7 WRITING

Sentence adverbs
SB

Part 1: essay Page 99

1 We can use an adverb, often at the beginning
of the sentence followed by a comma to show A B
how we feel about the fact or event we are
writing about. Replace the underlined words
in the following sentences with adverbs in
the box.

admittedly apparently fortunately

generally happily mysteriously
obviously sadly unexpectedly
unsurprisingly
C D

1 Last winter was one of the coldest ever

recorded, which nobody had expected.
2 When people are asked where they want
to live, in most cases they say ‘in the
countryside’.
3 From what I’ve read, they’re going to build
a dam across the river. 3 Discuss the questions in small groups.
4 Part of the forest was destroyed by fire,
1 Which picture shows each of these endangered animals?
which was a pity.
Black Rhinoceros Snow leopard Southern Water Vole Vicuna
5 A bridge collapsed during the storm. It
2 Which is native to a) Africa b) Asia c) Europe d) South America?
was lucky that nobody was injured.
3 Which other creatures at risk of extinction do you know of?
6 It came as no surprise that the company
4 What reasons can you think of for species becoming endangered?
said it was not to blame for the oil slick.
7 Two children went missing during the 4 Look at the exam task instructions and the first three notes. Answer
flood, but the good news is they are now these questions.
safe.
8 I don’t know if there’s a Recycling Centre, 1 What do you have to write about, and for whom?
but I’m afraid it’s true I haven’t tried very 2 Which points must you choose from?
hard to find out. 3 What must you also write about two of those points?
9 There’s a real crisis in fishing. It is clear 5 Look at the three opinions in the exam task. For each one, decide
that too many boats are chasing too few which of A, B or C is the best way of paraphrasing each opinion in an
fish.
exam answer. Say why in each case.
10 I don’t know why, but all the apples have
disappeared from the tree in my garden.
1 A Protecting animals is something that people should be taught
2 Comment on each situation by writing a how to do.
sentence containing a sentence adverb. B Schools and the media should show the public how they can help
conserve wildlife.
1 You have heard that summers are going to C The public should be given lessons in what to do about the
get hotter. situation.
2 You lost your mobile phone but someone
found it and gave it back to you. 2 A Habitats can be restored to enable species at risk of extinction to
3 People were asked if they wanted to give thrive again.
up eating meat. Most said ‘no’. B The populations of endangered species should be encouraged
4 You failed your biology exam but you to increase.
know you hadn’t done enough revision. C One way to help the recovery of endangered animal populations
5 You hear footsteps behind you but when is to improve their environment.
you look round there’s no-one there.
6 A friend you haven’t seen or heard from 3 A Laws should protect all living creatures, wherever they may be.
for years knocks on your door. B Harming animals, or damaging the places where they live, ought
to be illegal.
C There should be strict laws against the harming of wildlife or their
habitats.

62 unit 7 writing
Exam task
At no time in recorded history have so many species of animal faced
extinction. Alarmingly, scientists say that our planet is currently
Write your answer in 220-260 words in an
undergoing a mass extinction episode, brought about by a combination of
appropriate style.
factors that include habitat destruction, diseases, pollution, uncontrolled
Your class has attended a debate on how
hunting, and – above all – climate change.
governments around the world should help
protect endangered species. You have made the
One solution is to pass strict laws protecting both wildlife and their
notes below.
habitats. Not only must the hunting or capturing of endangered or
threatened species be made a criminal offence, the sale, export or import
Ways governments could help of products from those animals should also be prohibited worldwide.
protect endangered species: Clearly, such regulations will be difficult to enforce in certain countries,
but they are essential if the trade in ivory, for instance, is to be stopped.
• education
In addition, the law must prevent damage to natural habitats by pollution,
• protected zones
uncontrolled building or the use of pesticides.
• legislation
Another approach would be to create protected zones where a recovery
Some opinions expressed in the
plan would enable endangered animals, especially those most affected by
discussion:
habitat loss, to return to their previous population levels. Crucially, such
“People should be shown how they can zones would be kept free from water contamination, illegal hunting and
help conserve wildlife.” invasive species, while wildlife-friendly land management practices would
“We can help endangered animal be encouraged and animals relocated there from less safe environments.
populations recover by improving their
On balance, however, I would prefer to see legislation. Unfortunately,
environment.”
there simply are not the resources available to establish protected zones
“It ought to be illegal to harm animals or for all the animals at risk, and the loss of one species inevitably leads to
damage the places where they live.” the extinction of others within the ecosystem. The law, on the other hand,
can be applied globally to combat what is now, undeniably, a global crisis.
Write an essay for your tutor discussing
two of the points in your notes. You should
explain which way you think would be more
effective, giving reasons to support your 7 You are going to do the exam task. If you intend to write about
opinion. You may, if you wish, make use of the education, get ideas by thinking about these points and making notes.
opinions expressed in the discussion, but you
should use your own words as far as possible. • The educational system, the government and the media should
make everyone aware of the threats to the survival of animal species,
and the consequences of extinctions.
6 Read the model essay. Then answer the • People should be encouraged to help conserve wildlife by, for
example, providing habitats in their gardens, avoiding the use of
questions.
pesticides or not keeping invasive species as pets, and by reporting
1 Which two of the notes does the writer any illegal hunting, dumping of waste or water contamination.
use, and in which paragraphs?
2 Which two handwritten opinions does she Quick steps to writing a Part 1 essay
use, and how does she paraphrase them?
• If you feel strongly about the topic, use some emphatic language such
3 Which way does she think would be more as inversion of subject and object.
effective and what reasons does she give? • Stay within the word limits. Writing too much creates a negative
4 Which of the following does she use? impression, while too little may prevent you dealing with all aspects of
the task.
• inversion of subject and verb
• sentence adverbs
• addition links 8 Look at the Quick steps, then plan and write your essay in 220–260
• contrast links words in an appropriate style. When you have finished, check your
work as in Unit 1, Writing Exercise 8 on page 15.

Exam tip

As elsewhere in the exam, you can write in U.S. or U.K. English as

long as you use it consistently.

writing unit 7 63
WB
 7 SPEAKING
Phrasal verbs with on 4 Look quickly at the exam task instructions. What do you
1 Complete the sentences using phrasal verbs with on. have to talk about?
Choose from these verbs in the box.
Exam task
call catch come draw move run stay take
Here are some ways we can reduce the amount of
1 After the party had ended, I to help tidy up. waste we create and a question for you to discuss.
2 The report research carried out in several countries. First you have some time to look at the task. Now,
3 If electric cars with the public, the air will be much talk to each other about how effective these
cleaner. suggestions might be in reducing the amount of
4 Marko is looking tired. I think he’s too much work. waste we create.
5 If that light , it means you’re running out of petrol.
How effective might these suggestions be in
6 Environmentalists have the Government to finance reducing the amount of waste we create?
green projects.
7 This device rechargeable batteries. • Recycle as much rubbish as possible
8 OK, we’ve discussed that picture, so let’s to the next • Give away unwanted clothes
one. • Buy products that have little or no packaging
• Read online versions of newspapers and
Giving examples magazines
• Buy only as much food as you need
2 2.07 Fill in each gap with one suitable word, then
listen to check your answers. Now you have about a minute to decide which
suggestion would be most effective in reducing the
Environmentalists are calling on all of us to recognise
amount of waste we create.
that waste is fast becoming a major problem.
(1) at the amount we throw out every year. A family
of three, (2) , produces more than a ton of rubbish 5 2.08 Listen to this extract from Aishar and Haziq
every year, and this is steadily rising. A case in practising Speaking Part 3. Answer these questions.
(3) is plastic, used in ever greater quantities and
1 Which prompt are they discussing?
often ending up in the bin. An obvious (4) of this is
2 Which student sounds less confident at first?
the plastic shopping bag. Also, (5) paper waste. Did
you know that every year the average family throws out 6 2.08 Listen again. What questions and phrases does
the equivalent of six trees? Aishar use to encourage Haziq to speak and feel more
confident?
3 Discuss the problem of waste creation in society, giving 7 Look at the Quick steps and Exam tip, then do both parts
some of these points as examples. of the exam task in pairs. Help your partner if necessary.
• the good food that is thrown out
8 Compare your decision with other pairs, saying which
• the old electronic devices that become hazardous
suggestion you chose and why.
waste
• the cars and other vehicles that are broken up
• the rubbish that goes into landfills Exam tip
• the garbage that is burnt
• the rivers and seas that are polluted Avoid spending too long talking about one of the
prompts. Remember, you need to discuss them all.

Part 3 Page 109

Quick steps to Speaking Part 3

• Begin by saying something like Shall we start with this
one? or Do you want to go first or shall I?
• Take turns with your partner throughout.
• Consider both the positive and the negative aspects of
each prompt.

60 unit 7 speaking