Republic of the Philippines

PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY

Camarines Sur

MODULE 4
SIGNATURE IDENTIFICATION

Name of Students___________________________________ Week Number 8______

Course Code: FOR4 Name of Faculty: Shirlene S Esplana
Course Title: Questioned Document Examination

I. OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:

1. Differentiate the genuine and forge signature and its features.

2. Discuss the methods used in forgery
3. Perform the techniques and steps in questioned signature examination

II. LESSON

1. What is signature
2. What is genuine signature
3. What is a forgery
4. Discuss the methods used in forgery
5. Perform the techniques and steps in questioned signature examination

III. ACTIVITIES

Introduction

Questioned signatures suspected as being forgeries are the more types of handwriting
identification cases and play important roles in many criminal cases over the years.

A person's handwriting has long been recognized as a form of human identification, the
reason why people are required to sign important documents such as checks, wills, deeds
and contracts. The document in which the person affixed his signature or "mark" tends to
show and confirms authenticity, authority. credibility to a document, while a typed name
does not prove a person’s identity. A hand written signature provides "proof" that the
person wrote or is in agreement with the document.

When the fundamental habit of one's writing behaviors without the combination of speed,
fluency, and rhythm, it could be suspected as good imitation or forgery. Forgery may be
produced by the forger under various processes. It may range from the mere writing of
the name without any attempt to resemble the genuine signature, or simulate or trace to
produce a close resemblance or facsimile of the genuine signature.

Another type of a questioned signature is a deliberately altered signature. This type of

questioned signature is accomplished when a person signs a document making some
obvious changes, usually in one major letter form, then claims it is not his signature.

Still, another type of document fraud is the "cut and paste". This is done where the person
takes a genuine signature from a genuine document and photo- copies it onto a fraudulent
document.
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur

Signatures are usually the most practiced, and therefore the most "automatic" or habitual
of one's writing behaviors. Good signatures usually exhibit One's best level of writing skills
and fine motor control. If written with a com- bination of speed, fluency, and deft
fluctuations of pen pressure in the habitual manner of that person, a well written signature
is extremely difficult to successfully simulate. ( www.handwritingrorensics com/articles
html-18k). The basic principle in signature examination states that, "no two (2) genuine
signatures can be exactly alike", but such statement is considered to be true when
speaking microscopically, because by examining a great number of genuine signatures
of certain exceptional writer's signature, we can be find signatures which are nearly
identical.

Example:

Variations in every repeated specimen is obvious, as in the example illustrated above,

and these are to be considered natural variation in handwriting, since human person does
not function like duplicating machines which can have precision results.

Variations begin as soon as the writings begin and continuous till each writer Writes in
the way it seems best and easiest to him. Only young school children Write with
comparative uniformity because they have never used writing in a practical way, but even
then, they too do not learn to write exactly alike.

WHAT IS SIGNATURE

"Signature is the name of the person written by him/her in a document as a sign of

acknowledgment.
• Somebody's name written by him/her in a characteristic’s way;
• A distinctive mark, characteristic. or thing that identifies somebody.

WHAT IS GENUINE SIGNATURE

A genuine signature is a combination of limited number of letters and strokes that

compose the name of the author/writer.

Example:
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur

Because of its frequent use, it becomes almost automatic writing with many persons. With
those who do not write frequently, conscious writing act produces a more primitive writing
movement which of itself assumes identifying importance. Furthermore, in these
problems, there is a suspicion of forgery.

WHAT IS A FORGERY

Forgery is an intent to defraud; a legal term which involves not only a non- genuine
document but also an intent on the part of the maker to defraud. Outside of the courtroom
however, forgery is used synonymously with fraudulent signature or spurious
document.

Earmarks (Indications) Of Genuineness

To determine the genuineness of a questioned signature after it is compared with the

specimen signature, the following indicators are considered:

o Habitual speed of writing

o Firmness of strokes
o Degree of skill Fundamental muscular movement
o Natural variations, and
o Rhythm, coordination, continuity and precision

Indications Of Forgery

• Hesitations Unnatural pen lift

• Patching, careful retouching
• Tremors
• Uncertainty of movement
• Drawn quality devoid of free normal movement
• Lack of natural variations
• Blunt initial and terminal strokes
• Concealed junction connection Defective line quality Presence of indentation and
traces of carbon (in case of traced forgery)
• Presence of intercalations/interlineation

Common Types Of Non- Genuine Signatures

1) Simple or Spurious Signature - a fraudulent signature in which there was no

apparent attempt at simulation or imitation. It is a common form of forgery
encountered in fraudulent check investigation where person passing the check
depends on the surrounding circumstances, rather than upon the quality of the
Signature, for his success. (Source: Truth Verifier System, Inc.)

Simple or Spurious signature is slightly compared to Disguised Signature hereby

the writer introduced some disguised writing feature/s into a questioned signature,
with intent to possibly later disclaim it. (uww.andu.rtigfocusics cow.aticics n -18k.)

2) Traced Forgery -any fraudulent signature which was executed by actually

following the outline of a genuine signature with a writing instrument (Source: Truth
Verifier System, Inc.)
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur

Traced forgery is produced by a variety of means. A complete and exact replication

of a particular genuine signature, is Compelling evidence of it being a forgery,
because it is contrary to the principles of "natural variation". However, any
apparent partial replication of one letter or a series of several letters within a
signature compared to a potential model, should be assessed by the examiner,
allowing for the writer's range of variation found to be exhibited in signatures.
(www.handwritingforensics com/articles html-18k.)

There are three ways of accomplishing traced forgery and these are:
a) by the use of carbon paper
b) by use of pen, stylus, sharp instrument or the like without use of carbon
c) by the use of transmitted light

3) Simulated or Freehand Imitation Forgery - a fraudulent signature which was

executed purely by simulation rather than by tracing the outline of a genuine
signature can be referred to as a freehand imitation or simulated forgery. A forger
in this instance draws, not writing. (Source: Truth Verifier System, Inc.)

In simulated signature, the writer views a genuine signature as a model, as a

basis to "draw" or copy by hand while freehand forged signature, the forged
signature is purported to represent the signature of a particular person, but it was
written in the forger's normal handwriting, with no apparent attempt to copy any
likeness of that particular person’s signature. (www.handwritingtorensi
com/articles html-18k.)

Two ways of simulating a signature are:

a) use of actual model signature at hand
b) without use of an actual model signature at hand

Bases Of Forgery Examination

The following are the bases for forgery examination:

a. Line quality - irregular, laborious, shaky, lack of rhythm.

b. Size/Proportion - larger, wider, higher, inconsistent, different spacing after
gaps. Pen lifts - frequent lifts off paper
c. Angle/Slant - greater than 5-degree change, other hand slanting
d. Pen pressure heavier than usual
e. Circle formation more teardrop or egg-shaped, frequent counter clockwise
formations
f. Re-touching-formal signature used, often re-tracing strokes, foreign marks
present
g. Loop formation - wider spacing between, more squared, shorter, or broken
loops
h. Stroke formation - wider Ms and Ws, more squared or wedge-shaped stroke
i. Alignment changes in baseline habits, more downward slants from baseline
j. Diacritics - heavier t-crossings, an i-dots, position placement changes
k. Initial/terminal strokes - heavier pressure, blobbed, vertical position change
or slanting
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur

Basic Requirements In Qd Examination (Source: Pnp Crime Laboratory

Brochure)

A. Request

1. Document examination shall be based on written request from any investigating

agency of the government, court order and/or private requesting party, provided
that the latter has been approved by the Director, PNPCL

2. Documents previously examined by any competent agencies of the government

shall not be re-examined except when there is a court order

3. if the case is undergoing trial in court, disputed documents shall be examined

only upon order of the court having jurisdiction of the case.

B. Specimen To Be Submitted

1. Original documents
2. Contemporaneous date of the standard handwritings, maximum of five (5)
years before and after the execution of the questioned document
3. At least seven (7) standard signatures
4. Similar writing style (conventional to conventional, highly individualized to
highly individualized)

Admitted signature of Avelino S. Kalalang, III in Voters Affidavit with Serial No.
1917115 dated March 24, 1976 marked "S-" EQUIPMENTS/APPARATUS USED
- Stereoscopic microscope - Hand lens - Microscope - Photo macro lens Aver
Vision Document Camera, etc. . FINDINGS/OBSERVATIONS: Line quality
Questioned signatures marked "Q-1to Q-5" appears simulated and relaxed
handwriting strokes showing distance between letters, Stroke formation The last
letter of the name "Avelino" in the Standard Signatures marked "S-1" shows
constant heavy downward stroke, while in questioned signature marked "Q1" Etc
CONCLUSIONS/OPINION Based on the above findings, questioned signatures of
Avelino S. Kalalang Il appearing on the pages of Contract of Lease, Contract of
Sale with Right to Repurchase, Deed of Absolute Sale, correspondingly marked
"Q-I to Q-5" inclusive are forged by simulation and they are not the genuine
signatures of Mr. Avelino S. Kalalang, III. Q. D. EXAMINER

THE METHODS USED IN FORGERY

A. Traced Forgery- Carbon Process the forger places the document to be forged
on the bottom, 1nterleaves a piece of carbon paper and places on top a document
contain- ng a genuine signature. The forger then traces over the genuine signature
with a pencil, pen, stylus or other pointed instrument. The pressure of this over
tracing against the carbon paper imprints the signature outline in carbon on the
bottom document. If a blue carbon paper was used, the signature outline will
approximately be the line of a blue pencil. With a black carbon, it resembles a soft
lead pencil. This method is readily recognizable as this show slow, irregular
drawing execution. When retouched with pen and ink or pencil, it shows the double
tracks of the carbon outline and the ink or pencil strokes which were retouched.
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur

Illustration: (Courtesy of Truth Verifier Systems, Inc.)

The writings on the left are a traced Signature by carbon process of the known
Signature on the right. Signs of tracing along the lines are observable. Lighter
shading illustrates failure of the tracing hand to follow the details of the model
Signature.

2. Without Carbon -in this method, no carbon is interjected. The forger traces
usually with considerable pressure over the genuine signature using a pen, stylus
or similar instruments and creates an indented signature outline on the document
being forged. This is readily apprehended because of its slow un natural
executions, the presence of indentions and depressions (canal) and a lack of
precise coincidence between the indented signature outline and its over written
counterpart.

Illustration: Traced Signature by Indentation (Courtesy of Truth Verifier Systems,

Inc.)

The indented portions of the traced signature on the left of the genuine one can be
observed alongside lines of the strokes.

3. The use of transmitted light- the two documents are superimposed over a light
source on a flat surface. Among the trademarks of forgery through the use of
transmitted light are sluggish, unnatural executions, heavy and irregular
uncertainty.
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur

Illustrations: (Courtesy of Truth Verifier Systems, Inc.)

Signs of '"designing" or "drawing" or "tracing" is observable in the traced Signature

on the left because obviously, the tracing hand was following the projected design
of the genuine signature on the right.

TRACING is resorted to by a forger who lacks the necessary skill required in a

free-hand imitation (simulated forgery). In most cases, a traced forgery is a clumsy
one as it is usually a poor piece of work and the easiest to detect because it is not
actually a writing but a drawing (Source: Truth Verifier System, Inc.) Traced forgery
usually shows poor condition, hesitating quality of line, as shown by pen stops,
abnormal changes of direction of strokes, inconsistent pen pressure, and an
unnatural movement interruption in a more obvious manner than simu- lation,
suspicious pen lifts, disconnections and careful joining. Traced forgery will
probably be defective in one or more of the following particulars:
a. Natural movement, freedom and speed of writing
b. Quality of line of stroke
c. Pen-lifts, retouching and shading
d. Selection and date of model signature
e. Pencil, carbon or indention outline pointing to a tracing process
f. Practical identity of the questioned signatures or writing with a genuine model

B. Simulated Signatures

Two basic classes of forgery by simulations are:

1. The use of an actual model document to be forged. The forger copies with pen
or pencil his conception of the form of the genuine signature model in the manner
of the artist sketching from a live model. A studied simulation from a master model
signature embodies:
a. slow drawing movement
b. unnatural starts and stops
c. lack of rhythm
d. uncertainty of letter conformations
e. touches up strokes and patching

illustration: (Courtesy of Truth Verifier Systems, Inc.)

 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur

The forged signature on the left appears with labored and dead production, lacks
the life of a genuine writing as shown by the model signature on the right. The
forged signature also shows lack of free and graceful movement and the line
quality is broken and tremulous.

2. Without an actual model document at hand. - The forger relies for inspiration
on his recollection from past observation of the genuine signature he proposes to
imitate. Usually, simulations from memory are grossly inaccurate in Some
particular form which the forger is unable to recall with precision. There is
probability of greater variation from the letter formations of the signature being
imitated due to lapses in memory. The forger is enslaved to his model and is not
writign with his personal writing resources. He is not indulging the act of writing as
practiced and has no impetus to incorporate his own writing habits. These two
preceding sentences involve forging of signature with a visible model. In the
process of simulation from a mental signature image, the forger must divert to his
own handwriting habits to supplant incomplete recollection of the form of the
Signature being copied. For example, the forger of the signature "John Smith" may
have a clear recollection of the appearance of "John" and the capital "S" but be
very hazy when he approaches "mith". He is then impelled to rely in the latter
sequence to some degree on his own writing fundamentals.

SIMULATION, as well as tracing gives attention to conspicuous features of form

only and not to the many other details. Where form characteristic is not even good
enough as done by the forger, then forgery fails in the very elementary process

Writing which is strong, smoothly written freely and with skill cannot be reproduced
by a plodding (working laboriously) copying movement. Writing that is slow and
hesitating as produced by interrupted, changing movement impulse is more easily
imitated, for its manner of production is similar to that of imitation process.

The most basic and fundamental defect in forgery is not by the many divergence
in form, but is the quality of line or stroke showing tremors of fraud. hesitations,
stops and indications of a poor and defective line quality.

C Simple or Spurious Forgery

Simple type of forgery is commonly known as Spurious signature. The forger who
is confronted with the absence of a model signature will not attempt to produce a
facsimile of the genuine signature but merely signs the name Cither in his own
handwriting or in a modified (disguised) handwriting, and then devises ways and
means of passing the document for his own personal gain and profit before the
obvious fraud is detected. This is commonly used in "fictitious persons cases and
invariably used by the CHECK-THIEF who purloins, endorses and passes
government, corporation or company checks, or who procures printed check
forms, completes and endorses them with fictitious signatures in order to make
them pass as genuine.

Illustrations: (Courtesy of Truth Verifier Systems, Inc.)

 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur

In the absence of a model signature, the forger Signs in his own handwriting which
is entirely different from the genuine signature on the right.

PERFORM THE TECHNIQUES AND STEPS IN QUESTIONED SIGNATURE

EXAMINATION

Techniques Used In Examination Of Questioned Signatures

Stereoscopic Microscope

The use of stereoscopic microscope detects retouching, patching and un natural

pen lift in signature analysis. Using the stereoscopic microscope with proper angle
and intensity of illumination aids in the decipherment of erasures. Some minute
manipulation, such as defects in stroke structures, alignment of strokes, tremors,
hesitations, pen jumps and inequality of writing strokes, and the sequence of
entries clone by different writing instrument, discovers over- lapping of line, uneven
distribution of ink, Overwriting, fraudulent addition interlineations, and pencil
outline of forged signatures.

Shadow Graph Machine

This machine is useful in both signatures, handwriting and type writing

Shadowgraph Machine analysis because it enlarges minute details as much as
20x without ocular piece.

Transmitted Light Examination

The use of this technique helps the examiner to determine the presence of
erasures, matching of serration and some other types of alterations in the
document

Indirect Lighting Equipment

(Oblique Light Examination)

Oblique light examination is the proper technique to be used in decipherment of

faded handwritings, erased entries in the document, determination of outlines in
traced forgery, embossed impressions, and viewing watermark and other element
of characters in the document.

Photographic Examination

Reproduction of the document through photograph supplements the microscope

by recording what is seen by the magnifying lens such as the uneven distribution
of ink in retouching can be visible, erased portion and pen jumps. Relatively, the
enlargement of documents in question is in preparation of comparison chart for
court presentation whenever the examiner renders expert opinion

Ultra Violet (UV) Examination

The use of ultra violet light is essential in documents which consist several pages
and substitution is being suspected. This is also useful in examining type - writer
ribbon, and detects differences between genuine and counterfeit bills, strip stamps,
and labels in merchandize. This type of examination is done in a darkroom after
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur

the lamp has been warmed up in order to give a maximum output of the ultraviolet
light. The duration of exposing the document to ultra violet light should be to the
minimum to avoid fading of some writing ink and typewriter ribbon.

Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA)

This apparatus is good and useful in detecting indention/indented writings on a

document, and records transparencies of any indentations.

Video Spectral Comparator (VSC)

This comparator is useful in the examination of marked or obliterated text,

watermarks, visible fluorescence, paper fluorescence and oblique illumination of
indented writing and embossing. Detects variation in the infrared characteristics of
inks; reveals alterations by eliminating interfering background luminescence. By
the use of appropriate filters, background or other strokes can be eliminated.

Hand Lens Examination

In almost all questioned document examination, hand lens is commonly utilized in

aid to examination because it is a convenient instrument to handle. It enlarges the
size of the letter or character for the clear view of the examiner

Suggested Steps In The Examination Of Questioned Signatures

Some individuals use at least three (3) classes of signatures:

1. Formal, complete, correct signature - signatures used for an important document

such as wills and marriage contracts.

2. Informal, cursory signature - used for routine documents and personal

Correspondence.

3. Careless scribble - usually used for the mail carrier, delivery boy and the
autograph collector.

A questioned signature maybe compared and concluded as being by the same

writer, when specimen of known signatures shows absence of fundamental
differences and the compelling presence of numerous significant similarities of
both common and unusual features are sufficient to exclude the likelihood of the
similarities. All writers are affected in lesser or in greater degree by injuries to their
writing member:
o Illness
o advancing age
o radical changes in writing incidence
o excitement, hurry, unusual writing positions
o unaccustomed writing implements
o missing spectacles,
o intoxication,
o irritability.
o heavy medication and intentional deception

These ramifications of signatures at times will impede but they will not mislead the
investigator who ensures that such ramifications routinely receive intelligent
thorough consideration. The thorough investigator will weigh carefully the
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur

circumstances which attended the signing of any evidential document and he will
apply those circumstances to the evidential signature continuously in his appraisal
of it and his comparisons thereof with admitted and proved signatures.

An evidential signature is not simply a signature. It is a signature, signed at a

particular time and place, under particular conditions while the signer Was
at a particular age, a particular physical and mental condition, using particular
implements and with a particular reason and purpose for recording his name.
These circumstances must be an integral part of the evidential signature.

A genuine signature expresses a combination of characteristics which are

completely consistent with the natural conditions surrounding the signing
0T document by its rightful owner, a combination of characteristics which are
incompatible with the state of mind and hand which produce forgery.

To compare signatures, the document examiner will usually need the original of
the questioned signature and require an adequate sample (specimen) or
contemporaneous known signatures for comparison purposes. Details of the
Specimen signatures and questioned signature will be analyzed, noted and com-
pared under suitable magnification and enlarged before arriving at a reasoned
conclusion as to the authenticity of the document. The stereoscope and
specialized forensic document apparatus will be used and the whole questioned
document be examined for evidence of forgery or authenticity. After this process
the examiner then prepares a comprehensive report of the findings including
preparation of signature comparison chart that illustrates the significant points of
similarity or difference observed during the examination, in support of the expert's
findings.

There are occasions when a competent examiner is unable to express any

conclusive opinion as to the writer of a questioned signature, or he will only express
a limited conclusion. The limitations may be are due to problem of unavailability
of the original questioned document, or either insufficient sample or unsuitable
specimen signatures for comparison.

An expert who capably presents detailed findings and combines visual illustrations
with the factors and reasoning behind his opinion, assists the court to appreciate
the scientific document evidence with their own eyes in the process of coming to
their own judgment. (www.handwritingforensics.com/articles html-18k.) Signature
in a document must be examined exhaustively and scrutinized in every detail to
avoid error in judgment.

The following steps are recommended in the examination of signatures.

Step 1 - Place the questioned and the standard signatures in ajuxta position or
side-by-side for a simultaneous viewing of the various elements and
characteristics.

Step 2- The first element to be considered is the handwriting movement or the

manner of execution (slow, deliberate, rapid. etc.). The fundamental difference
existing between a genuine signature and an almost perfect forgery is the manner
of execution.

Step 3 - Second element to examine is the quality of line - the presence of tremors,
smooth, fluent or hesitation. Defect in line quality is only appre- ciated when
simultaneous viewing is made.
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur

Step 4- Examine the beginning and ending lines. They are very significant.
Determine whether the appearance blunt, club-shaped, tapered or vanishing. Step

5 - Examine and compare the design and structural spacing.

Step 8 Do not rely so much in the similarity or difference of the capital letters, for
these are often changed according to the will of the writer.

Step 9- Mark with black arrow points of similarities and mark with red arrows, points
of dissimilarities.

IV. ASSESSMENT

ACTIVITY: Laboratory Exercise 4-A - Methods Used in Forger Instruction: You will
provide materials such as carbon paper and stylus to be used in performing
different methods of forgery.

ACTIVITY: Laboratory Exercise 4-B- Worksheet: Examination of Questioned

Signature Instructions: Submit at least 7 standard signatures which will be
exchanged with your classmates.

Teacher prepares a fictitious bank check with forged (traced, simulated or spurious
signature) or authentic signature which will be marked as "Q1" and distribute to
students for examination.

Photograph questioned and standard signatures for proper examination,

evaluation and determination of conclusion. Students prepare a worksheet for this
activity.

Format Examination Report

Questioned Signature

SUBJECT: Results of the examination of the Questioned Signature of Norbert

Bryan E. Esplana appearing in the Contract of Lease. Contract of Sale with Right
to Repurchase and Deed of Absolute Sale

REQUESTING PARTY: Norbert Bryan E. Esplana

DATE RECEIVED: June 6, 2020

PURPOSE OF EXAMINATION: To determine whether the signature of Norbert

Bryan E. Esplana in the document correspondingly marked "Q-1 to "Q-5*" inclusive
as appearing in the pages of Contract of Lease, Contract of Sale with Right of
Repurchase and Deed of Absolute Sale are authentic/genuine or not.

SPECIMEN SUBMITTED:

A. QUESTIONED SIGNATURE(S)

1. Questioned Signature of Norbert Bryan E. Esplana in the Contract of Lease,

Dated May 25, 1964 and May 25, 1965 marked "Q-1" and "Q-2" inclusive
 Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY
Camarines Sur

2. Questioned Signature of Norbert Bryan E. Esplana in the Contract of Sale with

Right to Repurchase dated April 20, 1984, and September 24, 2006 marked "Q-3"
and "Q-4" inclusive.

3.Questioned Signature of Norbert Bryan E. Esplana in the Deed of Absolute Sale

dated August 14, 2007, marked "Q-5".

B. STANDARD SIGNATURES

1. Admitted signature of Norbert Bryan E. Esplana in the Deed of Sale with

installment dated February 16, 2013 marked "S-1" 2. Admitted signature of Norbert
Bryan E. Esplana in Voter's Affidavit with Serial No. 0420 dated Decem-ber 7,
1972, marked "S-2"

V. REFERENCE

1. Albert S. Osborn. Questioned Documents. Second Ed., Nelson Hall,

Inc.,1989. p. 585
2. Casingham RC. The Dvorak Keyboard (1986); Mares, George C. The History
of the Typewriter (1985). Copyright (c) Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc.
3. Duno, Joenard C. and Efondo, Violeta C. Handbook in Questioned Document
Examination with Laboratory Manual. 2021. Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc.
Quezon City
4. Manlusoc, Ariel C. Questioned Document., PCCR College of Criminology
5. Mendoza, Gregorio B. Forensic Laboratory Manual. Questioned Document
Examination. 2020. Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc. Quezon City
6. Panganiban & Varona, Questioned Document Examination, Hazard Safety &
Security Equipment. p. 2
7. Sorra, Mely E. 2011, FORGED or GENUINE? A Questioned Document
Handbook, Wiseman’s Book Trading, Inc., Quezon City
8. Sulner, Hannah F. Disputed Document
9. https://www.westernforensicdocumentexaminer.com/document-forgery/
10. Criminalistics Investigation. PNP Lecture