FDN 1202

Introduction to Computers
Computers and communication

Malithi Jayasooriya
By Isuri Uwanthika
What is a network?
 A computer network consists of two or more
computers, and typically other devices as well (such as
printers, external hard drives, modems and routers), that
are linked together by using a transmission media,
so that they can communicate with each other and
there by exchange commands and share data,
hardware and other resources.
 The devices on anetwork are referred to as nodes.

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Components of network
 Computer system with network card
 Transmission media / Communication channel
 Communication software
 Networking devices
 Data / Information
 Networked / Shared resources
 Users

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Transmission Media
 Is a pathway that carries the information from sender to
receiver.
 Data is transmitted normally through electrical or
electromagneticsignals.
 Electrical signal in the form of current.
 Electromagnetic signal is series of electromagnetic
energy pulses at various frequencies.

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 TransmissionMedia

Wired / Guided Wireless / Unguided

Twisted Coaxial Optical

pair Cable fibers

Radio Infrared
Microwave
waves

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Transmission Media
 Wired or GuidedMedia
 Are the cables that are tangible or have physical
existence and are limited by the physical geography.
 E.g. co-axial cable, twisted pair cable and fiber
optical cable

 Wireless or UnguidedMedia
 The ways of transmitting data without using any
cables.
 E.g. Microwave, Radio wave, Infrared

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Transmission media
• Home work
– Fill in the blanks
Guided Media Types
Media Type Description Advantages Disadvantages
Twisted pair cable

Coaxial cable

Fiber optic cables

Unguided Media Types

Radio waves

Microwave

Infrared
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Transmission media
 The data transmission capabilities of various medias vary
differently depending upon following factors.

 Bandwidth: Data carrying capacity of a medium.

 Radiation: Leakage of signal from the medium due
to undesirable electrical characteristics of the
medium.
 Noise Absorption: Susceptibility of the media to
external noise that can cause distortion of datasignal.
 Attenuation: The amount of energy lost depends on
frequency.

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Types of Networks
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
 Is a computer network organized around an individual
person within a single building.
 This could be inside asmall office or residence.
 Atypical PAN would include one or more
computers, telephones, devices, video game console
and other personal entertainment devices.

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Types of Networks
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
 If multiple individuals use the same network within
a residence, the network is sometimes referred to as a
home area network (HAN)

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Types of Networks
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 A network that serves users within a confined area
such asa building.
 Very useful for sharing resources, such as data storage
and printers.
 A LAN typically relies mostly on wired connections
for increased speed and security.
 If a LAN is entirely wireless, it is known as wireless
local area network (WLAN)

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Types of Networks
 Local Area Network (LAN)

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Types of Networks
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Types of LAN
 Peer to peer : All computers on the network
communicate and share resources directly with one
another.

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Types of Networks
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Types of LAN
 Client Server : Consist of clients – computers
requesting for files or applications, and server(s) that
provide applications and services to another
computers (clients)

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• Intranet : This is referred to a private network that can be
accessed only by company staff to share data, share
resources and communicate with each other.
• Extranet : A particular type of intranet connectively
in which company employees connected with partners,
vendors and suppliers that are authorized to use the
network.

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Types of Networks
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 A computer network across an entire city, college
campus or small region.
 A MAN is often used to connect several LANs
together to form abigger network.
 When this type of network specially designed for a
college campus, it is referred to as a campus area
network (CAN)

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Types of Networks
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Occupies a very large area, such as entire
country or the entireworld.
 A WAN can contain multiple smaller networks
such as LAMs or MANs.
 The Internet is the best-known example of public
WAN.

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 Internet : Is a global network connecting millions of
computers. It is a network of networks that’s operate
using a standardized set of communication protocols
called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol)

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What is an IP address?
 Every machine on anetwork has aunique identifier.
 Just as you would address a letter to send in the mail,
computers use the unique identifier to send data to a
specific computers on a network.
 Usually it is 32 bit dotted decimal number.
 E.g. 128.143.137.144

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What is an IP address?

You can check IP address by typing ipconfig command

using command prompt

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Types of Networks

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Types of Networks

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Network Topologies
 A network topology is the pattern in which nodes
(computers, printers, routers or other devices) are
connected to a local area network (LAN) or other network
via links (E.g. twisted pair, copper wire cable or optical
fiber cable)

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Bus Topology
 Is a network type in which every computer and network
device is connected to single cable.

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Bus Topology
Advantages Disadvantage

Cost effective Cable fails then whole network fails

Cable required is least compared If network traffic is heavy or nodes

to other network topologies are more the performance of the
network decreases.
Used in small networks Cable has a limited length

It is easy to understand Slower than the ring topology.

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Ring Topology
 The nodes in the network are connected in a circular
fashion, and the data travels in one direction.
 Exactly two neighbors for each device is available.
 Sending and receiving of data takes place by the help of
Token

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Ring Topology
 Token passing : A token is regularly passed from one
node to another. And if a node has some information to
pass on the network, the node releases the information.
If the node does not have any data to release on the
network, then it transfers the token to the next node.
 The nodes with token are the ones only allowed to
send data. Other nodes have to wait for an empty
token to reachthem.

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Ring Topology
Advantages Disadvantage

Reduced chances of data collision as Each packet of data must pass through
each node release a data packet after all the nodes between source to
receiving the token destination

Token passing makes ring topology If one node goes down, the entire
perform better than bus topology network gets affected
under heavy traffic

No need of server to control

connectivity among the nodes

Equal access to the resources

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Star Topology
 Each computer is connected to a central hub using point to
pointconnection.
 The central hub can be a simpler device that only makes
the connectionsbetween computers over the network.

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Star Topology
Advantages Disadvantage

As compared to Bus topology much Too much dependency on central

better performance, signals don’t device. If it fails whole network goes
necessarily get transmitted to all the down.
node.

Easy to connect new nodes or remove The use of hub, router or switch as
without affecting rest of the network. central device increase the overall cost
of the network.
Failure of one node or link doesn’t Performance and the number of nodes
affect the rest of network. which can be added is depend on
capacity of central device.

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Tree Topology
 Combines multiple star topologies onto a bus.
 Hub device for each star topology are connected to the bus.
 This is also known asExpanded star topology.

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Tree Topology
Advantages Disadvantage

Expansion of network is possible Relies heavily on the main bus

and easy. cable, if it breaks whole network is
crippled.
Here, we divide the whole network Scalability of the network depends
into segments (star network) on the type of cableused.
which can be easily managed and
maintained.
Error detection and correction is
easy.
If one segment is damaged, other
segments are not affected.

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Mesh Topology
 Every node has a direct point to point
connection to every other node.

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Mesh Topology
Advantages Disadvantage

Even if one of the components fails Requires a lot of cable, therefore it is

there is always an alternative present. expensive.
Sodata transfer doesn’t get affected.

Because all connections are direct, the Many of the connections are also
network can handle very high- volume redundant since there are several
traffic. different paths for data to travel from
one node to another.

Security is high because data travels Set-up and maintenance of this

along a dedicated connection. topology is very difficult.

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Hybrid Topology
 Uses a combination of two or more topologies.
 Tree topology is one specific example of a star bus network.

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Hybrid Topology
 Home Work
 Find out advantages and disadvantages of the Hybrid
topology

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What are Networking devices
 Network devices are components used to connect
computers or other electronic devices together so that
they can share files or resources like printers or fax
machines.
 Devices used to setup a LAN are most common type of
network devices used by public.

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Examples
 NIC (Network Interface Card)
 Repeater
 Modem
 Bridge
 Hub
 Switch
 Router

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NIC (Network Interface Card)
 Is a computer hardware component that connects a
computer to acomputer network.
 Also known as network interface controller, network
adapter, LANadapter or physical network interface.
 In most of the newer computers have a network interface
built into the motherboard.

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Hub
 Is a most basic networking device that connects multiple
computers or other network devices together.
 A hub as no routing tables or intelligence on where
to send information and broadcast all network data
across each connection.

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Switch
 Is a hardware device that that connects devices together
on a computer network and it forwards data only to one
or multiple devices that need to receiveit.

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Repeater
 Is an electronic device that receives a signal and
retransmits it.
 These are used to extend transmission so that the signal
can cover longerdistance.

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Router
 A networking device that forwards data packets between
computer networks.
 The router will also choose the best route for the data
packet so that destination node can receive the
information quickly.

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Bridge
 A device that connects a local area network (LAN) to
another are network that uses the same protocol

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Modem
 Modem stands for MODulator dEModulator, is a device
that enables a computer to transmit data over telephone
lines.
 Computer information is stored digitally, whereas
information transmitted over telephone line is use
analog waves.
 A modem converts between these two forms.
 Modulator : Convert information from digital mode
to analog mode at the transmitting end.
 Demodulator: convert information from analog
to digital at receivingend.

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Modem

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THANK YOU

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