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HRK - Physics I: Key Takeaways

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25 views2 pages

HRK - Physics I: Key Takeaways

Uploaded by

Marcus Poon
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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30-1-2023

Phan Nhật Huy (Jonathan Phan)

HRK - Physics I
KEY TAKEAWAYS

• Heat is energy that flows between a system and its enviroment be-
cause of a temp. diff. between them.

• Heat transfers via one of three mechanisms: conduction, convection


and radiation.

• The first law of thermodynamics says that in any thermodynamic


process between thermal states i and f , the quantity Q + W is the
same regardless of the path from i to f (where Q and W are the heat
transferred and W is the work done on [or by] the system by forces
that act through the sys. boundary, respc.). This quantity is eq. to a
change in value of a state f’n called the internal energy Eint :

Q + W = ∆Eint .

• Heat capacicty is defined as the ratio of thermal energy transferred


to a body in any process to the change in its change in temp. :

Q
C=
∆T

• Specific heat (capacicty) is the h.c. of the material of which the body
is composed:
C Q
c= =
m m∆T
• The heat energy needed to bring an object composed of a material
w/ s.h. c from T1 → T2 is

Q = mc(T f − Ti ).

R R Vf
• The work done on/by an ideal gas is W = − pdV = − Vi
pdV. From
this we have the follow special cases:

1. For isochroic (đẳng tích) processes, W = 0.

1
2. For isobaric (đẳng áp) processes, W = −p(V f − Vi ).
Vf
3. For isothermal (đẳng nhiệt) processes , W = −nRT ln .
Vi
1
4. For adiabatic (đoạn nhiệt) processes, W = (p f V f − pi Vi ),
γ−1
where γ is called the ratio of specific heats.
5. The theorem of equipartition of energy: When the # of molecules
is large, the average energy per molecule is kT
2
for each indepen-
dent degree of freedom. This means that
3 3
– For monoatomic gasses, Eint = NkT = nRT (3 transla-
2 2
tional axes)
5 5
– For diatomic gasses, Eint = NkT = nRT (3 translational
2 2
axes + 2 rotational axes)
– For polyatomic gasses Eint = 3NkT = 3nRT (3 translational
axes + 3 rotational axes)
6. The internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temper-
ature.
7. Molar (isothermal) heat capacicty Cv is defined by

Q ∆Eint
Cv = = .
n∆T n∆T

8. Molar (isobaric) heat capacicty Cp is defined by

Cp = Cv + R.

E23-10

a. ∆Eint = 30J =⇒ W = −6 J
b. = −∆Eint − W = −43 J.
c. Eint, f = 40 J.
d. For ib, Q = 0
∆Eint,ib = 22 − 10 = 12J, Eint,b f = 18J. As b f is isobaric,
Qb f = 18J and Qib = Qib f − Qi f = 18J.

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