SMART STARS SCHOOL & ACADEMY OF All SCIENCES

KALAT
.

BIOLOGY
NOTES FOR 9 th CLASS EXAM PREPARATION
PREPARED &COMPILED BY
Mr. SHABEER AHMED

Chapter No 5
1. Cell cycle: The series of changes in a cell clue to which it divides into two daughter cells is called cell
cycle or cell division.
2. Phases of cell cycle: The cell cycle is divided into two basic phases
1. Inter phase 2. Mitotic phase.
3. Inter phase: The brief period between two mitotic phases is called inter phase. It is the time during
which the cell is preparing for division by undergoing both cell growth and DNA replication.
The inter phase is divided into further three phases.
i :G1 phase (Gap1): This corresponds to the interval between mitosis and initiation of DNA
replication during this the cell is metabolically active and continuously grows in size. It also
increases the number of its organelles but does not replicate its DNA.
ii: S or synthesis: It marks the period during which DNA synthesis or replication takes place in
nucleus.
e.g. each chromosomes duplicates into two sister chromatids.
iii:G2 phase (Gap2): during the G2 phase proteins are synthesized for production of spindle fibers.
The centriole duplicates in cytoplasm.
4. Mitotic phase: The M phase starts with the nucleus division, corresponding to the separation of
daughter chromosomes (Karyokines) and usually ends with division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis). It is
the division of cell due to which one parent cell is divided into two daughter cells.
5. Somatic cells: Those cells which from the body of an organism are called somatic cells.
6. Mitosis: In this division the parent somatic cell divides into two daughter cells in which the number
of chromosomes remains same as in parent cell.
The process of mitosis is divided into two main phases.
1. Karyokinesis and 2. Cytokinesis.
7. Karyokinesis (nuclear division): It involves nuclear division. It is further divided into 4 stages.
Prophase: It is the first stage in this chromosomal material condenses to form protoplasmic bodies
called chromosomes. Chromosomes are seen to be composed of two sister chromatids attached
together at centromere.
Chromatids: The arms of chromosomes are called chromatids.
Centromere: The place at which sister chromatids of chromosomes get attached.
Kinetochores: Protein present at the centromere of a chromatid to which microtubules attach or
spindle fibers attach.
Centrioles: Two hollow cylindrical organelles which form spindle fibers during cell division in prophase
centrioles move towards opposite poles of the cell. And they start to form spindle of tubulin protein fibers.
In prophase nucleolus and nuclear membrane degrade or disappears.
2. Metaphase: It is phase of cell division in which chromosomes align on metaphase plate and spindle
fibers attach with centromere.
In metaphase two Kinetochores fibers from opposite poles attach with each chromosome. They are moved
to spindle equator and get arranged along.
(Metaphase plate): The plane of alignment or arrangement of chromosomes on the equator is referred as
metaphase plate.
3. Anaphase: It is stage of cell division in which chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles due
to contraction of spindle fibers.
4. Telophase: The last stage in which cell divides into two daughter cells.
In telophase chromosomes reach at opposite poles new nuclear envelopes form around the two
chromosomes clusters, nucleolus, Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum are reformed.
8. Cytokinesis: It is the physical process of cell division which divides the cytoplasm of parent cell into
daughter cells. In an animal cell this is achieved by the appearance of cleavage furrow in plasma
membrane.
9. Cell plate or phragmoplast: Plant cells are enclosed by cell walls so the cytokinesis occurs by a
different mechanism. Vesicles of Golgi bodies are collected in the middle of plant cell. They now
fuse to form a membranous structure called cell plate or phragmoplast.
The cell plate grows outwards and finally fuses with the plasma membrane and parent cell wall in this way
two daughter plant cells are formed.
10. Meiosis: It is the division of reproductive cells in which one parent cell forms four haploid cells. As a
result of meiosis gametes in animals and spores in plants are formed.
11. Germ line cells: Those cells which form gametes are called germ line cells. Gametes are formed by
meiosis.
12. Diploid cells: Diploid cells are those cells in which the specific numbers of chromosomes are found
in pairs “2n”. e.g. 2x (23) 46. In animal cell.
13. Haploid cells: Haploid cells are those cells in which the numbers of chromosomes are half than
diploid. They are represented b “n”. e.g. 23 in animal cell.
14. Quiescent stage: These cells that do not divide further they exit “G1” phase to enter an inactive
stage called quiescent stage (G0) of the cell cycle.
15. Synapsis: The homologous chromosome come close to each other and form pairs this process is
called synapsis.
16. Tetrad: Each pair of synapsed homologous chromosome is called bivalent due to presence of four
chromatids the bivalent is also called tetrad.
17. Chiasmata: In homologous chromosome pair the non-sister chromatids attach lengthwise with each
other at some places. These places of attachment are called chiasmata.
18. Crossing over: The non-sister chromatids exchange their segments at chiasmata. This process is
called crossing over.
19. Significance of mitosis: Mitosis results in production of diploid daughter cells with identical number
of chromosomes. The growth of Multicellular organism is due to mitosis of single cell zygote.
A very significant contribution of mitosis is cell repair and replacement of old cells by new. Mitotic
division in meristematic tissues – the apical and lateral cambium result in a continuous growth of
plants throughout life regeneration of lost parts of body in many organisms take place by mitosis.
E.g. arms of starfish.
20. Significance of meiosis: Due to meiosis haploid gametes (n) are formed due to crossing over new
combinations of genes are formed on chromosomes due to which variation occur in new
generation due to meiosis gametes are formed.
21. Mitosis as equivalent division: Due to mitosis the components of parent cell are equally divided
between daughter cells that is why mitosis is called equivalent division.
22. Comparison between mitosis and meiosis:
Mitosis
1: It occurs in somatic cells
2: Whole process completes in one division.
3: Prophase is of short duration.
4: Crossing over does not occur.
5: Centromere divides in metaphase.
6: Diploid condition persists.
7: Two daughter cells are formed.
8: Daughter cells are similar.
Meiosis:
1: It occurs in gonads or germ line cell.
2: The process completes in two divisions.
3: Prophase is longer.
4: Crossing over occurs with formation of chiasmata.
5: Centromere do not divide.
6: Haploid condition appears.
7: Four daughter cell – ax formed.
8: Daughter cells are different.
1. Necrosis: Necrosis is an unprogrammed or premature death of living cell and tissue. It occurs when a
cell undergoes stressed conditions or damaged by external factors. E.g. infection, injury, cancer, toxins
etc.
2. Apoptosis: Programmed cell death is a procedure of cell death caused by healthy and normal process
in body.