Scribd
Upload
274 views

U9-Modals and Semi-Modals C1+C2

Uploaded by

Dragan Samoiov
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
274 views

U9-Modals and Semi-Modals C1+C2

Uploaded by

Dragan Samoiov
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6
+ The nine main moda (wil, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must} have only one form (ie they do not change tense or person) and are followed by a simple or continuous bare infinitive (eg could + do, be doing, have done, have been doing). They can also be followed by a bare infinitive in the passive (eg could + be dane, have been done), ‘+ Semi-modals have similar meanings to modals. They include: need (to), ought to, had better and have (got to. * Some semimodals, such as had better, do not change tense or person. Others, such as have (got) to, do * Some semimodals can be used in combination with modals, producing phrases such as might have to, Real ability | Curent or general atiity | can, cant You can't really speak seven languages fluently, ean you? Past ability | could, couldnt | There's no way you could read when you were two! Decisions made now about | can, cant, could, | lean get you a paper when | go to the shop, if you lke future ably | couldnt Future ability | wil/won't be able to | One day, maybe, all adults will be able to read and write Hypothetical) Current or general Could, couldnt | eouldn’t go on a quiz show. Id be too scared! ablity | hypothetical ability Future hypothetical ability could, couldn't || could go with them tothe cinema tomorrow but | wont because Ive already seen the fit. Past hypothetical ability could have, They could have asked the Prime Minister much more | couldn't have searching questions. | wonder why they didat. © The full negative form of modals is written as two words, eg could not. The exception is cannot, which is one word, = Can and could cannot be used as infnitives. We can use to be able to instead. I love to be able to come with you to the cinema tomorrow but Ijust can't © We don't usually use could for past ability on one occasion. We use was/were able to, managed or succeeded, etc. ¥ Luckily, she was able to finish the article in ime. However, with verbs such as see, hear, feel, ec we can use could for past abilty on one occasion. ¥ leould see that she was tired. Asking for permission may, could, couldn’, can, can't Can | finish watching this before | go to bed? Giving/refusing permission | may, may not, could, couldn't, can, can't_| No, you ea F< Mayis more polte and formal than could, and could is more poite and formal than can. * We dort usually use modals to talk about past permission, We can use was/were alowed to. Y We were allowed to buy one comic each = However, we do use could to tak about past permission in reported speech. (see Unit 25 for more information) Mum said we could buy one comic each. ‘Asking for and giving advice | should, shouldn't, ought to, oughtn't to, had better | You should try to that poem published. © - Wecan only use hadn't better in questions We can also use might/may as well to give advice and make suggestions. This suggests that, although the suggestion 10 i Hadn't you better check that these facts are actually true? isnt perfect, there sno beter option. FRR - We may as welt watch this as there's noting els on. Modals and semi-modals. Unit 9 Criticising past behaviour should have, shouldn't have, You shouldn't have spoken to Mrs Todd ought to have, ought't to have like that. Expressing annoyance at past could have, might have You could/might have told me you were behaviour | going to be late! Criticising general behaviour wil He will slam the door every time he goes out. Criticising a specific example of | would | You would take the car just when | wanted to someone's general behaviour | 0 out ] we can aso use might as welt suggest cites, ole Current or general obligation ‘must, mustnt, have (got t, You have to be 2 good communicator to be @ need tto) ress spokesperson, Alack of current or general don't have to, haven't got to, You don't always need to have a degree to obligation needn't, don't need {to} become a journalist Future obligation will have to, must, must, You'll have to do quite a lt of research before have (got) fo, (will need (to) you write ths report Alack of future obligation don'/won' have to, haven't got to,| m glad we won't have to write any more needn't, don'/won't need (to) | essays on this course. Past obligation | had to, needed (to) We had to come up with three questions each lack of past obligation | didn't have to, didn't need (to), _| in the past, polticians didn’t have to deal with | needn't have being in a 24-hour media spotight. We are more likely to use must for personal obigation (making our own decision about what we must do) and have to for external obligation (someone else making a decision about what we must do). Using must for questions is extremely formal. We usually use have to, 7 Do you have to have a degree to be a journalist? ‘Mustn' is used for prohibition. Don't have to is used for a lack of obligation. We can use dldn't have to and didnt need to for things that we did or didnt actually do. However, we only use needn't have done for things that we actualy did but weren't obiged to do. Dy ear tis Certainty (or near certainty) about | will, would, must, can, cant, “There’s someone at the door.’ now, the future or generally could, could't | ‘That be the postman.” ‘tt can't be. He's already been.” Certainty (or near certainty) will have, won't have, would have, | ‘They won't have heard the news, will they?” about the past woutdh't have, must have, can't | ‘They must have heard by now, surely.” have, couldn't have Probabilly about now, the future | should, shouldnt, ought to, ‘The weather should be good tomorrow, or generally ‘oughtn't to, may/might well (not), shouldn't it?” could well, might easily “Actually, the forecast said it may well rain.’ Probability about the past ‘should have, shouldn't have, ‘Jan should have finished writing her article easily (not) have ityet” Possibility about now, the future or | could, may not), might, mightn', might (just) have time to get tothe ibrary generally | may/might/could just before it closes. Possibility about the real past could have, may (pot have, might im might not have checked his e-mail yet ought to have, oughtn't to have, by now, shouldn't she?” may/might well not) have, might | ‘She may well have done, but | haven't seen | have, mightn't have should and should have can be used in that clauses after words expressing importance and reactions. ¥ It’s strange that you should say that. Was it necessary that Alan should have been invited to the meeting? n 12 A Circle the correct word or phrase. If both are correct, circle both. 1 You can't / couldn't really talk when you were one year old, can / could you? 2 We can / could give you a lft home tonight, if you want. 3 I wish | can / could speak Russian, then I'd be able to / 1 could read Tolstoy in the original 4 Excuse me, could / may you tell me how to get to the leisure centre from here? 5 I'm afraid we can't / won't be able to come to the wedding after al 6 Thankfully, we could / managed to get to the airport justin time so we didn't miss the plane, 7 Dawn couldn't go / have gone to the barbecue as she had to work. 8 Would you like to could / be able to buy the flat you're renting? 9 Ina thousand years, can humans / will humans be able to travel faster than the speed of light? 10 ‘Mum, can | watch TV and do my homework later?” ‘No, you may / might not” 11 We could catch / have caught the last train after all, but of course we didr't know that at the time, 12 Mayn't / Can't | at least stay up till the end of the film? 13 Everyone could / was able to tell that Julie was upset about something 14 May / Can | open the window, please? Its a litle stuffy in here. 15 Because we had guests last Saturday, the kids could / were allowed to stay up till midnight. B_ Write a verb from the box in the correct form in each gap. do * eat © feel * go * have * invite * provide * recover * sit * speak * stand * work 1 It seems there's nothing anybody can to stop the conflict escalating further. 2 She couldn't anything in her left arm for about two hours. She said it was completely numb. 3 I don't think the Prime Minister will ever manage from this scandal. 4 Cant ‘Tracy round after tea? We want to play my new computer game. 5 Liz has had another ice cream so why CAAt 0 ‘one? It’s not fair! 6 When I was a child, my brothers and sisters and | weren't allowed with the grownups except on special occasions. 7 Darren's allergic to wheat, so he can't conn bread under any circumstances. 8 Dominic had said he spoke German, but when we got there it turned out he couldn't word! 9 Id love to be able from home, but in my job it's ust not possible. 10 James could for Pariament atthe last election — he had enough support - but he wasn't willing to sacrifice his privacy. 11 A small cot for babies can if you ask at reception. 12 We couldn't to the concert anyway as Jamie wasn't very well. C If the word in bold is correct, put a tick. If is incorrect, rewrite it correctly. Shouldn't you getting planning permission before you start building? Gavin really ought not to be worn casual clothes to the interview last week She might have gave us a call to let us know she was allright. You should better get a second opinion before you do anything drastic like knock down a supporting wall. Rene { dor't think you must go to school today if you're not feeling well. We definitely should not judge Karen until we know exactly what happened. OOOO OOO CC OOOO OOOO» Ee Modals and semi-modals Unit 9 7 I probably won't get the job but | should as well apply for it,| suppose. 8 You could have told us you'd changed your mind about the holiday. How are we going to find a fourth person at this late stage? 9. We had rather book the tickets now, hadn't we? They might have sold out on the day. 10. Terry would leave his bedroom in such a mess all the time. It's just not good enough. 11. Michael was late, but then again he will be. 12. You may have asked me if| wanted to come with you! You know | need to go to the bank! D Write a word or short phrase in each gap so that the second sentence has a similar meaning to the first sentence. 1 I would suggest seeing a doctor if it doesn't clear up. You had a doctor ifit doesn’t clear up. 2. twas typical of Jerry to forget to feed the cat, wasn't it? Jerry to feed the cat, he? 3 I'm annoyed Diana didn’t invite us to her engagement party. Diana us to her engagement party. 4. Buying a yellow car was a mistake — everyone thinks | drive a taxil I a yellow car ~ everyone thinks | drive a taxi! 5 Teenagers are noisy, aren't they? Teenagers... Make SO MUCH NOISE, they? 6 It won't harm us to see what special offers are on at the moment. We ‘what special offers are on at the moment. 7 Don't you think you should type that essay, rather than write it in pen? better type that essay, rather than write it in pen? 8 It would probably have been a good idea if you'd asked Dad what he thought. You to Dad what he thought. E. Write a word from the box in each gap. You will need two of the words twice. doesn't » got * had © has ave * must * needn't » will 11 have bothered preparing so much food; nobody ate anything anyway. 2 Doyou to have that music on so loud? | can’t concentrate! 3 You call before you come round, as welll defintely be in. 4 It was difficult, but | knew | to apologise. 5 Trista need to get a surnmer job as her parents are quite welloff Ce you have to be there in court yourself, or can a lawyer represent you? 7 We didn't to wear a uniform to school today, so | went in jeans and a T-shirt. 8 | think Damien to stay in hospital for the next four or five weeks, 9 Children... not be left unattended under any circumstances 10 We haven't to move out for another six months, but we've started looking for a new place anyway. 73 Unit 9 m4 Grammar F Complete using must, have to, need or need to in the correct form and the correct form of the words in brackets. 1 You (pay) me back now, but of course you can if you like! 2 Dogs (keep) on a leash at all times. 3 If Linda (pick up) from school tomorrow, maybe we could spend the afternoon in town, 4 We (rely) on phone lines in the future as we'll ll have mobile phones which connect to the Internet. 5. The invitations (send off) soon otherwise they won't get there in time. 6 Sorry mate. (get) 2 few things from the supermarket on my way here. 7 (you / make) a fuss to get your money back, or was the manager quite reasonable? 8 You (believe) everything Graham tells you. He's lied to me before. 9. Thankfully we (put) Flossie in a cattery as our neighbours offered to feed her. 10 What time (farmers / get up) every morning? 11 hate (commute) to work every morning and evening, wouldn't you? 12 Although we took CDs with us we actually (do) as there was no CD player to play them on. G Write one word in each gap. A tabloid editor speaks «tbls ans bor ve atte ue hi \bsolute proof first. ay make sure we give our readers what . y 2 they want. And what do they want? Scandal. It is my job StOT'es £0 Us. The uh shat we eel en eee to tell the readers when a celebrity has done something ‘© Tn @ story about them anyway, so they realise they erie 2 eee igh as (10) put their side of the scory politician (3) to have done something 270S5-They know they (11) defintely but didn't. One accusation that is often levelled at hive £© speak out at some point so why wait! And lees tabloids is that we think we (4) notneed fe it, celebrities need to (12) talked to worry about the truth, but that is just not true. | have about constantly or they stop being famous, so they 6 wx be shown proof from atleast two (13) not complain, in my view | sourees before I run a story. As a newspaper, you have What | would say to celebrities and politicians that do 6 to get your facts right and you _

You might also like