 1 d) 1: 4 5. Light year is the unit of a) Distance b) time c) density d) both
length and time II. Fill in the blanks: 1. Volume of irregularly shaped objects are measured using the law
of ______________. Ans: Archimedes 2. One cubic metre is equal to _____________ cubic centimetre.
Ans: 100 3. Density of mercury is _______________. Ans: 13600 kg/m3 4. One astronomical unit is equal
to ________________________. Ans: 1.496*10^11m 5. The area of a leaf can be measured using a
________________________. Book Back Questions Prepared By www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To
Ruling Page 2 of 16 Ans: graphical method III. State whether the following statements are true or false:
1. The region covered by the boundary of the plane figure is called its volume. False 2. Volume of liquids
can be found using measuring containers. True 3. Water is denser than kerosene. True 4. A ball of iron
floats in mercury. True 5. A substance which contains less number of molecules per unit volume is said
to be denser. False IV. Match the items in column-I to the items in column-II: i. Area (a) light year ii.
Distance (b) m3 iii. Density (c) m2 iv. Volume (d) kg v. Mass (e) kg / m3 Ans: CAEBD (2) Column-I Column-
II i. Area (a) g / cm3 ii. Length (b) measuring jar iii. Density (c) amount of a substance iv. Volume (d) rope
v. Mass (e) plane figures Ans: EDABC V. Arrange the following in correct sequence: 1. 1L, 100 cc, 10 L, 10
cc Book Back Questions Prepared By www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling Page 3 of 16 Ans:
10cc, 100cc, 1L, 10L 2. Copper, Aluminium, Gold, Iron Ans: Aluminium, Iron, Copper, Gold VI. Use the
analogy to fill in the blank: 1. Area: m2 : : Volume: _________ Ans: m3 2. Liquid: Litre : : Solid:
_________ Ans: Cubic Metre 3. Water: kerosene : : _______ : Aluminium Ans: Iron Problems: 1. What is
the area of a 10 squares each of side of 1 m. Area of a square = side × side = 1 m × 1 m = 1 m2 or 1
square metre Area of 10 squares = 1 square metre × 10 = 10 square metre 2. Find the area of the
following regular shaped figures: (Take π = 22/7) (a) A rectangle whose length is 12 m and breadth is 4
m. (b) A circle whose radius is 7 m. (c) A triangle whose base is 6 m and height is 8 m. Solution: (a) Area
of rectangle = length × breadth = 12 × 4 = 48 m2 (b) Area of circle = π × r2 = (22/7) × 7 × 7 = 154 m2 (c)
Area of triangle = (1/2) × base × height = (1/2) × 6 × 8 = 24 m2 Book Back Questions Prepared By
www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling Page 4 of 16 3. Find the volume of (Take π = 22/7) i. a cube
whose side is 3 cm. ii. a cylinder whose radius is 3 m and height is 7 m. Solution: (a) Volume of a cube =
side × side × side = 3 cm × 3 cm × 3 cm = 27 cubic cm or cm3 . (b) Volume of a cylinder = π × r2 × height =
(22/7) × 3 × 3 × 7 = 198 m3 . 4. A solid cylinder of mass 280 kg has a volume of 4 m3 . Find the density of
cylinder. Solution: Density of cylinder = mass of cylinder /volume of cylinder =280/4 = 70 kg/m3 5. A box
is made up of iron and it has a volume of 125 cm3 . Find its mass. (Density of iron is 7.8 g / cm3 ).
Solultion: Density = Mass / Volume Hence, Mass = Volume × Density = 125 × 7.8 = 975 g. 6. A sphere is
made from copper whose mass is 3000 kg. If the density of copper is 8900 kg/m3 , find the volume of
the sphere. Solution: Density = Mass / Volume Hence, Volume = Mass / Density = 3000 / 8900 = 30 / 89 =
0.34 m3 2. Force and Motion I. Choose the best answer. 1. A particle is moving in a circular path of
radius r. The displacement after half a circle would be a. Zero b. R c. 2 r d. r 2. From the given v-t graph it
can be inferred that the object is Book Back Questions Prepared By www.winmeen.com Learning Leads
To Ruling Page 5 of 16 a. in uniform motion b. at rest c. in non uniform motion d. moving with uniform
acceleration 3. Which of the following figures represent uniform motion of a moving object correctly?
Ans: d 4. Suppose a boy is enjoying a ride on a marry go round which is moving with a constant speed of
10 m/s. It implies that the boy is a. at rest b. moving with no acceleration c. in accelerated motion d.
moving with uniform velocity 5. What is one way you might increase the stability of an object? Book
Back Questions Prepared By www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling Page 6 of 16 a. lowers the
centre of gravity b. raises the centre of gravity c. increases the height of the object d. shortens the base
of the object II. Fill in the blanks. 1. The shortest distance between the two places is ___________. Ans:
Straight Path 2. The rate of change of velocity is_________. Ans: Acceleration 3. If the velocity of an
object increases with respect to time, then the object is said to be in__________ acceleration. Ans:
Positive 4. The slope of the speed–time graph gives ___________. Ans: Positive 5. In ___________
equilibrium its centre of gravity remains at the same height when it is displaced. Ans: Neutral III. Match
the following: 1.Displacement - Knot 2.Light travels through vacuum- Geometric centre 3.Speed of ship -
Metre 4.Centre of gravity of the geometrical shaped object - Larger base area 5. Stability - Uniform
velocity Ans: 34152 Book Back Questions Prepared By www.winmeen.com Learning Leads To Ruling
Page 7 of 16 IV. Analogy 1. velocity : metre/ second : : acceleration : ____________ . Ans:
metre/second2 2. length of scale : metre : : speed of aeroplane : ____________ . Ans: Knot 3.
displacement / time : velocity : : speed / time : ____________ . Ans: Distance

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