▪ VENKATESH.

S
▪ 200051601043
Sensors & ▪ IC Technology
actuators
▪ ECCX 40
Sensors
 3

Mass Air-flow sensor

▪ •It is a type of sensor that measures the

volume and density of air entering the engine.

▪ •It is placed inside the combustion chamber.

▪ •It ensures the right amount of air-fuel
mixture enters the combustion chamber for
optimum performance.

▪ •Failure of the air-flow sensor can result in

engine stalling or more fuel consumption
 Engine knock sensor

▪ •Knocking is a phenomenon where the air-fuel

mixture ignites before the spark plugs produce the
spark.

▪ •It reduces engine efficiency, and in the longer

run, it can cause damage to the engine
components.

▪ •The engine knock sensor detects knocking by

monitoring the air-fuel mixture ignition process.

▪ •The sensor can warn the driver if there is any

fault in the ignition of the air-fuel mixture.
 Camshaft position
sensor

▪ •A camshaft controls the inlet and exhaust

valves of an engine.

▪ •The camshaft position sensor monitors the

timing of the camshaft so that the air enters the
cylinder and burnt gases are sent out of the
cylinder at the right time.

▪ •If the timing is off, it hampers the power

output, and in the worst case, it may damage the
cylinder.
 •This sensor monitors your coolant temperature,
which is a great way to determine your engine’s
overall temperature.

Coolant •If it gets too hot, engine damage can occur.

Temperature •In some newer car models, the coolant temperature
Sensors should shut off your engine once it reaches a high
enough temperature.
 Manifold Absolute
Pressure (MAP) Sensor

▪ •It is a sensor that monitors the engine load.

▪ •It calculates the difference between the
manifold and outside pressure.

▪ •The MAP sensor ensures that the engine

relieves fuel based on the change in pressure.

▪ •The failure of the MAP sensor may result in

high fuel consumption.
 Fuel temperature sensor

▪ •It is a sensor that constantly monitors the

fuel temperature to ensure that the fuel
consumption is optimum.
▪ •If the fuel is cold, it takes more time to
burn due to its high density. Similarly, if the
fuel is warm, it ends up burning too quickly.

▪ •The fuel temperature sensor ensures that

the fuel is supplied to the cylinder at the
optimum temperature for the smooth
running of the engine.
 Intake Air Temperature
Sensor
▪ •Believe it or not, the air temperature
coming into the engine is a critical part of
maximizing engine performance.

▪ •That’s why the intake air temperature

sensor (IAT) tells the ECM the air
temperature, so it makes adjustments and
maximizes performance.

▪ •The IAT sensor can either be separated

or integrated into the MAF Sensor. Being
integrated into the MAF sensor is far more
common on newer car models.
 •If your vehicle doesn’t have enough coolant, it’s
going to overheat.

•That’s why most vehicles come with a coolant level

sensor. That way, you can avoid problems before you
Coolant Level hit the road.

Sensor •If your vehicle doesn’t have enough coolant, then the
coolant level sensor will light up the check engine
light. Sometimes, it will keep you from starting your
vehicle.

•The coolant level sensor is located on your coolant

reservoir.
Nox Sensor
▪ •The Nox sensor measures the Nox volume in
the exhaust gases.

▪ •This sensor is not installed in many car

models.

▪ •Typically, you can find them at Volkswagen,

Audi, Seat, and Skoda.

▪ •The Nox sensor is installed on the exhaust

pipe and the control unit under a plastic cover.

▪ •Unfortunately, replacing the NOX sensor

usually requires replacing the control unit for the
sensor as well.

▪ •The control unit and the sensor are often

costly, and the replacement can be a bit tricky
because the sensor tends to rust and get stuck.
 Exhaust temperature
sensor
▪ •The exhaust temperature sensor is
▪ often installed in diesel engines.
▪ •Its purpose is to measure the exhaust gas
temperature before and after the particle
filter to optimize particle filter regeneration.
▪ •Depending on the vehicle engine model,
you often have 1 to 4 exhaust gas
temperature sensors.
▪ •The sensors are installed on the exhaust
pipe and the exhaust manifold, and
sometimes also on the turbocharger.
▪ •The sensors are often quite expensive,
and can be difficult to reach and replace;
they often rust and get stuck.
 Relative attitude sensors

▪ •Many sensors generate outputs

that reflect the rate of change in
attitude.

▪ •These require a known initial

attitude, or external information to
use them to determine attitude.

▪ •Many of this class of sensor have

some noise, leading to inaccuracies if
not corrected by absolute attitude
sensors.
 Absolute attitude
sensors

▪ •This class of sensors sense the

position or orientation of fields,
objects or other phenomena outside
the spacecraft.
Gyroscopes
▪ Gyroscopes are devices that sense
rotation in three-dimensional space
without reliance on the observation of
external objects.
▪ Classically, a gyroscope consists of a
spinning mass, but there are also "ring
laser gyros" utilizing coherent light
reflected around a closed path.
▪ Another type of "gyro" is a
hemispherical resonator gyro where a
crystal cup shaped like a wine glass can
be driven into oscillation just as a wine
glass "sings" as a finger is rubbed
around its rim.
▪ The orientation of the oscillation is fixed
in inertial space, so measuring the
orientation of the oscillation relative to
the spacecraft can be used to sense the
motion of the spacecraft with respect to
inertial space.
 Horizon sensor

▪ •A horizon sensor is an optical instrument

that detects light from the 'limb' of Earth's
atmosphere, i.e., at the horizon.

▪ •Thermal infrared sensing is often used,

which senses the comparative warmth of the
atmosphere, compared to the much colder
cosmic background. This sensor provides
orientation with respect to Earth about two
orthogonal axes.

▪ •It tends to be less precise than sensors

based on stellar observation. Sometimes
referred to as an Earth sensor.
 Orbital gyrocompass

▪ •Similar to the way that a terrestrial

gyrocompass uses a pendulum to sense
local gravity and force its gyro into
alignment with Earth's spin vector, and
therefore point north, an orbital
gyrocompass uses a horizon sensor to sense
the direction to Earth's center, and a gyro to
sense rotation about an axis normal to the
orbit plane.

▪ •Thus, the horizon sensor provides pitch

and roll measurements, and the gyro
provides yaw. See Tait-Bryan angles.
 Sun sensor

▪ •A sun sensor is a device that senses the

direction to the Sun.

▪ •This can be as simple as some solar cells

and shades, or as complex as a steerable
telescope, depending on mission requirements.
 Earth sensor

▪ •An Earth sensor is a device that senses the

direction to Earth.

▪ •It is usually an infrared camera; nowadays

the main method to detect attitude is the star
tracker, but Earth sensors are still integrated in
satellites for their low cost and reliability.
 Star tracker

▪ •The STARS real-time star tracking software

operates on an image from EBEX 2012, a high-
altitude balloon-borne cosmology experiment
launched from Antarctica on 2012-12-29.

▪ •A star tracker is an optical device that

measures the position(s) of star(s) using
photocell(s) or a camera.

▪ •It uses magnitude of brightness and spectral

type to identify and then calculate the relative
position of stars around it.
 Magnetometer

▪ •A magnetometer is a device that senses

magnetic field strength and, when used in a
three-axis triad, magnetic field direction.

▪ •As a spacecraft navigational aid, sensed

field strength and direction is compared to a
map of Earth's magnetic field stored in the
memory of an on-board or ground-based
guidance computer.

▪ •If spacecraft position is known then attitude

can be inferred.
 •Two inertial measurement units are on board (the second for
backup purposes). Each is a combination accelerometer and ring
laser gyroscope.

•The accelerometer measures acceleration (changes in speed) so

Inertial the spacecraft can know things like when it has fired its rocket
engines for long enough.

Measurement •The gyroscope measures how fast the spacecraft is turning. With
Units this information, the spacecraft can tell how far it has turned so it
knows when to stop.

•The gyro can also estimate the spacecraft's orientation for short
periods, when, for example, the spacecraft is turning too fast for
the star tracker to work properly.

•Each inertial measurement unit has three gyroscopes and three

accelerometers -- one gyro and one accelerometer for each axis of
the spacecraft.
actuators
 Electromechanical
Actuators

▪ •Electromechanical (EM) actuation is a

proven solution in challenging space
applications.

▪ •In-house manufacturing of core building

blocks - actuators, controllers, servo drives, and
servomotors - are contained in sophisticated
actuation systems.

▪ •Moog provides specialized or off-the-shelf

solutions to meet customers' needs.
 Modular Linear
Electromechanical
▪ •Moog has developed a line of
Electromechanical Actuators (EMAs) designed to
be rugged for harsh environments.

▪ •The Commercial EMAs are capable of covering

a range of performance characteristics with
configurable design parameters.
▪
▪ •The new line of EMAs is derived from existing
qualified and in-service products with a focus on
lower cost and faster lead time.

▪ •The modularity of the designs supports rapid

vehicle development and evolution.
 Electrohydraulic
Actuators

▪ •Electrohydraulic (EH) actuators produce force by a

hydraulic power unit (HPU), which includes electric motors,
pumps, reservoirs, relief valves, check valves, and
associated plumbing.

▪ • Power is transmitted via hydraulic fluid from the HPU to

the individual actuators installed at the point of force
application.

▪ •Linear EH actuators incorporate an electrohydraulic

servo valve to convert very low current input signals into
very precise changes in fluid flow to the extend and retract
ports of a hydraulic cylinder.

▪ •A piston and rod in the hydraulic cylinder provide the

linear motion. The control loop is typically closed by
employing some form of linear position sensor.
 •Electro hydrostatic Actuators (EHAs) are fully self-
contained actuation systems that combine design
elements from electric and electrohydraulic
Electro actuation.

hydrostatic •They receive power from an electric source and

transform an input command signal into motion.

Actuators •The systems main components are a servomotor,

hydraulic pump, accumulator and hydraulic ram.
 Fuel Pump

▪ •Fuel Pump is powered from the Vehicle

battery and connected to the engine ECU , to
give the engine the fuel at the right pressure
suitable for its work
 Injectors

▪ •Injector is an injection nozzle with solenoid

that is controlled by ECM.

▪ •Using intake air quantity and engine rpm,

ECM calculates basic fuel injection time, and
calculates corrective fuel injection period time
on the basis of engine coolant temp, feed back
signal from oxygen sensor during close-loop-
control.
 Fuel pressure Regulator

▪ •Injection rate through injector

depends on injection pressure,
injection time and orifice size.

▪ •Therefore in order to control fuel

injection rate by means of current
connecting time for an injector with
spray hole size fixed, injection
pressure shall remain constant for
any varied pressure at intake
manifold.
 Mass Air-favlow sensor

▪ •ISA (Idle Speed Actuator) is installed at

throttle body of engine and control air intake
rate into engine depending on ECU signal in
order to control idle rp Idling speed is
controlled relying on a number of parameters
including actual engine rpm, coolant
temperature, air-conditioning system and
headlamp operation status, etc.
 Spark Plugs

▪ •Spark plugs transmit electrical energy that

turns fuel into working energy. A sufficient
amount of voltage must be supplied by the
ignition system to cause it to spark across the
gap of the spark plug. This is called Electrical
Performance.
 Ignition Coils

▪ •The Ignition coil functions as an energy-

storage device and transformer. It is supplied
with DC voltage from the alternator, and
provides the high tension ignition pulses for the
spark plugs. The MFI engine adopts a
computerized ignition system.

▪ •The ECM calculates ignition timing, timing

advance, and knocking control by the sensor
signals.
•Exhaust gas contains NOx that is hazardous to
human central nervous system and mucous
membrane, as well as is globally principal cause for
photochemical smog, and therefore globally subject
to increasingly strong regulation together with HC
and CO.

•As CO and HC are resulting from imperfect

combustion, improved combustion will improve
engine performance, too.
 Purge Solenoid Valve
Control

▪ •A vehicle generates evaporated gas at fuel

system such as fuel tank, and HC is the main
substance of the gas.

▪ •Fuel tank requires venting system to avoid

pressure rising in the tank when raised
temperature generates volume expansion, and
there after resulting vacuum pressure. In
addition, vapor gas control system is required
to prevent fuel vapor from being discharged
into atmosphere.
 Variable Intake Control

▪ •Variable intake system varies length

of intake manifold in order to improve
engine output over all engine
operation range, and in particular
increase engine output by approx. 10%
at low-medium speed range.
▪ •For frequent crowded downtown
driving, engine shall provide high
power at low-medium speed range.
Highway driving and high speed
running requires engine with high
power at high speed range.
 Cooling Fan Control

▪ •In order to maximize cooling

efficiency and minimize cooling fan
motor drive current, radiator fan and
condenser fan speeds are controlled
using three speed modes such as
low, medium, and high speed, on the
basis of coolant temperature, car
speed, air conditioning switch signal,
and conditioning compressor
operation signal.
 Generator Current
Control

▪ •When turning on headlamp or heating wire

in idling, engine rpm will instantly fall down
and then recovered due to increased generator
load.

▪ •At that time increasing electrical load will

generate rapid engine rpm change, resulting to
vibration and poor comfortableness.

▪ •Generator current control system depends

on engine ECU
A/C compressor control

▪ •A/C Compressor Control Outline A/C Compressor

Control is used when accelerating or engine load is
instantly increased greatly, in order to improve engine
acceleration by temporarily turning off A/C compressor.
Control Relay Control

▪ •Control relay consists of main relay that provides

supply power to engine ECU and various actuators and fuel
pump relay that drives fuel pump.
▪ •Main relay control will operate as soon as ignition
switch turns on.
 Control
moment gyros
•These are rotors spun at constant speed, mounted on
gimbals to provide attitude control. Although a CMG
provides control about the two axes orthogonal to the gyro
spin axis, triaxial control still requires two units.

•A CMG is a bit more expensive in terms of cost and mass,

because gimbals and their drive motors must be provided.
The maximum torque (but not the maximum angular
momentum change) exerted by a CMG is greater than for a
momentum wheel, making it better suited to large spacecraft.

•A major drawback is the additional complexity, which

increases the number of failure points. For this reason, the
International Space Station uses a set of four CMGs to
provide dual failure tolerance.
 Solar sails

•Small solar sails (devices that produce thrust as a reaction force

induced by reflecting incident light) may be used to make small
attitude control and velocity adjustments.

•This application can save large amounts of fuel on a long-

duration mission by producing control moments without fuel
expenditure.

•For example, Mariner 10 adjusted its attitude using its solar

cells and antennas as small solar sails.
Gravity-gradient stabilization
▪ •In orbit, a spacecraft with one axis much longer than the other two will
spontaneously

▪ orient so that its long axis points at the planet's center of mass.

▪ •This system has the virtue of needing no active control system or expenditure
of fuel.

▪ The effect is caused by a tidal force.

▪ •The upper end of the vehicle feels less gravitational pull than the lower end.

▪ •This provides a restoring torque whenever the long axis is not co-linear with
the direction of gravity.

▪ •Unless some means of damping is provided, the spacecraft will oscillate about
the local vertical.

▪ •Sometimes tethers are used to connect two parts of a satellite, to increase the
stabilizing torque.

▪ •A problem with such tethers is that meteoroids as small as a grain of sand can
part them.
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