SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 2

SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

SETS

1. SET 2.2 Set-Builder Form

A set is a collection of well-defined and well distinguished In this form, we write a variable (say x) representing any
objects of our perception or thought. member of the set followed by a property satisfied by each
member of the set.
1.1 Notations
For example, the set A of all prime numbers less than 10 in
The sets are usually denoted by capital letters A, B, C, etc. the set-builder form is written as
and the members or elements of the set are denoted by lower- A = {x | x is a prime number less that 10}
case letters a, b, c, etc. If x is a member of the set A, we write The symbol '|' stands for the words 'such that'. Sometimes,
x  A (read as 'x belongs to A') and if x is not a member of the we use the symbol ':' in place of the symbol '|'.
set A, we write x  A (read as 'x does not belong to A,). If x
and y both belong to A, we write x, y  A. 3. TYPES OF SETS
2. REPRESENTATION OF A SET
3.1 Empty Set or Null Set
Usually, sets are represented in the following two ways :
A set which has no element is called the null set or empty
(i) Roster form or Tabular form
set. It is denoted by the symbol  .
(ii) Set Builder form or Rule Method

2.1 Roster Form For example, each of the following is a null set :
(a) The set of all real numbers whose square is –1.
In this form, we list all the member of the set within braces
(curly brackets) and separate these by commas. For example, (b) The set of all rational numbers whose square is 2.
the set A of all odd natural numbers less that 10 in the Roster (c) The set of all those integers that are both even and odd.
form is written as :
A set consisting of atleast one element is called a
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
non-empty set.

3.2 Singleton Set

A set having only one element is called singleton set.

For example, {0} is a singleton set, whose only member is 0.
(i) In roster form, every element of the set is listed
only once. 3.3 Finite and Infinite Set
(ii) The order in which the elements are listed is
A set which has finite number of elements is called a finite
immaterial.
set. Otherwise, it is called an infinite set.
For example, each of the following sets denotes
For example, the set of all days in a week is a finite set
the same set {1, 2, 3}, {3, 2, 1}, {1, 3, 2}
whereas the set of all integers, denoted by
{............ -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,...} or {x | x is an integer}, is an infinite set.
An empty set  which has no element in a finite set A is
called empty of void or null set.
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 3

3.4 Cardinal Number 4. OPERATIONS ON SETS

The number of elements in finite set is represented by n(A), 4.1 Union of Two Sets
known as Cardinal number.

3.5 Equal Sets The union of two sets A and B, written as A  B (read as 'A
union B'), is the set consisting of all the elements which are
Two sets A and B are said to be equals, written as A = B, if
every element of A is in B and every element of B is in A. either in A or in B or in both Thus,

3.6 Equivalent Sets A  B = {x : x  A or x  B}

Clearly, x  A  B  x  A or x  B, and
Two finite sets A and B are said to be equivalent, if n
(A) = n (B). Clearly, equal sets are equivalent but equivalent x  A  B  x  A and x  B.
sets need not be equal.
For example, the sets A = { 4, 5, 3, 2} and B = {1, 6, 8, 9} are
equivalent but are not equal.

3.7 Subset

Let A and B be two sets. If every elements of A is an element

of B, then A is called a subset of B and we write A  B or
B  A (read as 'A is contained in B' or B contains A'). B is
called superset of A.

For example, if A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {c, d, e, f}, then

A  B = {a, b, c, d, e, f}

4.2 Intersection of Two sets

(i) Every set is a subset and a superset itself.
The intersection of two sets A and B, written as A  B
(ii) If A is not a subset of B, we write A  B.
(read as ‘A’ intersection ‘B’) is the set consisting of all the
(iii) The empty set is the subset of every set. common elements of A and B. Thus,
(iv) If A is a set with n(A) = m, then the number of A  B = {x : x  A and x  B}
subsets of A are 2m and the number of proper
subsets of A are 2m -1. Clearly, x  A  B  x  A and x  B, and

For example, let A = {3, 4}, then the subsets of A x  A  B  x  A or x  B.

are  , {3}, {4}. {3, 4}. Here, n(A) = 2 and number
of subsets of A = 22 = 4. Also, {3}  {3,4}and {2,3}
 {3, 4} The shaded region
which is common
to both the shaded
3.8 Power Set regions represents
intersection of sets
The set of all subsets of a given set A is called the power set
of A and is denoted by P(A).
For example, if A = {1, 2, 3}, then

P(A) = {  , {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2} {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}
For example, if A = {a, b, c, d) and B = {c, d, e, f}, then
Clearly, if A has n elements, then its power set P (A) contains A  B = {c, d}.
exactly 2n elements.
4 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

4.3 Disjoint Sets 4.6 Complement of a Set

Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint, if A  B =  , i.e. A If U is a universal set and A is a subset of U, then the

and B have no element in common. complement of A is the set which contains those elements
of U, which are not contained in A and is denoted by
U A'or Ac. Thus,

Ac = {x : x  U and x  A}

For example, if U = {1,2,3,4 ...} and A {2,4,6,8,...}, then, Ac =

A B
{1,3,5,7, ...}

Important Results
For example, if A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {2, 4, 6},
then A  B =  , so A and B are disjoint sets.
a) Uc =  b)  c = U c) A  Ac = U
4.4 Difference of Two Sets
d) A  Ac = 
If A and B are two sets, then their difference A - B is defined
as : 5. ALGEBRA OF SETS
A - B = {x : x  A and x  B}.
1. For any set A , we have
Similarly, B - A = {x : x  B and x  A }.
a) A  A = A b) A  A = A

2. For any set A, we have

c) A   = A d) A   = 

e) A  U = U f) A  U = A

3. For any two sets A and B, we have

g) A  B = B  A h) A  B = B  A
For example, if A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} then A
4. For any three sets A, B and C, we have
- B = {2, 4} and B - A = {7, 9}.
i) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  C
Important Results
j) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  C
(a) A- B  B –A
5. For any three sets A, B and C, we have
(b) The sets A - B , B - A and A  B are disjoint sets
k) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
(c) A - B  A and B - A  B
l) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
(d) A -  = A and A - A = 
6. If A is any set, we have (Ac)c = A.
4.5 Symmetric Difference of Two Sets 7. Demorgan's Laws For any three sets A, B and C, we have
The symmetric difference of two sets A and B , denoted by m) (A  B)c = Ac  Bc
A  B, is defined as
n) (A  B)c = Ac  Bc
A  B = (A - B)  (B - A).
o) A - (B  C) = (A - B)  ( A - C)
For example, if A = {1,2,3,4,5} and B = {1, 3,5,7,9} then
p) A - (B  C) = (A - B)  (A - C)
A  B = (A - B)  (B - A) = {2,4}  {7,9} = {2,4,7,9}.
 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 5

Important Results on Operations on Sets Example – 3

(i) A  A  B, B  A  B, A  B  A, A  B  B Write the set {x : x is a positive integer and x2 < 30} in the
roster form.
(ii) A - B = A  Bc (iii) (A - B)  B = A  B

(iv) (A - B)  B =  (v) A  B  Bc  Ac Sol. The squares of positive integers whose squares are less
than 30 are : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
(vi) A - B = Bc - Ac (vii) (A  B)  (A  Bc) = A Hence the given set, in roster form, is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
(viii) A  B = (A - B)  (B - A)  (A  B)
Example – 4
(ix) A - (A - B) = A  B
Write the set {0, 1, 4, 9, 16, .......} in set builder form.
(x) A - B = B -A  A= B (xi)A  B =A  B  A= B

(xii) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C) Sol. The elements of the given set are squares of integers :

0,  1,  2,  3,  4, .......
Example – 1
Hence the given set, in set builder form, is {x2 : xZ}.
Write the set of all positive integers whose cube is odd.
Example – 5

Sol. The elements of the required set are not even.

State which of the following sets are finite and which are
[ Cube of an even integer is also an even integer] infinite
Moreover, the cube of a positive odd integer is a positive (i) A = {x : x  N and x2 – 3x + 2 = 0}
odd integer.
(ii) B = {x : x  N and x2 = 9}
 The elements of the required set are all positive odd integers.
(iii) C = {x : x  N and x is even}
Hence, the required set, in the set builder form, is :
(iv) D = {x : x  N and 2x – 3 = 0}.

2k  1 : k  0, k  Z .
Sol. (i) A = {1, 2}.

Example – 2 [ x2 – 3x + 2 = 0  (x – 1) (x – 2) = 0  x = 1, 2]

Hence A is finite.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7  (ii) B = {3}.
Write the set  , , , , , ,  in the set
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
[ x2 = 9  x = + 3. But 3  N]
builder form. Hence B is finite.

(iii) C = {2, 4, 6, ......}

Sol. In each element of the given set the denominator is one
Hence C is infinite.
more than the numerator.
Also the numerators are from 1 to 7.
 3 
Hence the set builder form of the given set is : (iv) D = .  2x  3  0  x   N 
 2 
x : x  n / n  1, n  N and 1  n  7 .
Hence D is finite.
 6 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

Example – 6 Example – 8

Which of the following are empty (null) sets ? Are the following pairs of sets equal ? Give reasons.
(i) Set of odd natural numbers divisible by 2 (i) A = {1, 2}, B = {x : x is a solution of x2 + 3x + 2 = 0}
(ii) {x : 3 < x < 4, x  N}
(ii) A = {x : x is a letter in the word FOLLOW},
(iii) {x : x2 = 25 and x is an odd integer}
B = {y : y is a letter in the word WOLF}.
(iv) [x : x2 – 2 = 0 and x is rational]
(v) {x : x is common point of any two parallel lines}.
Sol. (i) A = {1, 2}, B = {–2, –1}

Sol. (i) Since there is no odd natural number, which is divisible [ x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 (x + 2) (x + 1) = 0 x = –2, —1]
by 2.
Clearly A  B.
 it is an empty set.
(ii) A = {F, O, L, L, O, W} = {F, O, L, W}
(ii) Since there is no natural number between 3 and 4.
 it is an empty set. B = {W, O, L, F} = {F, O, L, W}.

(iii) Now x2 = 25  x = + 5, both are odd. Clearly A = B.

 The set {– 5, 5} is non-emptry.
Example – 9
(iv) Since there is no rational number whose square is 2,
 the given set is an empty set. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, C = {6, 7, 8, 9} and
(v) Since any two parallel lines have no common point, D = {7, 8, 9, 10}. Find :
 the given set is an empty set. (a) (i) A  B (ii) B  D

Example – 7 (iii) A  B  C (iv) B  C  D

Find the pairs of equal sets from the following sets, if any, (b) (i) A  B (ii) B  D (iii) A  B  C.
giving reasons :
A = {0}, B = {x : x > 15 and x < 5},
C = {x : x – 5 = 0}, D = {x : x2 = 25}, Sol. (a) (i) A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}  {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

E = {x : x is a positive integral root of the equation = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.

x2 – 2x – 15 = 0}.
(ii) B  D = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}  {7, 8, 9, 10}
Sol. Here we have, = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
A = {0} (iii) A  B  C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}  {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}  {6, 7, 8, 9}.
B=
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}  {6, 7, 8, 9} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.
[ There is no number, which is greater than 15 and less
than 5] (iv) B  C  D = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}  {6, 7, 8, 9}  {7, 8, 9, 10}.
C = {5} [ x – 5 = 0  x = 5]
= {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}  {7, 8, 9, 10} = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
D = {– 5, 5} [ x2 = 25  x = + 5]
(b) (i) A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}  {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} = {3, 4, 5}.
and E = {5}.
[ x2 – 2x – 15 = 0  (x – 5) (x + 3) = 0  x = 5, – 3. Out of (ii) B  D = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}  {7, 8, 9, 10} = {7}.
these two,
(iii) A  B  C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}  {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}  {6, 7, 8, 9} = {3,
5 is positive integral]
4, 5}  {6, 7, 8, 9} = .
Clearly C = E.
 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 7

Example – 10 Example – 13

If A1 = {2, 3, 4, 5}, A2 = {3, 4, 5, 6}, A3 = {4, 5, 6, 7}, find Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. Find
(A – B)  (B – A).
 Ai and  Ai, where i = {1, 2, 3}.
Sol. We have, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}.
Sol. (i)  Ai = A1  A 2  A 3 = {2, 3, 4, 5}  {3, 4, 5, 6}   A – B = {1, 2} and B – A = {7, 8}
{4, 5, 6, 7} (A – B)  (B – A) = {1, 2}  {7, 8} = {1, 2, 7, 8}.
= {2, 3, 4, 5}  {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. Some Basis Results about Cardinal Number

(ii)  Ai = A1  A 2  A 3 = {2, 3, 4, 5}  {3, 4, 5, 6}  If A, B and C are finite sets and U be the finite universal set,
then
{4, 5, 6, 7}
(i) n (Ac) = n (U) - n (A)
= {2, 3, 4, 5}  {4, 5, 6} = {4, 5}.
(ii) n (A  B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A  B)
Example – 11 (iii) n (A  B) = n(A) + n (B), where A and B are disjoint non -
empty sets.
Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4},
(iv) n (A  Bc) = n (A) - n (A  B)
B = {2, 4, 6, 8}. Find :
(v) n (Ac  Bc) = n (A  B)c = n (U) - n (A  B)
C
(i) AC (ii) BC (iii) (AC)C (iv)  A  B  (vi) n (Ac  Bc) = n (A  B)c = n (U) - n (A  B)
(vii) n (A - B) = n (A) - n (A  B)
C
Sol. (i) A = Set of those elements of U, which are not in (viii) n (A  B) = n (A  B) - n (A  Bc) - n (Ac  B)
A = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. (ix) n (A  B  C) = n (A) + n (B) + n (C) - n (A  B) – n(B  C) –
(ii) C
B = Set of those elements of U, which are not in n(C  A) + n (A  B  C)
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. (x) If A1, A2, A3, ... An are disjoint sets , then
(iii) (AC)C = Set of those elements of U, which are not in n (A1  A2  A3  ...  An) = n(A1) + n (A2) + n (A3)
A’ = {1, 2, 3, 4} = A. + ... + n(An)
(xi) n (A  B) = number of elements which belong to exactly
(iv) A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4}  {2, 4, 6, 8} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}.
one of A or B.
C
  A  B  = Set of those elements of U, which are not in Example – 14

 A  B = {5, 7, 9}. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6} and C = {7, 8, 9}, verify that
A  B  C  =  A  B    A  C  .
Example – 12

If U = {x : x is a letter in English alphabet}, Sol. We have, A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6} and C = {7, 8, 9}.
A = {x : x is a vowel in English alphabet}.  A  B = {1, 2, 3}  {4, 5, 6} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ...(1)
Find AC and (AC)C. A  C = {1, 2, 3}  {7, 8, 9}
= {1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9} ...(2)
Sol. (i) Since A = {x : x is a letter in English alphabet}, and B  C = {4, 5, 6}  {7, 8, 9} =  ...(3)
 AC is the set of those elements of U, which are not vowels
Now A  B  C   1, 2, 3   = {1, 2, 3} ...(4)
= {x : x is a consonant in English alphabet}.
(ii) (AC)C is the set of those elements of U, which are not and  A  B   A  C  = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}  {1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9}
consonants = {x : x is a vowel = {1, 2, 3} ...(5)
in English alphabet} = A. From (4) and (5), A  B  C    A  B    A  C  , which
C C
Hence (A ) = A. verifies the result.
 8 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

Example – 15 Example – 17

Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and Prove that :

B = {2, 3, 5, 7}. Verify that A (B – C) = (A B) – (A C)
C C
(i)  A  B   A C  BC (ii)  A  B   A C  BC . Sol. Let x be an arbitrary element of A (B – C).
Then x A (B – C)
Sol. We have, A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {2, 3, 5, 7}.  x A and x (B – C)
 x A and (x B and x C)
(i) A  B = {2, 4, 6, 8}  {2, 3, 5, 7}
 (x A and x B) and (x A and x C)
 = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}  x (A B) and x (A C)
C  x {(A B) – (A C)}
 A B = {1, 9} ...(1)
 A (B – C) (A B) – (A C) ... (1)
Also AC = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} Let y be an arbitrary element of (A B) – (A C).
and BC = {1, 4, 6, 8, 9} Then y (A B) – (A C)
 y (A B) and y (A C)
 A C  BC = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}  {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}
 (y A and y B) and (y A and y C)
= {1, 9} ...(2)  y A and (y B and y C)
C  y A and y (B – C)
From (1) and (2),  A  B   A C  BC , which verifies the
 y A (B – C)
result.
 (A B) – (A C) A (B – C) ... (2)
(ii) A  B = {2, 4, 6, 8}  {2, 3, 5, 7} = {2} Combining (1) and (2).
C A (B – C) = (A B) – (A C).
 A B = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} ...(3)
Example – 18
and A C  BC = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}  {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}

= {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} ...(4) Prove the following :

C A B Bc Ac

From (3) and (4),  A  B   A C  BC , which verifies the
result.
Sol. Let x Bc, where x is arbitrary.
Example – 16
Now x Bc
If A and B are any two sets, prove using Venn Diagrams  xB

(i) A – B = A  BC (ii) (A – B)  B = A  B.  x A[ A B]

 x Ac
Sol.
 Bc Ac ... (1)

Conversely : Let x A, where x is arbitrary.

(i)
Now x A

 x Ac

 x Bc [ Bc Ac]

(ii)  x B

 A B

Combining (1) and (2), A B Bc Ac.

 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 9

Example – 19 n(I M) = 15, n(M A I) = 5

n(X) = 200
Prove the following :
n(M A I) = n(M) + n(A) + n (I) –
A – B = A – (A B)
n(M A) –n (A I) – n (M I) + n (M A  I)
where U is the universal set.
= 35 + 40 + 40 – 20 – 17 – 15 + 5 = 68
Sol. Let x (A – B), where x is arbitrary. (i) Number of students passed in all three examination
Now x (A – B) = 200 – 68 = 132
 x A and x B (ii) Number of students failed in IIT or AIEEE
 (x A and x A) and x B =n (I A) = n(I) + n(A) – n (I A)
[Note this step] = 40 + 40 – 17 = 63
 x A and (x A and x B)
Example – 21
[Associative Law]
In a hostel, 25 students take tea, 20 students take coffee,
 x A and x (A B)
15 students take milk, 10 students take both tea and coffee,
 x A – (A B)
8 students take both milk and coffee. None of the them
Hence A – B = A – (A B). take tea and milk both and everyone takes atleast one

Example – 20 beverage, find the number of students in the hostel.

In a class of 200 students who appeared in a certain

examination. 35 students failed in MHTCET, 40 in AIEEE,
40 in IIT, 20 failed in MHTCET and AIEEE, 17 in AIEEE Sol.
and IIT, 15 in MHTCET and IIT and 5 failed in all three
examinations. Find how many students

(i) Did not fail in any examination.

(ii) Failed in AIEEE or IIT. Let the sets, T and C and set M are the students who drink
tea, coffee and milk respectively. This problem can be solved
by Venn diagram.

n(T) = 25; n(C) = 20; n (M) = 15

Sol. n(T C) = 10; n(M C) = 8

Number of students in hostel

= n (T C M)

n(T C M) = 15 + 10 + 2 + 8 + 7 = 42

n(M) = 35, n(A) = 40, n(I) = 40

n(M A) = 20, n(A I) = 17,

10 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

2.2.3 Inverse of a relation : Let A, B be two sets and let R

RELATION & FUNCTION-I be a relation from a set A to set B. Then the inverse
–1
of R, denoted by R , is a relation from B to A and is
1. INTRODUCTION defined by
–1
In this chapter, we will learn how to create a relation between R = {(b, a) : (a, b)  R}
–1
two sets by linking pairs of objects from two sets. We will Clearly, (a, b)  R  (b, a)  R
–1 –1
learn how a relation qualifies for being a function. Finally, Also, Dom (R) = Range (R ) and Range (R) = Dom (R ).
we will see kinds of function, some standard functions etc.
3. FUNCTIONS
2. RELATIONS
3.1 Definition

2.1 Cartesian product of sets A relation ‘f’ from a set A to set B is said to be a function if
every element of set A has one and only one image in set B.
Definition : Given two non-empty sets P & Q. The cartesian
product P × Q is the set of all ordered pairs of elements from Notations
P & Q i.e.
P × Q = {(p, q); p  P; q  Q} x f y (= f (x))
(Domain) input output (Range)
2.2 Relations (independent variable) (dependent variable)

2.2.1 Definition : Let A & B be two non-empty sets. Then

Domain
any subset ‘R’ of A × B is a relation from A to B.
If (a, b)  R, then we write it as a R b which is read as f: A B co-domain.
a is related to b’ by the relation R’, ‘b’ is also called
(read as : f is a function
image of ‘a’ under R. from set A to set B)

2.2.2 Domain and range of a relation : If R is a relation

from A to B, then the set of first elements in R is f
called domain & the set of second elements in R is Range of ‘f ’

called range of R. symbolically. a b

Domain of R = { x : (x, y)  R} Domain

of ‘f’
Range of R = { y : (x, y)  R} (set A)
A B
The set B is called co-domain of relation R.
Co-domain
Note that range  co-domain. (set B)

3.2 Domain, Co-domain and Range of a function

Domain : When we define y = f (x) with a formula and the domain

is not stated explicitly, the domain is assumed to be the largest set
Total number of relations that can be defined from a set A of x–values for which the formula gives real y–values.
to a set B is the number of possible subsets of A × B. If
The domain of y = f (x) is the set of all real x for which f (x) is
n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq and total defined (real).
pq
number of relations is 2 .
 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 11

Algo Check : Rules for finding Domain :

(i) Expression under even root (i.e. square root, fourth root etc.)
should be non–negative.
Two functions f & g are said to be equal iff
(ii) Denominator  0.
1. Domain of f = Domain of g
(iii) logax is defined when x > 0, a > 0 and a  1.
2. Co-domain of f = Co-domain of g
(iv) If domain of y = f (x) and y = g(x) are D1 and D2 respectively,
then the domain of f (x) ± g(x) or f (x) . g(x) is D1  D2. While 3. f(x) = g(x)  x  Domain.

f x 3.3 Kinds of Functions

domain of is D1  D 2 – {x: g(x) = 0}.
g x

Range : The set of all f -images of elements of A is known as the

range of f & denoted by f (A).
Range = Co-domain
Range = f (A) = {f (x) : x  A}; f f

f (A)B {Range Co-domain}.

Algo Check : Rule for finding range :

First of all find the domain of y = f (x) A B A B

(one-to-one) & (onto) (one-to-one) & (into)
(i) If domain  finite number of points

range  set of corresponding f (x) values.

Range = Co-domain
(ii) If domain  R or R – {some finite points} f f

Put y = f(x)

Then express x in terms of y. From this find y for x to be

defined. (i.e., find the values of y for which x exists).
A B A B
(iii) If domain  a finite interval, find the least and greater value
for range using monotonocity. (many-to-one) & (onto) (many-to-one) & (into)

1. Question of format :

 Q L Q  Q  quadratic
 y  ; y  ; y   L  Linear
 Q Q L
(a) One-to-One functions are also called Injective
Range is found out by cross-multiplying & creating functions.
a quadratic in ‘x’ & making D  0 (as x  R) (b) Onto functions are also called Surjective
2. Questions to find range in which-the given (c) (one-to-one) & (onto) functions are also called
expression y = f(x) can be converted into x (or some Bijective Functions.
function of x) = expression in ‘y’.
Do this & apply method (ii).
12 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

Relations which can not be catagorized as a function 3.4.2 Constant Function : The function f : R  R defined
by y = f(x) = c,  x  R where c is a constant is
called constant function

y
A B
8
Not a function 6
4
As not all elements of set A are associated with some
elements of set B. (violation of– point (i)– definition 2.1) 2
x’ x
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
–2
–4
–6
–8
A B
Not a function one-to-many f (x) = 3

An element of set A is not associated with a unique

element of set B, (violation of point (ii) definition 2.1) 3.4.3 Modulus Function : The function f : R  R defined by

Methods to check one-one mapping  x; x  0

f (x)  
1. Theoretically : If f (x1) = f (x2)  x; x  0

 x1 = x2, then f (x) is one-one. is called modulus function. It is denoted by y

= f(x) = | x |.
2. Graphically : A function is one-one, iff no line parallel
to x-axis meets the graph of function at more than one
point. y
3. By Calculus : For checking whether f (x) is One-One, 8
find whether function is only increasing or only 6
4
decreasing in their domain. If yes, then function is
2
x’ x
one-one, i.e. if f '  x   0,  x  domain or i.e., –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
–2
if f '  x   0,  x  domain, then function is one-one. –4
–6

3.4 Some standard real functions & their graphs –8

f (x) = | x |
3.4.1 Identity Function : The function f : R  R defined
by y = f(x) = x  x  R is called identity function. Its also known as “Absolute value function’.
Properties of Modulus Function :
y
8 The modulus function has the following properties :
6
4 1. For any real number x, we have x2  x
2
x’ x
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
–2 2. xy  x y
–4
–6
–8 3. x  y  x  y 
 triangle inequality
f (x) = x 4. x  y  x  y 
 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 13

3.4.4 Signum Function : The function f : R  R defined by Properties of Greatest Integer Function :

If n is an integer and x is any real number between n and n + 1,

 1; x  0 then the greatest integer function has the following properties :

f (x)   0; x  0 (1) [–n] = – [n]
 1; x  0
 (2) [x + n] = [x] + n
(3) [–x] = – [x] –1
is called signum function. It is usually denoted by
y = f(x) = sgn(x). (4) 
[x] + [– x]  1, if x  I
0, if x  I

Y–axis

1
Fractional part of x, denoted by {x} is given by x – [x]. So,
X–axis
O
 x  1; 1  x  2
–1
x  x   x    x ; 0  x  1
 x  1;  1  x  0


3.4.6 Exponential Function :

f (x) = ax, a > 0, a  1
Domain : x  R
Range : f(x)  (0, )

x Y–axis
 ; x0
Sgn(x)   x
 0; x  0

(0, 1)
3.4.5 Greatest Integer Function : The function f : R  R X–axis
O
defined as the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
It is usually denoted as y = f(x) = [x]

f (x) = ax, when a > 1

Y–axis f(x) = [x]

2 Y–axis

1
–2 –1
X–axis (0, 1)
1 2 3
X–axis
–1 O

–2

–3
f (x) = ax, when 0 < a < 1
 14 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

3.4.7 Logarithm Function : (b) Properties of Monotonocity of Logarithm

f (x) = logax, a > 0, a1 (i) If a > 1, loga x < logay  0 < x <y
Domain : x  (0, ) (ii) If 0 < a < 1, loga x < loga y  x > y >0
Range : y  R
(iii) If a > 1 then logax < p  0 < x < ap
(iv) If a > 1 then logax > p  x > ap
Y–axis
(v) If 0 < a < 1 then logax < p  x > ap
(vi) If 0 < a < 1 then logax > p  0 < x < ap

X–axis
O
(1, 0)

f (x)= l og a x, when a > 1 If the exponent and the base are on same side of the
unity, then the logarithm is positive.
If the exponent and the base are on different sides of
unity, then the logarithm is negative.
Y–axis

4. ALGEBRA OF REAL FUNCTION

(1, 0)
X–axis In this section, we shall learn how to add two real functins,
O
subtract a real function from another, multiply a real function
by a scalar (here by a scalar we mean a real number), multiply
f(x)= loga x, when 0 < a < 1
two real functions and divide one real function by another.

4.1 Addition of two real functions

(a) The Principal Properties of Logarithms
Let f : X  R and g : X  R by any two real functions, whre
Let M & N are arbitrary positive numbers, a > 0, a  1, X  R. Then, we define (f + g): X  R by
b > 0, b  1. (f + g) (x) = f (x) + g(x), for all x  X.
c
(i) logb a = c a = b
4.2 Subtraction of a real function from another
(ii) loga (M . N) = loga M + loga N
(iii) loga (M/N) = loga M – loga N Let f : X  R be any two any two real functions, whre X  R.
(iv) N
loga M = N loga M Then, we define (f – g): X  R by

l og c a (f – g) (x) = f (x) – g(x), for all x  X.

(v) log b a  , c > 0, c  1.
l og c b 4.3 Multiplication by a scalar

(vi) a l ogcb  bl ogca , a, b, c > 0, c  1. Let f : X  R be a real valued function and  be a scalar. Here
by scalar, we mean a real number. Then the product  f is a
function from X to R defined by ( f) (x) =  f(x), x  X.

4.4 Multiplication of two real functions

(a) loga a = 1 The product (or multiplication) of two real functions

(b) logb a . logc b . loga c = 1 f : X  R and g : X  R is a function fg : X  R defined by
(c) loga 1 = 0 (fg) (x) = f(x) g(x), for all x  X.
x This is also called pointwise multiplication.
(d) e x lna  e ln a  a x
 15 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

4.5 Quotient of two real functions 5. PERIODIC FUNCTION

Let f and g be two real functions defined from X  R where Definition : A function f (x) is said to be periodic function, if there
X  R. The quotient of f by g denoted by f /g is a function exists a positive real number T, such that
defined by f  x  T   f  x  ,  x R.
Then, f (x) is a periodic function where least positive
f  f x value of T is called fundamental period.
 x 
g g  x  , provided g(x)  0, x  X.
Graphically : If the graph repeats at fixed interval, then function
is said to be periodic and its period is the width of
4.6 Even and Odd Functions that interval.
Some standard results on periodic functions :
Even Function : f (–x) = f (x),  x  Domain Functions Periods
n n n n
The graph of an even function y = f (x) is symmetric about the (i) sin x, cos x, sec x, cosec x ; if n is even.
y–axis. i.e., (x, y) lies on the graph  (–x, y) lies on the graph. 2; (if n is odd or fraction)
(ii) tann x, cotn x ; n is even or odd.
(iii) |sin x|, |cos x|, |tan x| 
y = x2 |cot x|, |sec x|, |cosec x|
Y–axis
(iv) x – [x], [.] represents 1
greatest integer function
(–x, y) (x, y) (v) Algebraic functions period does not exist
e.g., x , x2, x3 + 5, ....etc.
X–axis
O Properties of Periodic Function
(i) If f (x) is periodic with period T, then
Graph of an even function
(a) c . f (x) is periodic with period T.
(b) f (x ± c) is periodic with period T.
Odd Function : f (– x) = –f (x),  x  Domain (c) f (x) ± c is periodic with period T.
where c is any constant.
The graph of an odd function y = f (x) is symmetric about origin
i.e. if point (x, y) is on the graph of an odd function, then (ii) If f (x) is periodic with period T, then
(–x, –y) will also lie on the graph. k f (cx + d) has period T/|c|,
i.e. Period is only affected by coefficient of x
where k, c, d  constant.
3
Y–axis y=x (iii) If f1(x), f2(x) are periodic functions with periods T1, T2
(x, y)
respectively, then we have, h(x) = a f1(x) + b f2(x) has
period as, LCM of {T1, T2}

X–axis
O

 a c e  LCM of  a, c, e 
(–x, –y) Graph of an odd function (a) LCM of  , ,  
 b d f  HCF of  b, d, f 
(b) LCM of rational and rational always exists.
LCM of irrational and irrational sometime exists.
But LCM of rational and irrational never exists.
e.g., LCM of (2 , 1, 6 ) is not possible as
2 , 6  irrational and 1  rational.
 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 16

SOLVED EXAMPLES

RELATION & FUNCTION-I Example – 5

Example – 1 Determine domain and range of :-

x   2x  
If   1, y  1   2, 1 find values of x and y.. R   x  4,  : 4  x  6, x  N 
3   2  x  

x   7 
Sol. 1  2 & y 1  1 Sol. R   8, 3 ,  9,  , 10, 2 
3
  3 
x = 3 and y = 2.
so, domain = {8, 9, 10}
Example – 2
 7 
range =  3,  ,  2 
If A = {1, 2}, find A × A × A  3 

Example – 6
Sol. A × A × A = {(x, y, z), x  A, y  A, z  A}
so, A × A × A = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, ), (1, 2, 1), (2, 1, 1), Let A = {1, 2}. List all the relation on A.

(2, 2, 2), (2, 2, 1), (2, 1, 2), (1, 2, 2)}

Sol. Given A = {1, 2}
Example – 3 A × A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}

Following figure shows a relation between sets P and Q. Since relation R from set A to set A is a subset of A × A
Write this relation in (i) set builder form, (ii) roster form  All the relations on A are :
, {(1, 1)}, {(1, 2)}, {(2, 1)}, {(2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (1, 2)},
1
–1
{(1, 1), (2, 1)}, {(1, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 2), (2, 1)}, {(1, 2),
1
(2, 2)}, {(2, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1)}, {(1, 1),
–2 4 (1, 2), (2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 2), (2, 1),
–4 16 (2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}.
2
Since n(A × A) = 4, the number of all relations in the set
P 4
A = 2 i.e., 16.

Example – 7
Sol. It is clear, that relation R is “y is the square of x”.
2
(i) In set builder form, R = {(x, y) : y = x , x  P, y  Q} Find the domain and range of the following functions

(ii) In roster form,

 x 2  1  
(i)  x,  : x  R, x  1
R = {(1, 1), (–1, 1), (2, 4), (–2, 4) (4, 16)}  x 1  
Example – 4

Let R be the relation on Z defined by R = {(a, b);  1  

a, b,  Z, a – b is an integer}. Find domain and (ii)  x, 2  : x  R, x   1
range of R.  1  x  

Sol. As for any two integers a & b, a – b an integer hence domain

 x 2  1  
and range is all integers. Sol. (i) Let f  x    x,  : x  R, x  1
 x 1  
 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 17

Clearly, f is not defined when x = 1 Example – 9

 f is defined for all real values of x except x = 1
Let f, g : R  R be defined respectively by f(x) = x + 1, g(x)
 Domain = R – {1} = 2x – 3. Find f + g, f – g and f /g.

x2 1
Let y  x  1 as x  1 Sol. Let f(x) = x + 1, g(x) = 2x – 3
x 1
 f + g = f(x) + g(x) = (x + 1) + (2x – 3)
 x=y–1
= 3x – 2
Clearly, x is not defined when y = 2 as x  1
f – g = f (x) – g(x) = (x + 1) – (2x – 3)
 Range = R – {2}.
= x + 1 – 2x + 3 = –x + 4
 1  
(ii) Let f  x    x,  : x  R, x   1 f x
 1  x2   f x 1 3
  ;x
g g  x  2x  3 2
1 2
Clearly, f  x   2
is not defined when 1 – x = 0
1 x Example – 10

i.e., when x = ± 1 A function f is defined on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} as follows :

 Domain = R – {1, –1}
 1  x if 1  x  2
1 
Further, y  f  x    2x  1 if 2  x  4
1 x2 3x  10 if 4  x  6


 1  x   1y
2

 1
x  1   
y 1 (i) Find the domain of the function.
 y y
(ii) Find the range of the function.
 x is defined when y (–, 0) [1, ). (iii) Find the values of f(2), f(3), f(4), f(6).
Range = (–, 0) [1, ).
Sol. (i) Domain : {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Example – 8
(ii) Range :

 x2   f(1) = 1 + 1 = 2 f(4) = 3(4) – 10 = 2

Let f   x, 1  x 2  : x  R  be a function from R to R.
   f(2) = 2(2) – 1 = 3 f(5) = 3(5) – 10 = 5
Determine the range of f. f(3) = 2(3) – 1 = 5
So, range is {2, 3, 5}
Sol. Clearly f : R  R is a function such that
Example – 11
x2
f x  Find the domain of definition of the following
1  x2
 x –1  x  2 
x2 function : f  x  
Let y 
2 2 2
. So x = y (1 + x ). Therefore, x (1 – y) = y which  x – 3  x – 4 
1 x2

y y
implies x   . Since x  R, 1  y  0 .  x –1  x  2   0
1 y Sol. For f (x) to be defined and x  3, 4
 x – 3  x – 4 
i.e. y  [0, 1). Thus range is [0, 1)
By wavy – curve method the domain of definition of f (x) is
the set
x   –  , – 2  1, 3   4,   .
 18 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

Example – 12  x   –  , – 2    –1,   using number line rule as shown

Find the domain of definition of the following in figure.
+ – +
function : f  x   log 1  2x – 3
2 –2 –1
But x  – 3 {from (ii)}
Sol. For f(x) to be defined log1/2 (2x – 3)  0  x   –3, – 2    –1,   ...(a)
 2x – 3  1
Case II : When x + 3 0 ...(iii)
 x2 ....(1)
Also 2x – 3 > 0 –  x  3 – 2
 0
3 x2
 x . ....(2)
2
Combining (1) and (2) we get the required values of x. –  x  5
 0
3
 x  2
Hence the domain of definition of f(x) is the set  , 2
2 
x  5  0

x  2
Example – 13
 x   –5, – 2  using number line rule as shown in figure.
If y =3[x] +1 =2[x – 3] +5, then find the value of
[x + y], where [.] represents greatest integer function. + +
–
–5 –2
Sol. We are given that 3[x] + 1 = 2([x] – 3) + 5 But x<–3 {from (iii)}
 [x] = –2
 x   –5, – 3 ...(b)
 y = 3(–2) + 1 = –5
Hence [x + y] = [x] + y = – 2 – 5 = – 7 Thus from (a) and (b), we have;
x   –3, – 2    –1,     –5, – 3
Example –14
 x   –5, – 2    –1,  
x 3  x
Solve 1
x2
Example – 15

The value of x if | x + 3 | > | 2 x – 1 | is

x 3  x
Sol. –1 0
x2  2   2 
(a)   , 4  (b)   ,  
 3   3 
x 3  x – x – 2
 0 (c) (0, 1) (d) None of these
x2

x 3 – 2 Sol. Squaring both sides, we get

 0 ...(i) 2 2
x2 |x + 3| > |2x – 1|
Now two cases arises : or {(x + 3) – (2x – 1)} {(x + 3) + (2x – 1)} > 0
Case I : When x + 3 0 ...(ii)  {(–x + 4) (3x + 2)} > 0
x3–2 – + –
 0 –2/3 4
x2
 2 
x 1  x  , 4
 0  3 
x2
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 19

Example – 16 Example – 18

The value of x, loge (x – 3) < 1 is Solve (x + 1)2 + (x2 + 3x + 2)2 = 0

(a) (0, 3) (b) (0, e)
(c) (0, e + 3) (d) (3, 3 + e) Sol. Here, (x + 1)2 + (x2 + 3x + 2)2 = 0 if and only if each term is zero
simultaneously,
(x + 1) = 0 and (x2 + 3x + 2) = 0
Sol. From definition of logarithms x – 3 > 0
i.e., x = –1 and x = –1, –2
or x>3 ...(i)
The common solution is x = –1
Also, e > 1, given inequality may written as Hence, solution of above equation is x = – 1
1
 x – 3 < (e)
Example – 19
or x<3+e ...(ii)
Find the domain of the function;
Using (i) & (ii)
1
f x    x  2
 x  (3, 3 + e) log10 1 – x 
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

Example – 17 1
Sol. f  x    x2
log10 1 – x 
The value of x if log1/2 x  log1/3 x is
{as we know; loga x is defined when x, a > 0 and a  1 also
(a) (0, 1] (b) (0, 1) loga 1 = 0}
(c) [0, 1) (d) None of these Thus, log10 (1 – x) exists when, 1 – x > 0 ...(i)

1
Sol. Case I. When x  1 and x > 0. also exists when, 1 – x > 0
log10 1 – x 
log1/2 x  log1/3 x and 1 – x  1 ...(ii)
 x < 1 and x  0 ...(iii)
log x x log x x
  also we have x  2 exists when x + 2  0
1 1
log x   log x   or x –2 ....(iv)
2
  3
1
Thus, f  x    x  2 exists when (iii) and (iv)
log10 1 – x 
1 1
  both holds true.
 log x 2  log x 3
 –2 x < 1 and x 0

1 1  x   –2, 0    0 , 1
 
log x 2 log x 3
Example – 20
 logx 2  logx 3 where x  1
Find value of ‘x’ so that log|x| |x – 1|  0.
which is only possible, if 0 < x < 1
Case II. When x = 1.
Sol. It is clear that |x| > 0 and |x|  1
 log1/2 x = log1/3 x, equality sign holds true.
 x  0, –1, 1
Combining the above cases, Also, |x – 1| > 0 x  1,
0 < x  1 or x  (0, 1]. Case I : For 0 < |x| < 1
Hence, (a) is correct answer.  x   –1, 0    0, 1 ...(1)
 20 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

and log|x| |x – 1|  0
1
 log|x| |x – 1|  log|x| 1 so that Case II : For x  , |2x – 1| = 2x – 1
2
0 < |x – 1|  1
 –1  x – 1  1 and x  1  2x – 1 = 3[x] + 2{x}.
 0  x  2 and x  1  2x – 1 = 3(x – {x}) + 2{x}.
 x   0 , 1  1, 2 . ...(2) {x} = x + 1
Now 0 {x} < 1
From (1) and (2) we have x  (0, 1)
Case II : For |x| > 1  0 x + 1 < 1. –1 x < 0.
 x < –1 or x > 1 1
which is not possible since x  .
i.e. x   – , – 1  1,   ...(3) 2
and log|x| |x – 1|  0
1
 |x – 1|  1 Hence x = is the only solution.
4
 x – 1  1 or x – 1  –1
 x  2 or x  0
Example – 23
i.e. x   –  , 0   2 ,  ...(4)
Find the domain of definition of the following
From (3) and (4), we find that x   –  , – 1   2, 
function : f  x   log 1  2x – 3
Hence x   0, 1   – , – 1   2,  2

Example – 21
Sol. For f(x) to be defined log1/2 (2x – 3)  0
If y =3[x] +1 =2[x – 3] +5, then find the value of  2x – 3  1
[x + y], where [.] represents greatest integer function.  x2 ....(1)
Also 2x – 3 > 0
Sol. We are given that 3[x] + 1 = 2([x] – 3) + 5
 [x] = –2 3
 x . ....(2)
 y = 3(–2) + 1 = –5 2
Hence [x + y] = [x] + y = – 2 – 5 = – 7 Combining (1) and (2) we get the required values of x.

3
Example – 22 Hence the domain of definition of f(x) is the set  , 2
Solve the equation |2x – 1| = 3[x] + 2{x} for x. 2 
where [.] represents greatest integer function and {}
represents fraction part function.
Example – 24

1 Find the range of the following function :

Sol. Case I : For x < , |2x – 1| = 1 – 2x
2
 1 – 2x = 3[x] + 2{x}. f  x   ln x 2  4x  5
 1 – 2x = 3(x – {x}) + 2{x} .
 {x} = 5x –1.
Now 0 {x} < 1 2
 0 5x – 1 < 1. Sol. Here f (x)  1n x 2  4x  5  1n  x  2 1

1 2 i.e. x2 + 4x + 5 takes all values in [1, )

 x  [x] = 0
5 5
 f (x) will take all values in [0, ).
 x = {x}  x = 5x – 1
Hence range of f (x) is [0, ).
1
 x = , which is a solution.
4
 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 21

Example – 25  one-to-one / injective function.

Let A = {x : –1  x  1} = B for a mapping f : A  B. For each Also Range for domain x  [–1, 1] = [–1, 1] = co-domain
of the following functions from A to B, find whether it is  Surjective Function
surjective or bijective. Bijective Function
(a) f (x) = |x| (b) f (x) = x |x|  Similar approach for other questions.
3
(c) f (x) = x (d) f (x) = [x]
Example – 26
x
(e) f (x) = sin Check whether the function :
2
f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 5 is
Sol. (a) f (x) = |x| one-to-one or many-to-one
Graphically we can see that for x  [–1, 1]
y = |x|  [0, 1] Sol. f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 5
Since, Range ([0, 1])  co-domain (B = [–1, 1]) f ’ (x) = 6(x2 + x + 1) > 0  x  R
many-to-one as (a > 0 & D < 0) for x2 + x + 1
y  f (x) is increasing function on its entire domain
 one-to-one function.
f1 1

Example – 27
x
x1 x2
–1 1 1
Find the range of the function y 
2  sin 3x

Sol. Clearly, as Denominator (2 – sin 3x)  0

 into function
(sin 3x  2)
 f : [–1, 1]  [–1, 1], f (x) = |x|
is many-to-one & into  Domain : x  R

2
 x , x  0 1
(b) f (x) = x |x|   2 We have, y
 x , x  0 2  sin 3x

Note : (sin 3x) can be seperated & written as a function of y

y 2
x
1
 2 – sin 3x = y
1

–1 x
x1 1 2y  1
 sin 3x 
y
–x2 –1
for x to be real

2y1
 1 1 (since, –1  sin 3x  1)
By calculus y

 2x, x  0 Ask : Can we cross multiply ‘y’ across inequality?

f ' x   
2x, x  0
Since, f’(x)  0 always over the entire domain.
22 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

Example – 28
1
Yes!! as y > 0 (why??)  y
2  sin 3x
Find domain for f (x) = cos  sin x  .

2y  1 Alternate 2y  1
1  1  1  1
y y
Sol. f (x) = cos  sin x  is defined, if
–y  2y – 1  y cos (sin x)  0
2y  1 2y  1 As, we know
1  0  1  0
y y –1  sin x  1 for all x
cos  0
3y  1 y 1 (Here,  = sin x lies in the 1st and 4th quadrants)
2y – 1  – y & 2y – 1  y 0 0
y y i.e. cos (sin x)  0, for all x
i.e. x  R.
1 Thus, domain f (x)  R
 y  y 1
3
Example – 29

Solve for x
1 
 Range : y   , 1  |x| + |x + 4| = 4
3 

Sol. |x| + |x + 4| = 4
As we know, |x| + |y| = |x – y|, iff xy  0
x(x + y)  0
O y3 1 Using number line rule,
+ – +
Alternate Method : –4 0
 x  [–4, 0]
1
y
2  sin 3x Example – 30

we know, –1  sin 3x  1 x x2
Solve x  1  x 
 1  –sin 3x  1 x 1

 1  2 – sin 3x  1

1 1  1 x
Sol. Let f  x   and g(x) = x
   x 1
1  2  sin 3x  3
x x2
 f (x) + g(x)  x 
1  x 1 x 1
 Range y   , 1
3  Using, | f (x)| + |g(x)| = |f (x) + g(x)|
Inequality changes upon reciprocating as all expressions i.e. f (x) . g(x)  0
across inequality are (positive). x x2
 .x  0  0
x 1 x 1
+
–4 1
 x  {0}  (1, )
 23 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

SETS 8. If Y  {1, 2} = {1, 2, 3, 5, 9}, then

Definition and Types of Sets (a) The smallest set of Y is {3, 5, 9}

1. Which of the following is the empty set? (b) The smallest set of Y is {2, 3, 5, 9}

(a) {x : x is a real number and x2 - 1 = 0} (c) The largest set of Y is {1, 2, 3, 5, 9}

b) {x : x is a real number and x2 + 1 = 0} (d) The largest set of Y is {2, 3, 5, 9}

(c) {x : x is a real number and x2 - 9 = 0} 9. Given the sets A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4}, C = {4, 5, 6}, then

(d) {x : x is a real number and x2 = x +2} A  BC b g is

2. Let A = {2, 3, 4} and X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, then which of the (a) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (b) {1, 2, 4, 5}
following statements is correct
(c) {1, 2, 3, 4} (d) {3}
(a) {0}  Ac w.r.t. X (b)   Ac w.r.t. X

(c) {0}  Ac w.r.t.X (d) 0  Ac w.r.t. X.

b
10. If A and B are any two sets, then A  A  B is equal tog
(a) Bc (b) Ac
3. In a city 20% of the population travels by car, 50% travels
by bus and 10% travels by both car and bus. Then, persons (c) B (d) A
travelling by car or bus is 11. If A = {x : x = 4n + 1, 2  n  5}, then number of subsets of A
(a) 80 % (b) 40% is
(c) 60% (d) 70% (a) 16 (b) 15
4. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b}, then A × B is given by
(c) 4 (d) None of these
(a) {(1, a), (2, b), (3, b)}
12. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 3, 5, 6} and C = {3, 4, 6, 7}, then
(b) {(1, b), (2, a)}
(a) A - (B  C) = {1, 3, 4} (b) A - (B  C) = {1, 2, 4}
(c) {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)}
(c) A - (B  C) = {2, 3} (d) A - (B  C)= {1}
(d) {(1, a), (2, a), (2, b), (3, b)}
5. The set of intelligent students in a class is Properties of cardinality and its practical applications

(a) a null set 13. X and Y are two sets such that n (X) = 17, n(Y) = 23,
n( X  Y) = 38 then n ( X  Y) is
(b) a singleton set
(a) 4 (b) 2
(c) a finite set
(c) 6 (d) None of these
(d) not a well defined collection
14. If X and Y are two sets such that X  Y has 18 elements, X
Operations on sets (Union and Intersection)
has 8 elements and Y has 15 elements; then number of
6. If A = {1, 3, 5 , 7, 9, 11, 1 3, 1 5, 1 7}, elements in X  Y are
B = {2, 4, .......,18}and N is the universal set, then
(a) 5 (b) 8
A c  ((A  B)  B c ) is
(c) 6 (d) None of these
(a) A (b) N
15. If S and T are two sets such that S has 21 elements, T has 32
(c) B (d) None of these
elements, and S  T has 11 elements, then number of
7. Let A = {x : x is a multiple of 3} and elements S  T has
B = {x : x is a multiple of 5}. Then A  B is given by
(a) 42 (b) 50
(a) {3, 6, 9...} (b) {5, 10, 15, 20, ...}
(c) 48 (d) None of these
(c) {15, 30, 45, ...} (d) None of these
 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 24

16. In a committee 50 people speak French, 20 speak Spanish 25. The value of x for which 12 x – 6 < 0 and 12 – 3 x < 0
and 10 speak both Spanish and French. The number of (a)  (b) R
persons speaking at least one of these two languages is (c) R – {0} (d) none of these
(a) 60 (b) 40
x 3 x 1 x  2
(c) 38 (d) None of these 26. The value of x for which x  and
4 2 3
17. In a group of 1000 people, there are 750 people who can 2 – x > 2x – 8
speak Hindi and 400 who can speak English .Then number (a) [–1, 10/3] (b) (–1, 10/3)
of persons who can speak Hindi only is (c) R (d) none of these
(a) 300 (b) 400 27. Solve for x :
(c) 600 (d) None of these
18. In a statistical investigation of 1,003 families of Calcutta, it  2x  1  x  14  x  2 4 0
(i) 4
was found that 63families had neither a radio nor a T.V, 794  x  2  x  4
families had a radio and 187 had a T.V. The number of families
in that group having both a radio and a T.V is (a) [½, 2) (b) R
(c)  (d) (½, 2)
(a) 36 (b) 41
4 3 2
(ii) (x – 2) (x – 3) (x – 4) (1 – x) < 0
(c) 32 (d) None of these
19. If A has 3 elements and B has 6 elements, then the minimum (a) (1, 3) (b)   , 1   3,  
number of elements in the set A  B is
(c)   ,1  3,   (d) none
(a) 6 (b) 3
1
(c)  (d) None of these (iii) x 2
x
20. The set A = {x : x  R, x2 = 16 and 2x = 6} equals
(a)  0,   (b) R
(a)  (b) {14, 3, 4}
(c)  (d) 0,  
(c) {3} (d) {4}
x2
INEQUALITIES (iv)
x 1
0

21. The set of values of x satisfying the inequalities

(x – 1) (x – 2) < 0 and (3x – 7) (2x – 3) > 0 is (a) 1,   (b) 1,  
(a) (1, 2) (b) (2, 7/3)
(c) 0  1,   (d) none
(c) (1, 7/3) (d) (1, 3/2)
22. If x2 + 6x – 27 > 0 and x2 – 3x – 4 < 0, then 28. If c < d, x2 + (c + d) x + cd < 0, then x belongs to.
(a) x > 3 (b) x < 3 (a) (–d, –c] (b) (–d, –c)
(c) 3 < x < 4 (d) x = 7/2 (c) R (d) 

23. Find the set of values of 'x' for which the given condition x 7
29. Solution of  2 is
is true (x – 1) (x – 3) (x + 5) > 0 x 3
(a) (–5, 1)  (3, ) (b) (–1, 5)
(a)  3,   (b)  ,  13
(c) [–5, 1]  [3, ) (d) none of these
(c) (–13, –3) (d) none of these
 x  1  2 30. The set of values of x which satisfy the inequations
24. The value for which
x x2
5x + 2 < 3x + 8 and  4 is
x 1
(a) (0, 1) (b)   ,  1
(a)  , 1 (b) (2, 3)
(c)   , 0  (d)  1, 0 
(c)  , 3 (d)  , 1   2, 3
 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 25

31. If x2 – 1 < 0 and x2 – x – 2 > 0, then x lies in the interval set

39. Find the domain y  1  x  x 5
(a) (1, –1) (b) (–1, 1)
(c) (1, 2) (d) {–1} (a) x  (b) y (–, 1]
(c) x (–, 1] [5, ) (d) none of these
x 2  3x  4
32. The solution set of  1, x  R is 40. The domain of the function
x 1

(a)  3,   (b)  1, 1   3,  

f(x)  x  3  2 x  4  x  3  2 x  4 is

(a) [4, ) (b) (-, 4]

(c)  1, 1  3,   (d) none
(c) (4, ) (d) (–, 4)
1 1
33. If  , then : 3 x
a b 41. The domain of the function f  x   log10
x
(a) |a| > |b| (b) a < b
(c) a > b (d) none of these
 3
34. If –2 < x < 3, then : (a)  0,  (b) (0, 3)
 2
(a) 4 < x2 < 9 (b) 0  | x |  5
 3  3
(c) 0  x 2  9 (d) None of these (c)  ,  (d) )  0, 
 2  2

35. x  2  x2 42. The domain of the function

(a) x (1, ) (b) x (– , –1)(1, ) 1

f x   2
x   x   6
(c) x  1, 2  (d) x   2,  
where [ ] denotes greatest integer function
Functions : Definition, Domain, Range and Types of Functions
(a) R – [–2, 4) (b) R – {–3, 2}
36. Let A = [–1, 1] and f : A  A be defined as f (x) = x |x| for all
x  A, then f (x) is (c) R (d) R – {2, 3}

(a) many-one into function 43. The domain of the function f (x) = loge (x – [x]), where [.]
denotes the greatest integer function, is
(b) one-one into function
(a) R (b) R  Z
(c) many-one onto function
(c) (0, + ) (d) None of these
(d) one-one onto function
37. The function f : R  R defined by 2x  1
44. Find the Range y 
f (x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) is x5

(a) one-one but not onto (a) y 2 (b) x  5

(b) onto but not one-one (c) y 5 (d) none of these
(c) both one-one and onto
x
(d) neither one-one nor onto 45. Range of the function f  x   is
1 x2

1 2 1 (a) (–, ) (b) [–1, 1]

38. Find the domain of f (x)= x 
x 5 x7
 1 1
(a) x [–7, 5] (b) x (5, ) (c)   ,  (d)   2, 2 
 2 2
(c) x (–, 7) (d) none of these
 26 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

54. Solve for x :

1 2
46. The range of the function f  x   x  2 (i) |x + 4| > 5
x 1
(a)  , 1 (b)  , 9
(a) [1, ) (b) [2, ) (c) R – [–9, 1] (d) none
(ii) |x + 2| < 4
3 
(c)  ,   (d) None of these (a) (–6, 2) (b) (–6, 0)
2  (c) (–6, 2] (d) (0, 2)

Standard Functions Modulus, Greatest Integer & Logrithm x2  6

(iii) 1
Function 5x
47. |3x + 7| < 5, then x belongs to
(a)  ,  3
(a) (–4, –3) (b) (–4, –2/3)
(c) (–5, 5) (d) (–5/3, 5/3) (b)  ,  3   3,  
48. The least integer satisfying, (c) R

(d)  ,  3   2, 0    0, 2   3,  

 27  x   27  9x 
49.4 – < 47.4 –   is
10  10 
1
55. Solution of x  < 4 is
(a) 2 (b) 3 x

(c) 4 (d) none of these

  
(a) 2  3, 2  3  2  3,  2  3 
49. Solution of |3x – 2| > 1 is
(a) [1/3, 1] (b) (1/3, 1) 
(b) R  2  3, 2  3 
(c) {1/3, 1} 
(d) , 1 3   1,   
(c) R  2  3,  2  3 
(d) none of these
50. If 3 < | x | < 6, then x belongs to :
(a) (–6, –3)  (3, 6) (b) (–6, 6) 1
56. If f (x)  , then domain of f (x) is
(c) (–3, +3)  (3, 6) (d) None of these | x | x

51. If –5 < x < 4, then : (a) (–, 0) (b) (–, 2)

(c) (–, ) (d) None of the above
(a) 0  | x |  4 (b) 4 < |x| < 5 57. If | x | > 5, then
(c) 0  | x |  5 (d) none of these (a) 0 < x < 5 (b) x < –5 or x > 5
(c) –5 < x < 5 (d) x > 5
52. If |x| < x, then : 58. If [x]2 = [x + 2], where [x] = the greatest integer less than or equal
(a) x is a positive real number to x, then x must be such that
(b) x is a non-negative real number (a) x = 2, –1 (b) x  2, 3 
(c) there is no x satisfying this inequality
(d) x is a negative real number (c) x   1, 0  (d) none of these

53. |2x – 3| < |x + 5|, then x belongs to 59. The value of x, loge (x – 3) < 1 is

(a) (–3, 5) (b) (5, 9) (a) (0, 3) (b) (0, e)

(c) (–2/3, 8) (d) (–8, 2/3) (c) (0, e + 3) (d) (3, 3 + e)
SETS,
27 RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 27
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

60. Solve for x : Miscellanious

(i) log0.2 (x + 5) > 0 65. The number of real solutions of
(a) (–5, –4) (b) (–5, 4)
x 2  4x  3  x 2  9  4x 2  14x  6 is
(c) (0, 4) (d) (0, 5)
(ii) logx 0.5 > 2 (a) one (b) two
(c) three (d) none of these
(a)  
½ ,1 (b)   , 1 66. The largest interval among the following for which
(c) (–1, 0) (d) (–1, 1) x12 – x9 + x4 – x + 1 > 0 is
(iii) logx (x + 7) < 0 (a) – 4 < x < 0 (b) 0 < x < 1

(a) (0, 1) b
(b) , 1 g 67.
(c) – 100 < x < 100
2
(d) – < x < 
If f (x) = x – 3x + 1 and f (2) = 2f (), then  is equal to
(c) (–1, 0) (d) (–1, 1)
1 1
61. Let f (x)  l og x 2 25 and g(x) = logx 5 then f (x) = g(x) (a) (b) 
2 2
holds for x belonging to
(a) R (b) (0, 1)  (1, +) 1 1
(c) or  (d) none of these
(c)  (d) None of these 2 2

 3  68. The graph of a real-valued function f (x) is the following.

1 – x 
62. Solve for x : 3
x 2
–2    1  2 
The function is
 
3
Y


(a) – 2, –1  
(b) – 2, 2  y=2x


(c) – 2, – 2  (d) None of these y=0 O X
(a) f (x) = x – |x| (b) f (x) = x + |x|
63. The domain of the function f (x) = log2 (log3 (log4 x)) is
(c) f (x) = 2x (d) None of these
(a) (–, 4) (b) (4, ) 69. The number of real solutions of the equation ex = x is
(c) (0, 4) (d) (1, ) (a) 1 (b) 2
64. The value of x, log½ x > log1/3 x is (c) 0 (d) none of these
(a) (0, 1] (b) (0, 1) 70. The number of real solutions of the equation log0.5 x = |x| is
(c) [0, 1) (d) none (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 0 (d) none of these
 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 28

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

3
1. A function f from the set of natural numbers to integers 6. For real x, let f(x) = x + 5x + 1, then (2009)
defined by (a) f is one-one but not onto R
(b) f is onto R but not one-one
 n 1
 2 , when n is odd (c) f is one-one and onto R
f n   is
  n , when n is even (2003) (d) f is neither one-one nor onto R
 2
1
7. The domain of the function f (x)  is (2011)
(a) onto but no one-one | x | x
(b) one-one and onto both
(a) (0, ) (b) (–, 0)
(c) neither one-one nor onto
(c) (–, ) – {0} (d) (–, )
(d) one-one but not onto 2 2
8. Let for a  a1  0, f(x) = ax + bx + c, g(x) = a1x + b1x+c1 and
2. Domain of definition of the function is p(x) = f(x) – g(x). If p (x) = 0 only for x = –1 and
p(–2) =2, then the value of p (2) is (2011)
3
f x  
4  x2

 log10 x 3  x ,  (2003) (a) 18 (b) 3
(c) 9 (d) 6
(a)  1, 0   1, 2  9. If X = {4n – 3n – 1 : n N} and Y = {9 (n–1) : n N}, where
N is the set of natural numbers, then X Y is equal to :
(b) 1, 2    2,  
(2014)
(c)  1, 0   1, 2    2,   (a) Y (b) N
(c) Y – X (d) X
(d) (1, 2)
10. Let P be the relation defined on the set of all real numbers
3. If f : R  R satisfies f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y), for all x,
such that
n
y  R and f (1) = 7, then  f  r  is (2003) P = {(a, b): sec2 a - tan2 b = 1}. Then P is:
r 1
(2014/Online Set–1)
7  n  1 (a) reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
(a) (b) 7n (n + 1)
2 (b) reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
(c) symmetric and transtive but not reflexive.
7n  n  1 7n
(c) (d) (d) an equivalence relation.
2 2
Therefore, P is transitive
4. The graph of the function y = f (x) is symmetrical about
the line x = 2, then (2004) 11. Let f be a function defined on the set of real number such
(a) f (x) = f (– x) (b) f (2 + x) = f (2 – x) 11
taht for x > 0, f (x) = 3 sin x + 4 cos x. Then (x) at x  
(c) f (x + 2) = f (x – 2) (d) f (x) = – f (– x) 6
5. If A, B and C are three sets such that A B = A C and is equal to : (2014/Online Set–2)
A B = A C, then (2009)
3 3
(a) A = C (b) B = C (a) 2 3 (b)   2 3
2 2
(c) A B =  (d) A = B
3 3
(c) 2 3 (d)   2 3
2 2
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 29

12. A relation on the set A = {x : |x| < 3,  xZ}, where Z is the

17. Let P = {  : sin   cos   2 cos } and
set of integers is defined by R = {(x, y) : y = |x|, x  -1}.
Then the number of elements in the power se of R is: Q  {  : sin   cos   2 sin } be two sets. Then:
(2014/Online Set–3) (2016/Online Set–2)
(a) 32 (b) 16
(a) P  Q and Q  P  
(c) 8 (d) 64
(b) Q  P
x 1
13. Let f : R  R be defined by f (x)  x  1 then f is: (c) P  Q
(d) P = Q
(2014/Online Set–4) 18. Let a, b, c  R. If f(x) = ax2 + bx + c is such that a + b + c =
(a) both one - one and onto 10

(b) one - one but not onto 3 and f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)+ xy,  x, y R, then  f (n) is
n 1
(c) onto but not one - one
equal to: (2017)
(d) neither one - one nor onot.
(a) 330 (b) 165
14. Let A and B be two sets containing four and two elements
(c) 190 (d) 255
respectively. Then the number of subsets of the set
A × B, each having at least three elements is: (2015) 19. Let S  {x  R : x  0 and 2 x 3  x
(a) 275 (b) 510
(c) 219 (d) 256  
x  6  6  0} Then S : (2018)
15. In a certain town, 25% of the families own a phone and
15% own a car; 65% families own neither a phone nor a (a) Contain exactly four element
car and 2,000 families own both a car and a phone. (b) is an empty set.
Consider the following three statements : (c) contain exactly one element
(a) 5% families own both a car and a phone (d) contains exactly two elements.
(b) 35% families own either a car or a phone 20. Two sets A and B are as under :
(c) 40,000 families live in the town
A   a, b   R  R : a  5  1 and b  5  1
Then, (2015/Online Set–1)
(a) Only (b) and (c) are correct
(b) Only (a) and (c) are correct
 2 2

B   a, b   R  R : 4  a  6   9  b  5   36 .

(c) All (a), (b) and (c) are correct Then : (2018)
(d) Only (a) and (b) are correct (a) neither A  B nor B  A
16. If f : R  S, defined by (b) B  A

f (x)  sin x  3 cos x + 1, is onto, then the interval of S (c) A  B

is (2015/Online Set–2)
(d) A  B    an empty set 
(a) [0, 1] (b) [-1, 1]
(c) [0, 3] (d) [-1, 3]
 30 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

21. Consider the following two binary relations on the set A 22. Let N denote the set of all natural numbers. Define two
={a, b, c} : binary relations on N as
R1={(c, a), (b, b), (a, c), (c, c), (b, c), (a, a)} and R1={( x, y)  N × N : 2 x + y =10} and
R2={(a, b), (b, a), (c, c), (c, a), (a, a), (b, b), (a, c)}. Then : R2={( x, y) N N : x + 2 y =10}. Then :
(2018/Online Set–1) (2018/Online Set–3)
(a) both R1 and R2 are not symmetric. (a) Range of R1 is {2, 4, 8}.
(b) R1 is not symmetric but it is transitive. (b) Range of R2 is {1, 2, 3, 4}.
(c) R2 is symmetric but it is not transitive. (c) Both R1 and R2 are symmetric relations.
(d) both R1 and R2 are transitive. (d) Both R1 and R2 are transitive relations.
23. Let A, B and C be three events, which are pair-wise
independent and E denotes the complement of an event

E. If P  A  B  C  = 0 and P  C  > 0, then P   A  B |C 

is equal to : (2018/Online Set–3)

(a) P  A  - P  B  (b) P  A  + P  B 

(c) P  A  - P  B  (d) P  A  + P  B 
 31 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. Find the set of values of 'x' for which the given conditions 7. The least integer satisfying,
are true :
 27  x   27  9x 
(a) – (x – 1) (x – 3) (x + 5) < 0 49.4 – < 47.4 –   is
10  10 
 x  1  x  2   0 (a) 2 (b) 3
(b)
 x  3 (c) 4 (d) none of these

2. If |x – 1| + |x| + |x + 1| > 6 ; then x lies in 8. Solution of |3x – 2| > 1 is

(a) [1/3, 1] (b) (1/3, 1)
(a)  , 2 (b)  ,  2   2,  
(c) R (d) 
(c) {1/3, 1} 
(d) , 1 3   1,  

9. Solution of |x – 1| > |x – 3| is
3
3. Solution set of, log3 (x2 – 2) < log3  | x |  1 is
2  (a) x < 2 (b) x > 2
(c) [1, 3] (d) none of these


(a)  2,  1  
(b) 2,  2  10. Solution of |1/x – 2| < 4 is


(c)  2, 2  (d) none of these 
(a) ,  1 2  
(b) 1 6 ,  

4. Solution set of the inequality :

1

1
is

(c)  1 2 , 1 6  
(d) ,  1 2  1 6 ,   
2  1 1  2 x 1
x

1
11. Solution of x  < 4 is
(a) 1,   
(b) 0, log 2  3 
4 x

    
(a) 2  3, 2  3  2  3,  2  3 
(c)  1,   
(d) 0, log 2 4 3  1,  


(b) R  2  3, 2  3 
5. Solution of the inequality x > 1  x  is given by


(c) R  2  3,  2  3 
 
(a) , 1  5 / 2   (d) none of these
12. The solution set of x2 + 2 < 3x < 2x2 – 5 is
(b)  
5  1 / 2,   (a)  (b) [1, 2]
(c) (– , – 1)  [5/2, ) (d) none
 
(c) , 1  5 / 2     
5  1 / 2,  
x 2  3x  4
13. The solution set of  1, x  R is
x 1
(d)  
5  1 / 2, 1

(a)  3,   (b)  1, 1   3,  
6. If x2 – 1 < 0 and x2 – x – 2 > 0, then x lies in the interval set
(a) (1, –1) (b) (–1, 1) (c)  1, 1  3,   (d) none
(c) (1, 2) (d) {–1}
SETS,
32 RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 32
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

x2 1 1 | x | x  1
14. The number of integral solutions of  is 21. Let f (x)  
x2 1 2  [x] x  1

(a) 4 (b) 5 where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.

(c) 3 (d) none of these Then f ( f (–2.3)) is equal to
(a) 4 (b) 2
2
1 x  2x  4 9.3  6.3  4 2x x (c) –3 (d) 3
15. If for x  R,   3, then
3 x 2  2x  4 9.32x  6.3x  4 22. The domain of the function y = log10 log10 log10 ... log10x is

lies b/w  ....... n times ....... 

(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1/3 and 3 (a) [10n, +) (b) (10n–1, +)
(c) 0 and 4 (d) none of these (c) [10n–2, +) (d) None of these

16. The solution set of log2 |4 – 5x| > 2 is 23. The largest set of real values of x for which

1

(a) 8 5 ,   
(b) 4 , 8
5 5  f (x)  ( x  2 )( 5  x ) 
2
x 4
is a real function is

(a) [1, 2)  (2, 5] (b) (2, 5]

(c)  , 0   8 , 
5   (d) none
(c) [3, 4] (d) None of these

17. Solution of 2x + 2|x| > 2 2 is 24. The domain of the function f (x)  x  1  x 2 is


(a) , log 2  2 1  
(a)  1, 
1   1 
 , 1 (b) [–1, 1]
 2   2 
(b)  0,  
 1  1 
(c)   ,     , 
 2   2 
1 
(c)  , log 2
2
 
2 1 

 1 
(d)  , 1
 2 

(d) , log 2  
2  1   ½,  
25. The domain of the function f (x) = log10 log10 (1 + x3) is
18. The largest interval among the following for which (a) (–1, ) (b) (0, )
x12 – x9 + x4 – x + 1 > 0 is (c) [0, ) (d) (–1, 0)
(a) – 4 < x < 0 (b) 0 < x < 1
26. The domain of the function f (x)  x 2 –[x]2 , where
(c) – 100 < x < 100 (d) – < x <  [x] = the greatest integer less than or equal to x is
19. Solution of |x – 1| + |x – 2| + |x – 3| > 6 is (a) R (b) [0, +)
(c) (–, 0] (d) None of these
(a) [0, 4] (b)  ,  2    4,  
27. The domain of f (x)  l og x 2 1 (x) is
(c)  , 0   4,   (d) none
(a) ( 2,  ) (b) (0, )
20. If f (x) = cos []x + cos [x], where [y] is the greatest integer
function of y then f (/2) is equal to (c) (1, +) (d) None of these
28. The domain of the real-valued function f (x) = loge |loge x | is
(a) cos 3 (b) 0
(a) (1, +) (b) (0, +)
(c) cos 4 (d) none of these
(c) (e, +) (d) None of these
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 33

29. If [.] denotes the greatest integer function then the domain
 x2 , 0 < x < 2

of the real-valued function log x 1 2 x 2  x  2 is 35. Let f (x) =  2x – 3, 2  x < 3 . Then
 x  2 , x  3

3  3 
(a)  ,    (b)  , 2   (2,  )   3  3
2  2  (a) f  f  f      f  
   2   2
1 
(c)  , 2   (2,  ) (d) None of these  
2  (b) 1 f  f   5   5 
f   f  
   2   2 
30. Let f (x)  l og x 2 25 and g(x) = logx 5 then f (x) = g(x)
(c) f ( f (1)) = f (1) = 1
holds for x belonging to
(d) None of these
(a) R (b) (0, 1)  (1, +) 36.
2 2 2
If a + b + c = 1, then ab + bc + ca lies in the interval
(c)  (d) None of these
 1   1
31. Let f : {x, y, z}  {a, b, c} be a one-one function and only (a)   , 1 (b)  0, 
 2   2
one of the conditions (i) f (x)  b, (ii) f (y), = b
(iii) f (z)  a is true then the function f is given by the set (c) [0, 1] (d) [1, 2]
2
(a) {(x, a), (y, b), (z, c)} (b) {(x, a), (y, c), (z, b)} 37. log2 (x – 3x + 18) < 4, then x belongs to
(a) (1, 2) (b) (2, 16)
(c) {(x, b), (y, a), (z, c)} (d) {(x, c), (y, b), (z, a)}
(c) (1, 16) (d) none of these
32. The function f : R  R defined by f (x) = 6x + 6|x| is
38. If x = loga (bc), y = logb (ca) and z = logc (ab) then which of
(a) one-one and onto (b) many-one and onto the following is equal to 1?
(c) one-one and into (d) many-one and into (a) x + y + z (b) (1+ x)–1 + (1+ y)–1 + (1+ z)–1
33. A function whose graph is symmetrical about the y-axis is (c) xyz (d) none of these
given by
 x   x   x  31
39. If 0 < x < 1000 and          x , where [x] is

(a) f (x)  l og e x  x 2  1   2   3   5  30
the greatest integer less than or equal to x, the number of
(b) f (x + y) = f(x) + f (y) for all x, y  R possible values of x is

(c) f (x) = cos x + sin x (a) 34 (b) 32

(c) 33 (d) none of these
(d) None of these
40. For a real number x, [x] denotes the integral part of x. The
34. The graph of a real-valued function f (x) is the following.
value of
The function is
1 1 1  1 2   1 99 
 2    2  100    2  100   ....   2  100  is
Y
(a) 49 (b) 50
y=2x (c) 48 (d) 51

2 f (n) 1
y=0 O X 41. If f (n + 1)  , n = 1, 2, ... and f (1) = 2, then
2
f (101) equals
(a) f (x) = x – |x| (b) f (x) = x + |x| (a) 52 (b) 49
(c) f (x) = 2x (d) None of these (c) 48 (d) 51
 34 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

1 1
42. The domain of function f (x)  , where {x} 47. If < log0.1 x < 2 then
2
x 2  { x }2

denotes fraction part of x. 1

(a) the maximum value of x is
10
1  1
(a) R – [0, 1) (b) R   ,1 1
2  (b) x lies between and
100 10

1 1 1
(c) x does not lie between and
(c) (, ]  (1, ) (d) none of these 100 10
2
1
43. If graph of y = f (x) is (d) the minimum value of x is
100
48. If f is an even function defined on the interval (–5, 5) then
y=x  x 1 
a value of x satisfying the equation f (x) = f   is
 x2 
y = f (x)
–1  5 –3  5
(a) (b)
2 2

–1 – 5 –3 – 5
(c) (d)
2 2
Then f (x) can be 49. Let f (x) = [x] = the greatest integer less than or equal to x
(a) y = 2 e x
(b) y = 4 e x and g(x) = x – [x]. Then for any two real numbers x and y.
(a) f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y)
1
x 1 x (b) g(x + y) = g(x) + g(y)
(c) y  e 2
(d) y  e
4 (c) f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y + g(x))
44. The equation | |x – 1| + a | = 4 can have real solutions for x (d) none of these
if ‘a’ belongs to the interval 50. Let x  N and let x be a perfect square. Let f (x) = the quotient
(a) (–, 4] (b) (–, –4] when x is divided by 5 and g(x) = the remainder when x is
(c) (4, + ) (d) [–4, 4] divided by 5. Then x = f (x) + g(x) holds for x equal to
45. If logk x. log5 k = logx 5, k  1, k > 0, then x is equal to (a) 0 (b) 16
(c) 25 (d) None of these
1 2
(a) k (b) 51. Let f (x) = [x] + [x + 1] – 3, where [x] = the greatest integer
5 < x. Then
(c) 5 (d) None of these (a) f (x) is a many- one and into function
(b) f (x) = 0 for inifinite number of values of x
46. If x 4 f (x)  1  sin 2x  | f (x) | 2f (x), then f(-2) equals:
(c) f (x) = 0 for only two real values

1 1 (d) none of these

(a) (b)
17 11 52. Which of the following functions is not injective ?
(a) f (x) = |x + 1|, x  [–1, 0] (b) f (x) = x + 1/x, x  (0, )
1 (c) f (x) = x2 + 4x – 5
(c) (d) 0
19
(d) f (x) = e–x, x  [0, )
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 35

56. Assertion : The range of the function

3 – 2x
53. Let f : R  R be defined by f (x) = [x] and g(x) = , [.] 2
4 f (x) = sin x + p sin x + q, where |p| > 2,

represents greatest integer function, then

p2
will be real numbers between q –
(a) f is neither one-one nor onto 4

(b) g is one-one but f is not one-one

and q + p + 1.
(c) f is one-one and g is onto
Reason : The function g(t) = t2 + pt + 1, where
(d) neither f nor g is onto t  [–1, 1] and |p| > 2, will attain
Assertion Reason minimum and maximum values at
(A) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true and –1 and 1.
reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(a) A (b) B
(B) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true but reason
(c) C (d) D
is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(e) E
(C) If ASSERTION is true but REASON is false.

(D) If both ASSERTION and REASON are false. 57. Assertion : Let A and B be two sets each with a
finite number of elements. Assume
(E) If ASSERTION is false but REASON is true.
that there is an injective mapping from
ax + b A to B and that there is an injective
54. Assertion : The function , (ad – bc0)
cx + d
mapping from B to A. Then there is a
bijective mapping from A to B.
a
cannot attain the value .
c Reason : An onto function is not necessarily
one-one.
Reason : The domain of the function
(a) A (b) B
b – dy
g(y) = is all the reals except a/c.
cy – a (c) C (d) D

(e) E
(a) A (b) B
58. Assertion : The domain of a function y = f (x) will
(c) C (d) D
be all reals if for every real x there
(e) E
exist y.
55. Assertion : The domain of the function
sin–1 x + cos–1 x + tan–1 x is [–1, 1] Reason : The range of a function y = f (x) will
be all reals if for every real y there exists
Reason : sin–1 x, cos–1 x are defined for |x|  1
and tan–1 x is defined for all x. a real x such that f (x) = y.

(a) A (b) B (a) A (b) B

(c) C (d) D (c) C (d) D

(e) E (e) E
 36 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

Using the following passage, solve Q.59 to Q.61 63. The number of solutions of equation f (x) = y2 where y is
a positive integer and x < 5 is
Passage –1
(a) 5 (b) 2
A rational function is defined as quotient of two
(c) 3 (d) None of these
polynomials, p(x) and q(x). The domain of the rational
function must be all reals except the roots of the equation 64. The number of solutions of f (x) = y2 where x > 5 must be
q(x) = 0. The range of rational function can be found by (a) 1 (b) 2
finding minimum and maximum values of the function. In (c) 3 (d) None of these
case p(x) and q(x) have a common factor x – . Then after Match the column
cancelling the common factor, the rational function must
assume a value at x =  which should be deleted from the 65. Column–I Column–II
found range since  is not there in the domain of the (A) f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) (P) log3 x
rational function. (B) f (xy) = f (x) + f (y) (Q) tan–1 x
3x + 1 (C) f (x + y) = f (x) . f (y) (R) 3x
59. The range of the rational function f (x) = must be
2x + 1
x+y
(D) f (x) + f (y) = f   (S) 3x
 1 – xy 
1 1
(a) R – 
–  (b) R –  – 
 2  3 66. Column–I Column–II
(A) odd function (P) x – [x]
3
(c) R –   (d) R
2
(B) even function 
(Q) log x  1 x


 2x + 1 1 x
60. The range of the rational function f (x) = (C) neither even nor odd (R) x log
2x 2 + 5x + 2
1– x
must be
(a) R – {0} (b) R – {–2} 2x / 2
(S)
1 2x / 2
 2
(c) R – {0, –2} (d) R – 0, 
 3 Subjective
67. When 0 < x < 2 and [x] denotes greatest integer < x, then
2x 2 + 5x + 2 [sin x] + [cos x] + [sin x + cos x] takes exactly k integer
61. The range of the rational function f (x) =
2x + 1 values. Then k must be
must be
68. The range of the function x – 6  12 – x is an interval
(a) R – {0} (b) R – {–2}
of length 2 3 – k then k must be
 2 3
(c) R – 0, – 2,  (d) R –  
 3 2
 1
69. If f  x   = x3 + x–3 then f (5) must be equal to
Using the following passage, solve Q.62 to Q.64  x
Passage –2 70. The least period of the function
Let f (x) be a function defined by

f(x) = 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! .... + x!, where x is a positive integer. cos (cos x) + sin (cos x ) + sin 4x is k

Answer the following questions :
62. The last digit of f (2007) will be then value of k must be

(a) 3 (b) 7
(c) 5 (d) 1
 37 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Single Answer Type Questions Multiple Type Question
2 2
1. Indicate the correct alternative : The number log27 is 8. If f (x) = cos [ ] x + cos [– ] x, where [x] stands for the
(1990) greatest integer function, then (1990)

(a) an integer (b) a rational number 

(a) f    1 (b) f () = 1
(c) an irrational number (d) a prime number 2
2. The domain of definition of the function y(x) is given by
x y
the equation 2 + 2 = 2 is (2000) 
(c) f (–) = 0 (d) f    1
(a) 0  x  1 (b) 0  x  1 4
Match the Columns
(c)    x  0 (d)   x  1
Match the conditions/expressions in Column I with
3. Number of solutions of log4 (x – 1) = log2 (x – 3) is
statement in Column II.
(2001)
(a) 3 (b) 1 x 2  6x  5
9. Let f (x) 
x 2  5x  6
(c) 2 (d) 0
Column I Column II
x
4. Let f  x   , x   1 . Then, for what value of  is (A) If –1 < x < 1, then f (x) (p) 0 < f (x) < 1
x 1
f ( f (x)) = x ? (2002) satisfies
(B) If 1 < x < 2, then f (x) (q) f (x) < 0
(a) 2 (b)  2
satisfies
(c) 1 (d) –1
(C) If 3 < x < 5, then f(x) (r) f (x) > 0
x satisfies
5. If f : [0, ) [0, ) and f (x)  , then f is (2003)
1 x (D) If x > 5, then f(x) (s) f (x) < 1
(a) one-one and onto satisfies (2007)
(b) one-one but not onto Integer Answer Type Questions
(c) onto but not one-one 10. Find the values of x satisfying the equation (1990)
A 7 2
(d) neither one-one nor onto |x – 1| = (x – 1) where A = log3x – 2 logx 9.
2 11. Find all real numbers x which satisfy the equation,
6. Range of the function f (x)  x  x  2 ; x R is (2003) (1999)
x2  x  1
(a) (1, ) (b) (1, 11/7) 
2 log2 log2 x + log1/2 log2 2 2 x = 1. 
(c) (1, 7/3] (d) (1, 7/5) 2 2 –1
12. log3/4 log8 (x + 7) + log1/2 log1/4 (x + 7) = –2.
7. The function f : [0, 3]  [1, 29], defined by
(2000)
f (x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1, is (2012)
(a) one-one and onto
(b) onto but not one-one
(c) one-one but not onto
(d) neither one-one nor onto
 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS 38

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a,c) 9. (c) 10. (d)

11. (a) 12. (b,d) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (a)

21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (i) (a); (ii) (d); (iii) (a); (iv) (c) 28. (b)

29. (c) 30. (d) 31. (d) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (b)

39. (a) 40. (a) 41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (c) 46. (a) 47. (b) 48. (b)

49. (d) 50. (a) 51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (d) 55. (a) 56. (a)

57. (b) 58. (d) 59. (d) 60. (i) (a) (ii) (a) (iii) (a) 61. (b) 62. (d) 63. (b) 64. (a)

65. (a) 66. (d) 67. (c) 68. (b) 69. (c) 70. (a)

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (a)

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. (a) (–5, 1)  (3, ) ; (b) (– , 1]  [2, 3) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (b)

8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (d)

18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (c) 21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (a)
28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (b) 31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (a,b,c) 36. (a) 37. (a)

38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (b) 41. (a) 42. (d) 43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (b,c) 46. (a) 47. (a,b,d)
48. (a,b,c,d) 49. (c) 50. (b,c) 51. (a,b) 52. (b,c) 53. (a,b) 54. (a) 55. (a) 56. (d) 57. (b)

58. (b) 59. (c) 60. (d) 61. (d) 62. (a) 63. (b) 64. (d)

65. (A)  (R), (B)  (P), (C)  (S), (D)  (Q) 66. (A)  (Q), (B)  (R, S), (C)  (P)

67. (0005) 68. (0006) 69. (0110) 70. (0004)

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a,c)

9. (A–p; B–q; C–q; D–p) 10. x = 2 or 81 11. x = 8 12. x = 3 or –3

Dream on !!
