Li rocscience RS2 User Guide Adding Support 1.0 Introduction ‘This model represents a horseshoe shaped tunnel with approximately §-meter span, tobe excavated in heavily jointed rack. The rock is described as blocaylseamy. of poor quality, and wil requir supporto prevent collapse. In this first stop of the Support tutorial (Section and 3), the models analyzed without support. Soth etastic and Plastic analyses ae performed, Inthe second part ofthe tutorial Sections 4 and 5), the mode! analyzed with various forms of support + Bolts only + Bolts and shoterete + Bolts and shoterete in conjunction with load spitting 12MPa 8 MPa ‘external boundary expansion factor = 3 2.0 Compute Select: File > Recent Folders > Tutorial Folder and select the Adaing Support Part 1 Elastic ie from the Support folder BB fsetece araysis> Compute 3.0 Results and Discussion Part 1: Elastic and Plastic (no support) Ins st: Analysis > InterpretLi rocscience Inthe Contour Options aslog + Enter Number of intervals = 7, Mods ied with Lines), select Dons, + Add some Contour Labels. as shown nthe figure below (Tools > Add Tool Label Contour. "Shy Ghisae tesa) areal I Cena Cries rte the Cures Shee ee Cee tus El Strength factor represents the ratio of avaiable rock mass strengtn to induced stress ata given point. Thereisalarge zone of overstess surrouncing the tunnel. All the rock winin the contour marked 1 has.a strength factor less chan 7 (based on the elastic analysis results} and wil fal left unsupported. Seloct Tools > Delete Al Tools te delete the contour lable Soloct Total Displacement from the dropdown menu inthe toolbar Zoomin and toggle the displacement vectors on TH]setect:2o0m Excavation on the toibar Select: View > Display Options Inthe Display Options cialog, toggle Deformation Vectors on Enter ecole factor of 10 as follows, and select done.Li rocscience Tysons Tronates Bisse Demertetee Dlscemeararee Dees | Elscomennvears eee Betirat Pires Bene tsb terete (Oe, ae age sete Fetr Chere SETS eve Getacwe omnes lsartvontentes —saeraom: [3] Diratrenasame = Drarengerscisom —cnverw ace Dseree 3) mare ‘The elastic disp'acements show an inward dsplacement of te tunne! walls, as wel as a sigalicant floor heave. This clastic analyss shows thatthe region of oversress is significant. Mode! (Plastic Analysis. no support) Let's dotine the rock mass tobe plastie and re-run the analy: [Bi] sect Properties > Dotne MateraLi rocscience re rm cen at 5 fee Toggle the Material Type to Plastic. Enter residual "mb" ands parameters equalto the peak parameters; this defines the material as ideally elastic-plastic (eno strength drop once yields reached), Select OK. [ed $2ve ana] compute tne mode (adding Support Part 1 Plast then open interpret. View the Strength Factor contours by selecting Strength Factor from the drop-down menuin the toolbar Notice the entire region around the excavation has a strength factor of approximately 1. For aplastic analyss, when failure (yelding) occurs, the strength factors, by definition, equa to one, whereas in an elastic anslyss the strength ‘actor can go below one as hypothetical measure of overstess. i > Turn on Vielded Elements to view the failure zone ina plastic model ‘The number of yielded elements wil be displayed the statusbar (553 yielded finite elements Observe the zone of plastic yleding IK = shear fate, O = tensile falc) around the excavation zoom in as necessary Notice tat the yielded zone roughly corresponcs with the zone of strength factor <1 from the slastc analysis, with {ditional propagation beyond this mit. as expected from aplastic analysis “Toggle the cisplay of yielded elomonts off Lets took at plastic eisplacements, Setect Total Disp'acement from the drop-down menui the toolbar.Li rocscience ‘overall maximum displacement is accurting nthe tloor ofthe tua. Toggle the deformation vectors on: + Select: Viow > Display Options on Vectors ON + Inthe Disp'ay Options lalog. toggle Deforms + Entera Scale Factor of 5 + Select Do [Eipsrct zoom scaaton onthe tar ‘The first step inthe “Support Tutorial” (mode! without support) snow complete, 4.0 Compute Part 2: Plastic Analysis with Support Select File > Recent Folders > Tutorial Folder and select the Adding Support Part 2 fle trom the Support folder this ‘modal, racial aray of Sm long pattern bots were installed ona 1x1 meter grid spacing. Boks were added by selecting Support > Ac Bolt Bolt properties were defined by selecting Properties > Define Gols. For ational information about adcing bolts to amiode) visit the RS2 User Manual - Bolts topic.Lu rocscience enteral boundary expansion facior = 3 ca auumoin [> _E Onmtomett oe eames [FI Cost temerea aed * = Ondefortenms ie fe 5.0 Results and Discussion Part 2: Plastic Analysis with Support [Bh Select Anatysis> Interpret Lets view tne strength factor contours by selecting Strength Factor from the drop-down menu inthe toolbar, [EE = Tum on Yielded Eloments. Te number of yielded elements willbe displayed in the status bar. ‘The yielded zono, based on the extont and location ofthe yielded elements, s not discerniby diferent rom the Unsupported yelé zone. However, the numberof yielded fnte elements decreased from 553 (unsupported to 818 (vot support, Lets check for yielding in the bots: + Select the Vielded Bolts button in the Display toolbar, ~ + The yielded bot elements willbe highlighted inrec’and the number of yee elements willbe cisplayedin the status bLi rocscience ‘Almost ll the bolts have yielded, as shown by the bot sections highlighted in yeliow. This indicates tensile falure of bolt element. Remember that "bolt elements" for uly bonded bolts are defined by the intersections of bolts with the frit alements. ‘Almost all the bolts have yielded, as shown by the bolt sections highlighted in yeliow, This incates toni falure of a bolt element. Remember that “bolt elements" for uly bonded bolts are defined by the intersections of bolts wth the fine elements. Bolt elements can be displayed withthe Display Options dialog Tiss left as an optional step. \Wnen the bot properties were defined, a residual bolt capacity equal tothe peak bolt capacity was selected ‘Thotefore, aven though the baits have reached thelr ylelé capacty they stil provide support Let s look tthe effect ofthe bolts on the clsplacement, Select Tota Displacement from the drop-down menuin he teolner ‘The maximum displacements indicated in the status ba. ‘Compares tothe unsupported excavation, the clsplacements have been slighty reduced. Shoterete must be addes to provide additional support tothe tunnel ‘Model (plastic analysis with bolts and shoterste) From interpret, switch back to Mode! ‘Adding @ Liner Let tine the tunnel with shoter (H soect: zoom €xcaration onthe toolbar (7 = Select: Supgort> Add Liner “Len the Add Line clislog appears, select OK, ‘ies 7x lesen ineLu rocscience indicated by the thick bue line segments around the excavation boundary. \Wnenever tne model requires multiple adjacent boundary segments tobe lined, tis always best to use a selection window to ensure al desired segments are selected, Liner Propert Now define the shoterete, 2 propertis. The properties wil corsponc to a 200 mm thick ayo of ste IF tatece opertes > Det Liners me: [Bt cir IS) rere: Ba ¥ arse) am] Ohana tine Oat @ rate Lire neti tsine comeane sgh pe 3] oem = corer rer ea 3) Oreveerrs eae ste os 7a reer Tee Sen et Pa ee sree Pees ‘Sot Name = Shoterete, Young's Modulus = 3000 MPa, Poisson's Ratio = 0.25, and select Material Typ Since the liner properties were entered wth the frst iner type selected itis not necessary to assign these properties to theliner a they ae automaticaly assigned tothe liner elements Lersre-runthe analysis. [ig] |Save this as anew fe calle Adsing Support Part 2 Linerfez (Make sur to Select Save ‘As and not Save, othe program wil overwrite he previous ie [Hilconpie tne newt {Interpret (olastic analysis with bolts and shoterete liner From Mossl switch back 9 Interpret. Now lot's sev how the addition ofthe shoterete liner affected the strength factor and yild ng Solect Stwength Factor from the drop-down menu inthe toolbar “The extent ofthe region encompassed by the contour of strength factor = 2Is now considerably reduced. Let's dos ect comparison of the three files onthe same screen, 1. Ensure that Adding Support Part 1 Plastiofez, Adding Support Part 2fez and Adding Support Part 2 Lnerfee files are open 2.Now tile the thee views using the Tile Vortcaly button inthe toolbar. 3 Display the Strength Factorn each view. 4 Select Zoom Excavation in each view (6).Li rocscience “7. iNthe legenas are displayed. toggle them off gnt-clek ona Legend and select Hide Legench £8. The screen shoud appear as below. Note: the ordor ofthe threo views isnot as shown in the above figure, then cick conscutlvely inthe support ‘support and support2 views, and e-ile the view Observe the effect of support onthe strength factor contours and the yielded element zone Its apparent that pattern bottng alone nas minimal eect, whereas the application af ashoterete ier in conjunction with the patter batting has been effective in reducing falure around the tunnel. “Maximize the view ofthe le supported with boks and ner fle Toggle the display of yielded elements off by re-selecting the Velded Elements button inthe toolbar, Let's check fer yielding in the bots ~ Select Yielded Bolts button inthe toolbar ‘Agsin. most ofthe bots have yielded. as shown by the bolt sections highlighted in yellow. The status bar indicates the total number of yielded bot elements ‘The number of yielded bolt elements was decreased by the presence ofthe liner ‘Toggle off the csplay of yielded bot elements. Lets took at yielding in the liner inthe same manner as yeicing in the bots © -|Select:Vieldes Liners button nthe Display toolbar ‘The status bar wil indicate the number of yielded liner elements. (G} select zoom seaationontne took ‘The yieled nr elements highlighted in reg, are concentrated a: the upper right, ower ft and floor ofthe tunnel Lets closely examine the stresses near the yielded liner elements, Select Sigma from the drop-down meni the toolbar. There are high stress concentrations at the bottom lef ofthe tunnel which yielded some liner elements This has caused the model to not achiove convergence within the set max numberof terations on te lastload stop as shown inthe engine lg fle (Anaiysis> Log fie), Since the model did converge forthe cases without ner support the ‘overall rock and bolt resuts can be compared between tne three cases of no support bolt support only and bolt nd liner support as non-convergence i only due to the yielding ofthe new liner elements, Additionally the made! could achieve convergence forall but the very lat load step. Non-convergence indicates thatthe liner is ncapable of sustaining the entire change in stress assuming the support is installed immediately after tunnel excavation where noLu rocscience sseecuny une neaeu Lners buLON UNE OIDs, rage UWE YEN OH FIGNI-CHER OT Leen ane sEELL IE Legend) Fally e's lookat the displacements after adding the ine. Select Total Displacement from the drop-down menuin the tooloar ‘The maximum total dsplacement is indicated inthe status bar “The combination of bolts and shotcrete has reduced the maximum displacement to about haf ofthe unsupported value. Select View> Display Options Inthe Display Options dialog, toggle Deformation Vectors on Enter scale factor of 10 and select done. [As can be geen from the contours and the displacement vectors, the maximum displacements stil occurring inthe oor ofthe tunnel. This suggests the casting of a thicker concrete slab on the tunne! floor, however we wil not be ‘xaloring tis further n this tutor An optional exer'se i to experiment wth changing the thickness ofthe liner on ‘the loa ofthe tunnel to, for example, 300 mm) Its eft as an optional exercise to display the Total Displacement contours and Deformation Vectors forthe Adding ‘Support Part 1 Plastic fez, Adsing Support Part 2fex ang Adding Support Part 2 Lnerfez fies, to obtain the figure below. Hints: 1-Tile anc:z00m the views as described earier for the strengt” factor contours. 2. When deplaying the deformation vectors for each view, use a Scale Factor of the Display Options dlslog) Show Values ‘The Show Values option allows the user to display analysis results for bolts liners, andjoins either graphically or ‘humeral, rectly onthe modo. Maxime tne view ofthe Adging Support Part 2 Linerez fle Press F to Zoom Excavation. {U> -|Right-ctick on the tiner and select Show Values > Show Values Options.Lu rocscience : savers a ow Cees eh Clue altos eee OO] renee! I] sone cine a stent tae) Goer Cm Cte © [al] per omen Emma ieimmnies | ened ncrae ita rao our coe [OH | i a Inthe Show Values dialog + Select Liners check bax> Axia Force, + Select Display > Bars check box, uncheck Lines. + Set: Size of largest value of al stages) = 25 mm + Select OK, Graphical “bars” representing the axial forcein each liner element should now be splayed drecty on the model, as shown inthe figure below. The Min and Max values of Axal Force areas displayed. ‘The following additional steps were used to obtain the igure above 1LIn Contour Options, set the contour Mode to OF 2.In Display Options, tum off Excavation Boundaries and Bats Note: Show Values options ae also accessible through the rightclick menu. Rightclcking on aliner, belt or jolt. the popu menu willpravdea Show Values sub-menu, with dract access toalthe applicable data and cispiay options. ‘Modo (plastic analysie with bolts and shoterate in conjunction with load epiting: Ensure thatthe Adcing Support Part 2 Ler fle view is selected, before switching back to Model Load Spitting: ‘The previous analyses inthis tutorial (e pattern bolt support only and combined pattem boltishoterete support) {assumed thatthe support was installed immecately after excavation and that no csplacement takes place prior tothe installation of supportLu rocscience ‘seuyeu nstsiguon oF Suppor. mn ns spe Exar 1 wn Be BONE OHO 1 Astaged models requires to enable Load Spliting, Set: Number of Stages = 2in Project Settings. 2. Using the Load Spllting option the Load Spt willbe defined as 30% in Stage 1 and 70% in Stage {3 The support (bolts and ner} willthen be installed in Stage 2, rather shan Stage 1 Effectively this allows some deformation to take place in Stage 1 (efore supports installed), and then the support Installed Stage 2 can espondto the remainder ofthe fd stress induced load “The first step towards including load spliting in a modelis to st the Number of Stagos in Project Settings. NN ‘Solect: Analysis > Project Settings Pre Stnse = ante sage [FE] hota gee te — i. = * “sewetredcam | [2898 = —— 2 sage? . Set: Number of Stage and gelect OK. Now enter the Load Spit information: Select: Loading > Load Spit tena erasetse a 7 Inthe Losa Spit dialog + Select the Enable Load Spit check box + Enter Spit Factor = 03 for Stage 1 and Split Factor = 0.7 fo Stage 2 + Select OK, ‘The 0.3/0.7 load spit assumes that 30% ofthe field stress induced load has been rellevedby displacement ofthe ‘excavation soundaries before the supports installed, These load split factors can be estimated from a plot such as. shown inthe 252 Axisymmetric Analys's Tutorial based on how close the support can be installed to the advancing face of the tunnel. Intalling the Support Select the Materials and Staging workfiw tab.Li rocscience vomnstansne support ar stage 1. Moke sure the Stage 2 tab is selected fat the bottom eft ofthe view! Inthe Assign dialog, select Bots from thelist atthe top ofthe dialog, and then select the Insta button 2. Press F2ta Zoom Al 4.Use the mouse to click and drag a selection window enclosing allthe boksin the model 5. The bolts should naw be selected Right-click the mouse and select Done Selection, or press Enter. The bolts are now instaledin Stage 2 6.Now select Liners from the listin the Assign dialog and select the Install butt 7. Press F6 to Zoom Excavation {.Use the mouse to click and drag a window enclosing the entre excavation Allth ner elements onthe excavation boundary should now be selocted, 8. Right-click the mouse and select Done Selection, or aress Enter. The entire liners now installed in Stage 2. 10.Close the Assign dialog by selecting the Xin the dla'og or press Escape twice (once to ext the install mode. anc ‘once to close the clog), "Now verify the staging ofthe support. Select the Stage 1 tab. Te bolts and liner should appear in aight blue colour indicating that they are NOT INSTALLED in Stage 1. Select the Stage 2 tab. The bolts and liner should appear inthe dark blue colour indicating that they are insted in Stage 2. Compute {efore analyzing the mode! let's save this as a newfie called Ading Support Part? Load Spltingfez. (Make sure to select Save As and not Save, or the program overwrite the Adding Support Part 2 Liner.ez fie Comoute: ye model Interpret (olastic analysis with bolts and shoterete,In conjunction with oad splitting): Ip Setoce Anoysis> interpret Select Stage 2tab to view the effect of oad spitting onthe results of the analysis. Select Strength Factor from the ‘drop-down menu in the toolbar. THE © Select: Vietded Elements button in the Display toolbar. ‘There are now more yielded finte elements than before the load split ‘Strongth factor contours and yoidad zone are essontally the sam as prior tothe load spt thisis ante load spit was not expected to havea significant etfecton the strength facto. asthe Toggle the display of yelded sloments off by e-selectng the Vielded Elomants button, = Select Yieldea Bots ‘The status bar now indicates the number of yelded bok elements ‘The numberof yielded bott elements is substantial reduced because ofthe load spl, rom 194 before the lad spit 0157. This isthe primary resut of interest from the load splteng analysis. ‘Similar, check the yielding in © -|Select:ieldes Liner ‘The numberof yilded liner elements signfeanty less when compared to before the load sn. Thoload spt has nearly eiminated yielding inthe ine Additonal the model now achieves convergence within the set max number ofLi rocscience Select Total Displacement from the drop-down menu in the toolbar to view displacements. ‘The maximum displacements shown inthe status bar. The dsplacoment contours and deformation vectors are essential the same as porto the loa split. Insummary It should be emphasized that the primary effect ofthe load spittingin this example was to decrease Yielding in the liner and the bots, thus improving the modeling of suppor. By allowing some unsupported deformation to take place inthe fst stage, we have traded aff some increased yield ofthe rock mass, for decreased yieldin the support Solect the Stage 1 tab and view Total Displacements. ‘The maximum displacements shown inthe status bar. ‘Compare tis witn the maximum displacement ater the final (second) stage. Based on tese numbers only. the proportion of the aisplacement taking place in the frst stage is approximately 30%. Thisis in ood agreement withthe load spit of 30/70. Better agreement than tis should not be expected asthe analysis is plastic and there is only one rhumber for comparison. Ths concept further ilustrates the significance of using the load split option in RS2. Alternative methods to Load Spliting For the simulation of 3-cimensionalettcts in tunnel support design, other methods are avaliable n RS2 which are ‘mote accurate than the laa split method, These involve material softening and core replacement and are discussed I the 3D Tunnel Simulation and Tune Lining Design Tutorial “The material softeninglcore replacement approach is the recommended method of simulating 3-cimensional tunneling effects with RS2 and nas superseded the load epi method Botts “Thus fr, the nature ofthe bots installed has not been discussed. However, based an the modulus of 200,000 MPa, it canbe assumed that solid steel dowels were used + Lets change the bolt modulus to 75,000 MPa as the estimated stitfness ofa sever-strand steel cable, + Re-un the analysis, Keeping all other model parameters the same asin the load spit example. The strength factor and dsplacement results ae noary identical when compared tothe results using the original 200,000 MPa bolts. The major ctference 's that bot yielding has been greatly reduces Bot Modulus Maximum Displacement Number of Yielded Bolt Elements 200.000 Mpa 0.060 m 187 7,000 Mpa 0.060 m 7 ‘This suggests that solid stee! dowee may be toe si for this very weak and hight stressed rock mass, The high stifness othe reinforcementis nat compatible with the large pastic ean which occur near the excavation boundary and which resut in overstressing of the dowel4yout bond. The less sti cables provide an almost identical ‘support load (n terms of te extant to wnich the plastic zone is restricted and the deformations ae limited} tthe ‘routed dowel, but he cablelgrout bond is not overstressed to neatly the same extent as forthe dowel. ‘This concludes the Ading Support Tutorial